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Slide 1: Chapter 1 Overview of Electronic Commerce © Prentice Hall 2004 1
Slide 2: Learning Objectives 1. 2. 3. 4. Define electronic commerce (EC) and describe its various categories. Describe and discuss the content and framework of EC. Describe the major types of EC transactions. Describe some EC business models. 2 © Prentice Hall 2004
Slide 3: Learning Objectives (cont.) 1. 2. 3. 4. Describe the benefits of EC to organizations, consumers, and society. Describe the limitations of EC. Describe the role of the digital revolution in EC. Describe the contribution of EC to organizations responding to environmental pressures. 3 © Prentice Hall 2004
Slide 4: Marks & Spencer—A New Way to Compete The Problem UK-based, upscale, global retailer of high-quality, high-priced merchandise faces stiff competition, since economic slowdown that started in 1999 Critical success factors Customer service Appropriate store inventory system © Prentice Hall 2004 Efficient supply chain activities 4
Slide 5: Marks & Spencer (cont.) The Solution M&S realized that digital era survival depends on the use of information technology in general and electronic commerce in particular Electronic commerce (EC, e-commerce)— a process of buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, and/or information via electronic networks and computers © Prentice Hall 2004 5
Slide 6: Marks & Spencer (cont.) M & S initiated several EC initiatives, including: Security Warehouse management Merchandise receiving Inventory control Speeding up the supply of fashion garments Collaborative commerce © Prentice Hall 2004 6
Slide 7: Marks & Spencer (cont.) The Results As of summer 2002, a turnaround is underway M & S has become a leader and example setter in retailing, resulting in increased profitability and growth © Prentice Hall 2004 7
Slide 8: Marks & Spencer (cont.) What can we learn… Traditional brick-and-mortar companies face increasing pressures in a competitive marketing environment A possible response is to introduce a variety of ecommerce initiatives that can improve supply chain operation information money from raw materials through factories increase customer service open up markets to more customers © Prentice Hall 2004 8
Slide 9: Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts The Internet has emerged as a major, perhaps eventually the major, worldwide distribution channel for goods, services, managerial and professional jobs This is profoundly changing economics, markets and industry structure, products and services and their flow, consumer segmentation, consumer values, consumer behavior, jobs, and labor markets The impact may be even greater on societies and politics, and on the way we see the world and ourselves in it © Prentice Hall 2004 9
Slide 10: Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts (cont.) E-commerce defined from the following perspectives: Communications: delivery of goods, services, information, or payments over computer networks or any other electronic means Commercial (trading): provides capability of buying and selling products, services, and information on the Internet and via other online services © Prentice Hall 2004 10
Slide 11: Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts (cont.) Business process: doing business electronically by completing business processes over electronic networks, thereby substituting information for physical business processes Service: a tool that addresses the desire of governments, firms, consumers, and management to cut service costs while improving the quality of customer service and increasing the speed of service delivery © Prentice Hall 2004 11
Slide 12: Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts (cont.) Learning: an enabler of online training and education in schools, universities, and other organizations, including businesses Collaborative: the framework for inter- and intraorganizational collaboration Community: provides a gathering place for community members to learn, transact, and collaborate © Prentice Hall 2004 12
Slide 13: Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts (cont.) e-business: a broader definition of EC, which includes: buying and selling of goods and services servicing customers collaborating with business partners conducting electronic transactions within an organization © Prentice Hall 2004 13
Slide 14: Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts (cont.) Pure vs. Partial EC depends upon the degree of digitization (the transformation from physical to digital) of: 1. the product (service) sold; 2. the process; and for 3. the delivery agent (or digital intermediary) © Prentice Hall 2004 Brick-and-Mortar organizations are old-economy organizations (corporations) that perform most of their business off-line, selling physical products by means of physical agents 14
Slide 15: Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts (cont.) Virtual (pure-play) organizations conduct their business activities solely online Click-and-mortar organizations conduct some EC activities, but do their primary business in the physical world © Prentice Hall 2004 Electronic market (e-marketplace) online marketplace where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods, services, money, or information 15
Slide 16: Electronic Commerce: Definitions and Concepts (cont.) Interorganizational information systems (IOSs) allow routine transaction processing and information flow between two or more organizations Intraorganizational information systems enable EC activities to go on within individual organizations © Prentice Hall 2004 16
