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Slide 1: SERIAL Router(config)#Interface Serial 0 Router(config-if)#Ip Address 150.10.1.1 255.255.0.0 Router(config)#clock rate 56000 Router(Config-if)# bandwidth 64 Router(config-if)#No shutdown Router(config-if)#^Z
Slide 2: Interpretring The Interface Status Router# show int s0 Serial0 is up, line protocol is up. Is the messege if the interface is operational. Serial0 is up, line protocol is down….. This is if there is any connection problem. Serial0 is down, line protocol is down….. This is if there is any interface problem. Serial0 is administratively down, line protocol is down….. This is if the interface is disabled.
Slide 3: The “CDP” It’s a Cisco's proprietary protocol called the Cisco Discovery Protocol, that gives you a summary of all the directly connected Cisco devices. CDP is a L2 protocol, that discovers neighbor regardless of which protocol suite they are running. When a cisco device boots up, the CDP is loaded by default, but can be disabled at interface level. * The CDP is limited to the immediate neighbors only… The summary includes Device Identifier(eg. Switch configured name or domain name), Port Identifier (eg. Ethernet 0 and serial 0.), Capabilities list (eg. The device can act as a sourcr route bridge as well as a router), Platform (eg. Cisco 2600).
Slide 4: CDP (Cisco’s Discovery Protocol)
Slide 6: Using CDP Router# sh cdp neighbor (shows neighboring devices) Router# sh cdp entry 192.168.10.1 (shows detailed information about this perticular neighbor.) Router# sh cdp interface(shows the details of the interface of the local decive.) Router# sh cdp traffic (shows the packet sent, received, lost etc.) To disable CDP…., Router(config)#no cdp run Router(config)#int s0 Router(config-if)#no cdp enable
Slide 7: Backup & Restoring Routers IOS Image Using TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) TFTP Server allows you to take backup, upload and save your IOS Image and current configuration on it. TFTP is a software program of 1.3Mb. This should be installed on that TFTP server i.e., (Personnel Computer). C:\Program files\cisco systems\cisco TFTP * Note: Always while taking Backup or Restoration TFTP software should execute on that particular computer.
Slide 8: Backup Sources : 1. Through Telnet Session. 2. Through Console Session. 3. Through Auxillary Port (Remote Session)
Slide 9: Backup of IOS Image Router#Copy Flash:(Press Tab key) Tftp Address or name of the remote host [ ]? (Ip address of tftp) Destination file name [ ] ? (Press enter key or a name) Backup of Configuration Router#Copy Startup-config Tftp Address or name of the remote host [ ]? (Ip address of tftp) Destination file name [ ] ? (Give a name)
Slide 10: Upgrading IOS Image Note: This process can only be done by Console Session. Router#Copy tftp Flash: Address or name of remote host []? Source file name []? Destination file name []? Erase Flash: before copying [confirm]? Erasing the Flash file system will remove all files: continue? [confirm] Erasing device eeeeeeee……….eeeeeee.eee.eeee.ee Loading!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!…….!!!!…….!!!!!!
Slide 11: Leased line WAN Setup Case 1: The distance between the locations is greater than 5 Km. Requirements A pair of Routers, Leased line, pair of leased line modems V.35, Pair of G.703 Modem. Case 2: The distance between the two locations is less than 5Km. Requirements A pair of Routers, Leased line and pair of leased line modem.
Slide 12: Leased line Setup( > 5km) V.35 modem V.35 Cable Csu/ Dsu G.703 G.703 Leased line V.35 modem Mux/ Mux/ Dmux S0 Dmux Csu – channel service unit S0 Dsu – data service unit E0 E0 S0 – Serial port of router E0 – Ethernet port of a router Router Switch/hub Switch/hub Internal Network Internal Network
Slide 13: Leased line Setup (< 5 km) V.35 modem V.35 Cable Csu/ Dsu Leased line V.35 modem S0 E0 Switch/hub Internal Network Telephone Exchange Router S0 E0 Switch/hub Internal Network
Slide 14: Routing Routing is of three types. • Static • Dynamic and • Default When the destination is known, static and dynamic routing is done. For unknown destinations, default routing is employed. In dynamic routing, the path is fixed by the protocol. The paths will be changing depending on the length of the path. Always the shortest path is preferred. Static routing is done by the users. These paths are stored in the routing table.
