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Slide 1: Cloud Computing Legal issues Patrick Van Eecke Partner, DLA Piper Brussels Professor Universiteit Antwerpen
Slide 2: Cloud computing & the law Infrastructure as a Service Data storage e.g. Amazon S3 Platform as a Service Application development e.g. Google App Engine Software as a Service Applications e.g. Zoho.com Legal impact?
Slide 3: Cloud computing: legal challenges Liability Applicable law Compliance Data protection Data portability Copyright
Slide 4: Current EU legal framework © DLA Piper
Slide 5: 1. Personal data protection
Slide 6: Privacy and data protection Applicable laws EU Directive 95/46/EC National transpositions e.g., the Belgian Act of 8 December 1992 Adopted in pre-Internet area, when centralised and limited processing was the rule EU rules are substantially more restrictive than rules from other countries (particularly US) 6
Slide 7: Privacy and data protection Cloud computing exposes the age, formality and complex application of the current laws Many legal issues are not yet resolved Reform of the current rules in the pipeline, but not for tomorrow Three examples of problems: Who is controller? Which law is applicable? Transfer outside of EU? 7
Slide 8: “Data controllers” and “data processors” Legislation makes fundamental distinction between: data controller: party that defines the purpose and the means of the processing data processor: “dumb performer” Distinction is crucial to know who is responsible Data controller is liable towards the “data subjects” Data controller must choose appropriate data processors, and must seek adequate contractual protection from them 8
Slide 9: Data protection issues in the cloud Severe issues when applied in cloud computing context: both customer and — particularly — the hosting provider define the “means” of the processing statutory assumption that the controller is entirely in control of the processing cloud computing is all about reducing the level of direct control, while EU legislation is all about keeping control of data what about “sub-processors”? 9
Slide 10: Applicable data protection law An EU Member State’s national law will apply when: establishment of EU-based controller located in its territory processes personal data controller outside EU uses “equipment” within territory Applied to cloud computing: using EU-based data centre = becoming subject to the very strict EU data protection rules? most authorities interpret “equipment” in an extremely broad way (even browser cookies) 10
Slide 11: Transfer of data outside EU Principle: no transfer of data to countries outside the EU that do not offer an “adequate level of protection” only Switzerland, Argentinia and Canada Exceptions: ask permission from every “data subject” involved if transfer is necessary to execute contract with the data subjects for US: subscribing to “safe harbour list” “Binding Corporate Rules” European Commission’s model agreement 11
Slide 12: Transfer of data outside EU In practice: only use cloud provider with data centre within EU e.g. Amazon EC2: choice of location (US East, US West or Ireland) or make sure that model agreement is concluded with the cloud provider 12
Slide 13: 2. Contracting issues
Slide 14: Small contract, big liability? Cloud computing services offer low barrier to entry and easy scaling possibilities “click-wrap agreements” are legally enforceable! Many publicly available cloud computing contracts limit liability of hosting provider to a level that is not in line with the potential risk Cloud computing contracts resemble typical software licenses, although potential risk is much higher 14
Slide 15: Example We and our licensors shall not be responsible for any service interruptions, including, without limitation, power outages, system failures or other interruptions, including those that affect the receipt, processing, acceptance, completion or settlement of any payment services. (...) Neither we nor any of our licensors shall be liable to you for any direct, indirect, incidental, special, consequential or exemplary damages, including, but not limited to, damages for loss of profits, goodwill, use, data or other losses (...) 15
Slide 16: Other contractual issues Vendor lock-in There is no general legal requirement for a vendor to provide you with data export facilities. Everything depends on your contractual agreement. Unilateral termination possibilities Cloud provider often reserves the right to unilaterally terminate its service provision Involvement of multiple parties no single point of contact 16
Slide 17: Other contractual issues Auditing requirements many contracts impose auditing possibilities that include physical inspection how can these auditing requirements be complied with when geographically decentralised cloud services are used? Applicable law & competent court if outside own country, any litigation can become prohibitively expensive What happens in case of bankruptcy of the provider? 17
Slide 18: Service Level Agreement Important in any service contract, crucial in a cloud computing context Points of attention: How is the availability calculated by the provider? e.g. 10 outages of 6 minutes versus 1 outage of 1 hour Independent measurement of performance? Are service credits the “sole remedy”? 18
Slide 19: 3. Liability for illegal data
Slide 20: Liability of cloud provider for illegal content In many jurisdictions, cloud providers can be held liable for the illegal data they may be hosting eCommerce Directive (2000/31/EC) introduced special liability protection for hosting providers: no liability for services that “consist of” the storage of electronic information under the condition that the provider has no knowledge or awareness of illegal nature... ...and removes or blocks illegal data when it does gain knowledge or become aware of illegal nature (“notice and takedown”) 20
Slide 21: Liability of cloud provider for illegal content Issues: special protection is focused on storage, and does not take into account processing activities significant amount of (particularly French) case law does not offer protection when services do not consist exclusively of storage activities liability protection does not prevent so-called injunctions, which can be as costly and timeconsuming no standard notice-and-takedown procedure Reform in the pipeline? 21
Slide 22: 4. Compliance issues
Slide 23: Compliance issues IaS Data retention obligations Tax related storage requirements Labour law related storage requirements etc. SaaS electronic invoicing legislation ecommerce legislation electronic signature legislation etc.
Slide 24: Contact patrick.van.eecke@dlapiper.com