Slide 1: Humor Theory • Joke Contexts – Jokes often uttered within particular social contexts -- party atmosphere, stand up routine, etc. – Jokes make use of familiar introductions that cue the following as a joke. • Did you hear the one about… • A priest, a rabbi and a Minister… • Yo’ mama’s so… – Jokes may have highly codified/formulaic structures
Slide 2: Humor Theory • Examples of formulaic jokes: – Little Willie jokes: • sparked by Ruthless Rhymes for Heartless Homes - Graham 1899 (Gruner) (1) Willie poisoned his father’s tea; Father died in agony. Mother came, and looked quite vexed: ‘Really, Will,’ she said, ‘what next? Willie fell down the elevator-Wasn’t found till six days later. Then the neighbors sniffed, ‘Gee whizz! What a spoiled child Willie is.’ (2)
Slide 3: Humor Theory – Little Audrey jokes - emerged 1930’s Basic format: Little Audrey is involved in some terrible catastrophe but always finds some humor in every situation. Little Audrey got lost on a desert island. Along came a bunch of cannibals and kidnapped her. They tied her to a tree and started their pot to boiling. Little Audrey knew they were going to make stew of her; so she looked around at those lean, hungry cannibals and counted them. There were nineteen. Little Audrey just laughed and laughed, ‘cause she knew she was not big enough to make enough stew to go around.
Slide 4: Humor Theory • Other Familiar formats – “knock knock” jokes – How many X does it take to screw in a light bulb? – You might be a redneck if… • Anyone in your family died right after saying “hey, watch this” • You’ve been remarried 3 times and still have the same in laws • You walk to school with your 10 year old son because you’re both in the same grade. • You go to your family reunion to meet women.
Slide 5: Humor Theory • Classes of people represent particular qualities within jokedom – Various ethnicities Alcoholic, cheap, stupid, complaining, lazy, dirty – Professions Unethical - lawyers, politicians Money grubbing - lawyers, doctors Too ethical - clergy – Other Blonds - stupid, promiscuous Mothers-in-law - complaining, difficult Children - naivete, but also sexual precociousness
Slide 6: Humor Theory • Elements of humor – – – – – – – – Incongruity Resolution Challenge (Resolution is effortful) Derision Tension & release Familiar joke themes (sex, alcohol, bodily functions,etc.) Familiar joke targets (politicians, lawyers, blonds, etc.) Familiar joke cues & scripts (“knock knock”, “did you hear…”, etc.)
Slide 7: Scalar Humor • Scalar Humor (Bergen & Binsted) – I was such an ugly kid that when I was born the doctor slapped my face – Your sister’s so ugly she makes onions cry – Yo’ mama’s so old her birth certificate says ‘expired’ on it.
Slide 8: Scalar Humor • Playing the Dozens – A battle of verbal insults – Exchange of ‘snaps’ • Insults often making use of form: – X is so Y that Z is the case – Typically insulting family members, especially mother
Slide 9: Scalar Humor • • X is so Y that Z construction X is such a Y thing that Z – X is person or object – Y is scalar quality – Z is proposition which provides evidence of X being very Y – X is causally linked to Z
Slide 10: Scalar Humor – Non-joke and joke forms have same basic structure 1. It was so cold where I live, we found dogs huddling for warmth 2. It was so cold in New York that flashers in Central Park were just describing themselves.
Slide 11: Scalar Humor • Scalar comprehension – Scalar qualities are those viewed as having a range of possible values • Tall, short, big, small, thick, thin, hot, cold – As opposed to binary qualities which are viewed as being either present or absent • Dead, alive, male, female
Slide 12: Scalar Humor – Scalar qualities are judged within particular contexts • It’s cold in Hawaii (but not Alaska) when it’s 40 degrees F. – X is so Y that Z construction is sensitive to context • *It was cold in the arctic circle that we found frost on the lettuce.