Slide 17: Exhibit 1.1: The Dimensions of Electronic Commerce © Prentice Hall 2004 17
Slide 18: The EC Framework, Classification, and Content Two major types of e-commerce: business-to-consumer (B2C) : online transactions are made between businesses and individual consumers business-to-business (B2B): businesses make online transactions with other businesses © Prentice Hall 2004 intrabusiness EC: EC conducted inside an organization (e.g., business-to-employees B2E) 18
Slide 19: The EC Framework, Classification, and Content (cont.) Computer environments Internet: global networked environment Intranet: a corporate or government network that uses Internet tools, such as Web browsers, and Internet protocols Extranet: a network that uses the Internet to link multiple intranets © Prentice Hall 2004 19
Slide 20: EC Framework EC applications are supported by infrastructure and by five support areas: People Public policy Marketing and advertising Support services Business partnerships © Prentice Hall 2004 20
Slide 21: Exhibit 1.2: A Framework for Electronic Commerce © Prentice Hall 2004 21
Slide 22: Classification of EC by Transactions or Interactions business-to-consumer (B2C) : online transactions are made between businesses and individual consumers business-to-business (B2B): businesses make online transactions with other businesses e-tailing: online retailing, usually B2C © Prentice Hall 2004 22
Slide 23: Classification of EC by Transactions or Interactions (cont.) business-to-business-to-consumer (B2B2C): e-commerce model in which a business provides some product or service to a client business that maintains its own customers consumer-to-business (C2B): e-commerce model in which individuals use the Internet to sell products or services to organizations or individuals seek sellers to bid on products or services they need © Prentice Hall 2004 23
Slide 24: Classification of EC by Transactions or Interactions (cont.) consumer-to-consumer (C2C): e-commerce model in which consumers sell directly to other consumers peer-to-peer (P2P): technology that enables networked peer computers to share data and processing with each other directly; can be used in C2C, B2B, and B2C e-commerce © Prentice Hall 2004 24
Slide 25: Classification of EC by Transactions or Interactions (cont.) mobile commerce ((m-commerce): e-commerce transactions and activities conducted in a wireless environment location-based commerce (l-commerce): m-commerce transactions targeted to individuals in specific locations, at specific times © Prentice Hall 2004 25
Slide 26: Classification of EC by Transactions or Interactions (cont.) intrabusiness EC: e-commerce category that includes all internal organizational activities that involve the exchange of goods, services, or information among various units and individuals in an organization business-to-employees (B2E): e-commerce model in which an organization delivers services, information, or products to its individual employees © Prentice Hall 2004 26
Slide 27: Classification of EC by Transactions or Interactions (cont.) collaborative commerce (c-commerce): e-commerce model in which individuals or groups communicate or collaborate online e-learning: the online delivery of information for purposes of training or education exchange (electronic): a public electronic market with many buyers and sellers © Prentice Hall 2004 27
Slide 28: Classification of EC by Transactions or Interactions (cont.) exchange-to-exchange (E2E): e-commerce model in which electronic exchanges formally connect to one another the purpose of exchanging information e-government: e-commerce model in which a government entity buys or provides goods, services, or information to businesses or individual citizens © Prentice Hall 2004 28
Slide 29: The Interdisciplinary Nature of EC Major EC disciplines Computer science Marketing Consumer behavior Finance Economics Management information systems © Prentice Hall 2004 29
Slide 30: A Brief History of EC 1970s: innovations like electronic funds transfer (EFT)—funds routed electronically from one organization to another (limited to large corporations) electronic data interchange (EDI)— electronically transfer routine documents (application enlarged pool of participating companies to include manufacturers, retailers, services) interorganizational system (IOS)—travel reservation systems and stock trading © Prentice Hall 2004 30
Slide 31: A Brief History of EC (cont.) 1969 U.S. government experiment—the Internet came into being initially used by technical audience of government agencies, academic researchers, and scientists 1990s the Internet commercialized and users flocked to participate in the form of dot-coms, or Internet start-ups Innovative applications ranging from online direct sales to e-learning experiences © Prentice Hall 2004 31
Slide 32: A Brief History of EC (cont.) Most medium- and large-sized organizations have a Web site Most large U.S. corporations have comprehensive portals 1999 the emphasis of EC shifted from B2C to B2B 2001 the emphasis shifted from B2B to B2E, c-commerce, e-government, e-learning, and m-commerce EC will undoubtedly continue to shift and change © Prentice Hall 2004 32
Slide 33: A Brief History of EC (cont.) EC successes Virtual EC companies eBay VeriSign AOL Checkpoint Click-and-mortar Cisco General Electric IBM Intel Schwab © Prentice Hall 2004 EC failures 1999, a large number of ECdedicated companies began to fail EC’s days are not numbered! dot-com failure rate is declining sharply EC field is experiencing consolidation most pure EC companies, are expanding operations and generating increasing sales (Amazon.com) 33
