Hide Notes 

Slide 1: Information Systems Analysis and Design
Slide 2: Chapter Contents • • • • Section A: Information Systems Section B: Systems Analysis Section C: System Design Section D: Implementation and Maintenance 11/07/11 2
Slide 3: Section A: Information Systems • • • • • Information Systems in Organizations Transaction Processing Systems Management Information Systems Decision Support Systems Expert Systems and Neural Networks 11/07/11 3
Slide 4: Information Systems in Organizations • An information system collects, stores, and processes data to provide useful, accurate, and timely information • An organization is a group of people working together to accomplish a goal – Business – Nonprofit organization – Mission • Mission statement 11/07/11 4
Slide 5: Information Systems in Organizations • Organizational charts depict the hierarchy of employees in an organization 11/07/11 5
Slide 6: Information Systems in Organizations • Information systems can: – Automate routine tasks – Solve problems • Structured problem • Semi-structured problem • Unstructured problem – Collect and store internal or external information 11/07/11 6
Slide 7: Transaction Processing Systems • Provides a way to collect, process, store, display, modify, or cancel transactions – Point-of-sale systems – General accounting systems – Payroll systems – Order-entry / invoice systems • Batch processing vs. online processing – OLTP system • Detail reports 11/07/11 7
Slide 8: Transaction Processing Systems A transaction processing system (TPS) is characterized by its ability to: • Collect, display, and modify transactions • Store transactions • List transactions CLICK TO START 11/07/11 8
Slide 9: Management Information Systems A management information system is characterized by its ability to: • Produce routine and ondemand reports • Provide useful information for managerial activities • Increase managerial efficiency • Provide information used for structured, routine decisions CLICK TO START 11/07/11 9
Slide 10: Management Information Systems 11/07/11 10
Slide 11: Decision Support Systems • Helps people make decisions by directly manipulating data, analyzing data from external sources, generating statistical projections, and creating data models of various scenarios – Executive information system • DSSs design decision models and make decision queries 11/07/11 11
Slide 12: Decision Support Systems CLICK TO START 11/07/11 12
Slide 13: Expert Systems and Neural Networks • Expert systems are designed to analyze data and produce a recommendation, diagnosis, or decision based on a set of facts and rules – Knowledge base • Inference engine • Knowledge engineering – Expert system shell – Fuzzy logic • A neural network uses computer circuitry to simulate the way a brain might process information, learn, and remember 11/07/11 13
Slide 14: Expert Systems and Neural Networks An expert system is characterized by its ability to: • Replicate the reasoning of a human expert • Work with internal or external data • Produce a recommendation or decision CLICK TO START 11/07/11 14
Slide 15: Section B: Systems Analysis • • • • • System Development Life Cycle Planning Phase Project Justification Analysis Phase System Requirements 11/07/11 15
Slide 16: System Development Life Cycle • Waterfall SDLC 11/07/11 16
Slide 17: System Development Life Cycle • Modified waterfall SDLC • Iterative SDLC 11/07/11 17
Slide 18: Planning Phase • Create a Project Development Plan • Project management software • Joint application design (JAD) 11/07/11 18
Slide 19: Project Justification • Usually emerges from a serious problem with the current system Michael Porter’s Five Forces model illustrates the factors that affect competition among business rivals. CLICK TO START 11/07/11 19
Slide 20: Project Justification • An organization must be able to: – Make improvements – Change the industry – Create new products • The PIECES framework helps classify problems in an information system 11/07/11 20
Slide 21: Project Justification • Development methodologies – Structured methodology – Information engineering methodology – Object-oriented methodology – Rapid application development 11/07/11 21
Slide 22: Analysis Phase • Produce a list of requirements for a new or revised information system • Analysis phase activities – Study the current system – Determine system requirements – Write requirements report 11/07/11 22
Slide 23: Analysis Phase 11/07/11 23
Slide 24: System Requirements • Criteria for successfully solving problems identified in an information system – Success factors • A CASE tool can: – Document system requirements – Diagram current and proposed information systems – Schedule development tasks – Develop computer programs 11/07/11 24
Slide 25: System Requirements CASE tools help project team members manage all the details of system documentation. In this example, the project team is defining fields for the Inventory object depicted on the diagram. CLICK TO START 11/07/11 25
Slide 26: System Requirements • A System Requirements Report describes the objects for an information system 11/07/11 26
Slide 27: Section C: System Design • Design Phase • Evaluation and Selection • Application Specifications 11/07/11 27
Slide 28: Design Phase • The project team must figure out how the new system will fulfill the requirements in the specified in the System Requirements Report 11/07/11 28
Slide 29: Design Phase • Consider the following when evaluating hardware alternatives – Level of automation and computerization – Processing methodology • Centralized processing • Distributed processing – Network technology 11/07/11 29
Slide 30: Design Phase • Software alternatives – Programming language – Application development tool – Commercial software – Turnkey system 11/07/11 30
Slide 31: Evaluation and Selection • Decision support worksheet 11/07/11 31
Slide 32: Evaluation and Selection • A request for proposal (RFP) describes the information system problem and the requirements for the solution 11/07/11 32
Slide 33: Evaluation and Selection • A request for quotation (RFQ) is a request for a formal price quotation on a list of hardware and software 11/07/11 33
Slide 34: Application Specifications • Describe the way the information system’s software should interact with users, store data, process data, and format reports • Feature creep refers to the failure to constrain change • Changes should be managed formally, including written change requests 11/07/11 34
Slide 35: Section D: Implementation and Maintenance • • • • • Implementation Phase Development and Testing Documentation and Training Conversion and Cutover Maintenance Phase 11/07/11 35
Slide 36: Implementation Phase • Project team supervises the tasks necessary to construct the new information system 11/07/11 36
Slide 37: Development and Testing • Software customization is the process of modifying a commercial application to reflect an organization’s needs • Application testing is performed in three ways: – Unit testing – Integration testing • Test area – System testing 11/07/11 37
Slide 38: Development and Testing 11/07/11 38
Slide 39: Documentation and Training • System documentation – Describes a system’s features, hardware architecture, and programming • User documentation – Describes how to interact with the system to accomplish specific tasks – Procedure handbook • Contains step-by-step instructions for performing specific tasks 11/07/11 39
Slide 40: Conversion and Cutover • System conversion – Deactivating an old information system and activating a new one – Several conversion strategies: • • • • Direct conversion Parallel conversion Phased conversion Pilot conversion • Acceptance testing is designed to verify that the new information system works as required 11/07/11 40
Slide 41: Maintenance Phase • Involves day-to-day operation of the system, making modifications to improve performance, and correcting problems • Security is a top priority as well as an ongoing activity 11/07/11 41
Slide 42: Maintenance Phase • The system operator is responsible for operating the computer on a day-to-day basis • The systems programmer installs new versus of the operating system and modifies settings to maximize performance • The help desk is staffed by technical support specialists who are familiar with the information system and record 11/07/11 problems and solutions 42
Slide 43: Maintenance Phase • Maintenance phase costs 11/07/11 43