Slide 13: Scalar Humor – Comprehension of X is so Y that Z construction involves two scales. • X is ranked high on a scale of Y • Z is ranked in terms of exceptionality as applied to X (or X’s kind) It was so cold outside that dogs were huddling together for warmth. X = it = outside (local) Y = cold Z = dogs huddling together for warmth
Slide 14: Scalar Humor – It was so cold that dogs were huddled together for warmth – He’s so tall that he always has to duck going through doorways X c ab z X Default Y scale
Slide 15: Scalar Humor • Joke form of X is so Y that Z offers incongruity and resolution – Expectation for non-funny sentence is that Y will be an extreme, but possible situation in which X is depicted as being very Y • It was so cold that dogs were huddled together for warmth – Joke form presents a case of Y that is incongruous by its departure from expectation.
Slide 16: Scalar Humor • Incongruity often the result of one of the following: – Hyperbole – Understatement – Indirect Relations • Polysemy • Idiom reanalysis • Metaphor • Puns • Imagery
Slide 17: Scalar Humor • Hyperbole – Incongruity is a result of viewing Z as an impossible (fantastic) or extremely unlikely situation for X – Resolution occurs as X can still be viewed as causally related to Z – Yo’ Mama’s so fat, she gets runs in her jeans. – Yo’ Mama’s so fat, she has smaller fat women orbiting around her – Yo’ Mama’s so fat, a picture of her fell off the wall.
Slide 18: Scalar Humor • Understatement – Incongruity occurs because Z is seen as very un-extreme in general -- contrary to regular pattern – Resolution occurs because Z can be viewed as extreme within a narrower context – It was so cold last week in Hawaii that I had to put on socks
Slide 19: Scalar Humor • Indirect Relation - Polysemy – Incongruity is a result of Z having a default interpretation that does not fit the expected pattern – Resolution occurs as another interpretation is discovered that does fit – Yo’ mama’s so dumb, they had to burn down the school to get her out of the second grade
Slide 20: Scalar Humor • Indirect Relation - Idiom Reanalysis – Yo’ mama’s so fat, she can’t even jump to a conclusion – Yo’ mama’s so fat, when she hauls ass, she has to make two trips.
Slide 21: Scalar Humor • Indirect Relation - Idiom Reanalysis – Yo’ mama’s so fat, she can’t even jump to a conclusion – Yo’ mama’s so fat, when she hauls ass, she has to make two trips. – Incongruity - default idiom interpretation does not present Z as extreme example of Y – Resolution - Literal interpretation of idiom required to make sense of Z within construction
Slide 22: Scalar Humor • Indirect Relation - Metaphor – It was so cold, I saw a bunch of Eskimos using Hillary Clinton for heat – Yo’ Mama’s so fat, she has smaller fat women orbiting around her
Slide 23: Scalar Humor • Indirect Relation - Metaphor – It was so cold, I saw a bunch of Eskimos using Hillary Clinton for heat – Yo’ Mama’s so fat, she has smaller fat women orbiting around her – Incongruity - Z’s literal interpretation does not make sense – Resolution - Z interpreted metaphorically does.
Slide 24: Scalar Humor • Indirect Relation - Puns – Yo mama’s so fat, she went on a light diet…As soon as it’s light she starts eating. – Yo mama’s so fat, she ain’t on a diet, she’s on a triet…She be like “What ya’ll eating? I’ll try it!” – Sentence starts out looking like standard X is so Y that Z constructions (no incongruity) – Humor comes when pun is explained and Z is understood in a new way that also fits but uses hyperbole
Slide 25: Scalar Humor • Indirect Relation - Imagery – Shared imagery between Z and Y • It was cold last night! I was so cold I was rubbing my hands faster than Dick Cheney on an Enron payday.
Slide 26: Scalar Humor • Imagery in Z can create new incongruities (absurdities) that may enhance the appreciation of humor in the joke. Incongruity in image created – Yo’ mama is so fat that she has other fat people orbiting around her. No incongruity in imagery created – It was so cold yesterday that I saw a lawyer with his hands in his own pockets.