Slide 34: The Success Story of Campusfood.Com Provide interactive menus to college students, using the power of the Internet to replace and/or facilitate the traditional telephone ordering of meals Built the company’s customer base expanding to other universities attracting students generating a list of restaurants from which students could order food for delivery © Prentice Hall 2004 34
Slide 35: The Success Story of Campusfood.Com (cont.) Now some of these activities are outsourced to a marketing firm, enabling the addition of dozens of schools nationwide Financed through private investors, friends, and family members, the site was built on an investment of less than $1 million Campusfood.com’s revenue is generated through transaction fees—the site takes a 5 % commission on each order from the sellers © Prentice Hall 2004 35
Slide 36: The Success Story of Campusfood.Com (cont.) At campusfood.com you can: Navigate through a list of local restaurants, their hours of operation, addresses, phone numbers, etc. Browse an interactive menu Bypass “busy” telephone signals to place an order online Access special foods, promotions, and restaurant giveaways Arrange electronic payment of your order © Prentice Hall 2004 36
Slide 37: The Future of EC 2004—total online shopping and B2B transactions in the US between $3 to $7 trillion by 2008: number of Internet users worldwide should reach 750 million 50 percent of Internet users will shop EC growth will come from: B2C B2B e-government e-learning B2E c-commerce 37 © Prentice Hall 2004
Slide 38: E-commerce Business Models Business models—a method of doing business by which a company can generate revenue to sustain itself Examples: Name your price Find the best price Dynamic brokering Affiliate marketing © Prentice Hall 2004 38
Slide 39: Business plan: a written document that identifies the business goals and outlines the plan of how to achieve them Business case: a written document that is used by managers to garner funding for specific applications or projects; its major emphasis is the justification for a specific investment © Prentice Hall 2004 39 E-commerce Business Plans and Cases
Slide 40: Structure of Business Models Business model: A method of doing business by which a company can generate revenue to sustain itself © Prentice Hall 2004 40
Slide 41: Structure of Business Models (cont.) Revenue model: description of how the company or an EC project will earn revenue Sales Transaction fees Subscription fees Advertising Affiliate fees Other revenue sources © Prentice Hall 2004 41
Slide 42: Structure of Business Models (cont.) Value proposition: The benefits a company can derive from using EC search and transaction cost efficiency complementarities lock-in novelty aggregation and interfirm collaboration © Prentice Hall 2004 42
Slide 43: Exhibit 1.4: Common Revenue Models © Prentice Hall 2004 43
Slide 44: 1. 2. 1. Online direct marketing Electronic tendering systems tendering (reverse auction): model in which a buyer requests would-be sellers to submit bids, and the lowest bidder wins Name your own price: a model in which a buyer sets the price he or she is willing to pay and invites sellers to supply the good or service at that price 44 Typical Business Models in EC © Prentice Hall 2004
Slide 45: Typical Business Models in EC (cont.) 1. 2. Affiliate marketing: an arrangement whereby a marketing partner (a business, an organization, or even an individual) refers consumers to the selling company’s Web site Viral marketing: word-of-mouth marketing in which customers promote a product or service to friends or other people 45 © Prentice Hall 2004
Slide 46: Typical Business Models in EC (cont.) 1. 1. 1. Group purchasing: quantity purchasing that enables groups of purchasers to obtain a discount price on the products purchased SMEs: small to medium enterprises Online auctions © Prentice Hall 2004 46
Slide 47: Typical Business Models in EC (cont.) 1. 1. 2. 3. Product and service customization customization: creation of a product or service according to the buyer’s specifications Electronic marketplaces and exchanges Value-chain integrators Value-chain service providers 47 © Prentice Hall 2004
Slide 48: Typical Business Models in EC (cont.) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Information brokers Bartering Deep discounting Membership Supply chain improvers Business models can be independent or they can be combined amongst themselves or with traditional business models 48 © Prentice Hall 2004
Slide 49: Example of Supply Chain Improver Orbis Group changes a linear physical supply chain to an electronic hub Traditional process in the B2B advertising field © Prentice Hall 2004 49
Slide 50: Example of Supply Chain Improver (cont.) ProductBank simplifies this lengthy process changing the linear flow of products and information to a digitized hub © Prentice Hall 2004 50
Slide 51: Benefits of EC Benefits to organizations Global reach Cost reduction Supply chain improvements Extended hours: 24/7/365 Customization New business models Vendors’ specialization Rapid time-to-market Lower communication costs Efficient procurement Improved customer relations Up-to-date company material No city business permits and fees Other benefits 51 © Prentice Hall 2004
Slide 52: Benefits of EC (cont.) Benefits to consumers Ubiquity More products and services Cheaper products and services Instant delivery Information availability © Prentice Hall 2004 Participation in auctions Electronic communities “Get it your way” No sales tax 52
Slide 53: Benefits of EC (cont.) Benefits to society Telecommuting Higher standard of living Hope for the poor Availability of public services © Prentice Hall 2004 53
Slide 54: Limitations of EC © Prentice Hall 2004 54
Slide 55: Barriers of EC Security Trust and risk Lack of qualified personnel Lack of business models Culture User authentication and lack of public key infrastructure Organization Fraud Slow navigation on the Internet Legal issues 55 © Prentice Hall 2004
Slide 56: The Digital Revolution Digital economy: An economy that is based on digital technologies, including digital communication networks, computers, software, and other related information technologies; also called the Internet economy, the new economy, or the Web economy © Prentice Hall 2004 56
Slide 57: The Digital Revolution (cont.) A global platform over which people and organizations interact, communicate, collaborate, and search for information Includes the following characteristics: A vast array of digitizable products Consumers and firms conducting financial transactions digitally Microprocessors and networking capabilities embedded in physical goods © Prentice Hall 2004 57
Slide 58: New Business Environment Customers are becoming more powerful Created due to advances in science occurring at an accelerated rate Results in more and more technology Rapid growth in technology results in a large variety of more complex systems © Prentice Hall 2004 58
Slide 59: New Business Environment (cont.) Characteristics in the business environment A more turbulent environment with more business problems and opportunities Stronger competition Need for organizations to make decisions more frequently A larger scope for decisions because more factors More information and/or knowledge needed for making decisions © Prentice Hall 2004 59
Slide 60: Environment-ResponseSupport Model Critical response activities traditional actions such as lowering cost and closing unprofitable facilities introduce innovative actions such as customizing or creating new products or providing superb customer service © Prentice Hall 2004 60
Slide 61: Exhibit 1.6: Major Business Pressures and the Role of EC © Prentice Hall 2004 61
Slide 62: Major Business Pressures    Market and economic pressures    Strong competition Global economy Regional trade agreements (e.g. NAFTA) Extremely low labor cost in some countries Frequent and significant changes in markets Increased power of consumers 62 © Prentice Hall 2004
Slide 63: Major Business Pressures (cont.)   Societal and environmental pressures     © Prentice Hall 2004 Changing nature of workforce Government deregulation of banking and other services Shrinking government subsidies Increased importance of ethical and legal issues Increased social responsibility of organizations Rapid political changes 63
Slide 64: Major Business Pressures (cont.)   Technological pressures   Rapid technological obsolescence Increase innovations and new technologies Information overload Rapid decline in technology cost vs. performance ratio 64 © Prentice Hall 2004
Slide 65: Organizational Responses Strategic systems Continuous improvement efforts and business process reengineering—including business process reengineering (BPR) Customer relationship management (CRM)— divided into the following areas Operational CRM Analytical CRM Collaborative CRM © Prentice Hall 2004 65
Slide 66: Organizational Responses (cont.) Business alliances Electronic markets Reductions in cycle time and time-tomarket Cycle time reduction: Shortening the time it takes for a business to complete a productive activity from its beginning to end © Prentice Hall 2004 66
Slide 67: Organizational Responses (cont.) Empowerment of employees Supply chain improvements Mass customization: make-to-order in large quantities in an efficient manner Mass customization: Production of large quantities of customized items © Prentice Hall 2004 67
Slide 68: Organizational Responses (cont.) Intrabusiness: from sales force automation to inventory Knowledge management Knowledge management (KM): The process of creating or capturing knowledge, storing and protecting it, updating and maintaining it, and using it © Prentice Hall 2004 68
Slide 69: Putting It All Together Task facing each organization is how to put together the components that will enable the organization to transform itself to the digital economy and gain competitive advantage by using EC Many employ corporate portals A major gateway through which employees, business partners, and the public can enter a corporate Web site © Prentice Hall 2004 69
Slide 70: Exhibit 1.8: The Networked Organization © Prentice Hall 2004 70
Slide 71: Managerial Issues 1. 2. 3. 4. Is it real? How should we evaluate the magnitude of the business pressures? Why is B2B e-commerce so attractive? There are so many EC failures—how can one avoid them? 71 © Prentice Hall 2004
Slide 72: Managerial Issues (cont.) 1. 2. 3. What should be my company’s strategy toward EC? How do we transform our organization into a digital one? What are the top challenges of EC? © Prentice Hall 2004 72
Slide 73: Summary 1. 2. 3. 4. Definition of EC and description of its various categories. The content and framework of EC. The major types of EC transactions. The major business models. © Prentice Hall 2004 73
Slide 74: Summary (cont.) 1. 2. 3. 4. Benefits to organizations, consumers, and society. Limitations of EC. The role of the digital revolution. The role of EC in combating pressures in the business environment. 74 © Prentice Hall 2004