Slide 15: Example: 10.0.0.1/8 S0 S0 E 0 192.168.1.150/24 E 0 192.168.2.150/24 10.0.0.2/8 Switch/hub 192.168.1.0/24 Location A Switch/hub 192.168.2.0/24 Location B
Slide 16: Router(config)# ip routing Router# sh ip route (it shows all the directly connected networks). “ C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0” “ C 10.0.0.0/8 “ ‘ ‘ ‘ S0” “ C “ indicates connected networks. Static Routing Syntax Router(config)# ip route (dest-network) (subnet mask) (next hop address)
Slide 17: Location A Router(config)# ip routing Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2 Note* if we don’t know the address of next hop, we can just write the name of the hop. Router(config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 S0 Location B Router(config)# ip routing Router(config)# ip route 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1
Slide 18: Router# sh ip route C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0 C 10.0.0.0/8 “ ‘ “ “ S0 S 192.168.2.0/24 [1/0] via 10.0.0.2 •“S” represents static. [a/b] ~ [1/0], here a=1 is the administrative distance value and b has no significance in static routing. For static and default routing b can be 0 or 1. • lesser the administrative distance value, higher the preference.
Slide 19: “Tracert”, “Trace Route” and “Route print”. C:\> tracert C:\> route print Router# trace route (gives the complete route) Router# sh arp (to check MAC addresses) Default Routing Router(config)# ip routing Router(config)#ip route DA (S/N mask next) (next hop address) Router(config)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 s1
Slide 20: Router# sh ip route C 192.168.1.0/24 directly connected to E0 C 10.0.0.0/8 S* 0.0.0.0/0 “ “ “ “ to S0 to S0 Dynamic Routing It is a type of routing where routing protocols( eg. RIP and IGRP) are used between routers to determine the path and maintain routing table. Once the path is determined a router can route a routed protocol(IP). Dynamic routing uses broad casts and multicasts to communicate with other routers. The routing metric helps routers find the best path to each network.
Slide 21: Classification Of Routing Protocols  Distance Vector  Hybrid Routing  Link State Distance Vector: the distance vector approach determines the direction and the distance to any link in the internetwork. When the topology in a distance vector routing protocol changes, routing table updates in the router must occur. This update process proceeds step-by-step router to router. Eg. RIP and IGRP. Link State : it recreates the exact topology of the entire network(atleast the partion of the network where the router is situated). Eg . OSPF.
Slide 22: Hybrid Routing : it combines aspects of the link state and the distance vector algorithm. Functions of a distance vector routing protocol.  Identification of source of information  Discovering routes  Select the best route  Maintain Route information
Slide 23: Enabling RIP Configuration Note: • Maximum 6 paths (Default 4). •“Hop count metric” selects the path • Route updates are broadcast for every 30 seconds. Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network (network ip) Router# sh ip protocol (shows the current routing protocol) Router# sh ip route
Slide 24: 172.16.1.0 10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2 E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.3 172.16.1.1 E0 192.168.1.0 192.168.1.1 Router rip Network 172.16.0.0 Network 10.0.0.0 Router rip Network 10.0.0.0 Router rip Network 192.168.1.0 Network 10.0.0.0
Slide 25: Autonomous Systems An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain. IGPs operate within an autonomous system where as EGP connects different autonomous systems. Every autonomous system has a distinct number.The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is responsible for allocating this number. Eg. Autonomous system 100. We can use any number unless the organization plans for an EGP.
Slide 26: Configuring IGRP Syntaxes. Router(config)#router igrp autonomous number This defines IGRP as the routing protocol. Router(config-router)#Network network-ip Selects directly connected networks. Router(config-router)#variance multiplier Configures unequal-cost load balancing by defining difference between the best metric and the worst acceptable metric. Router(config-router)#traffic-share (balanced/ min)
Slide 27: Autonomous System 100 172.16.1.0 10.1.1.1 10.2.2.2 E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.3 172.16.1.1 E0 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.0 Router igrp 100 Network 172.16.0.0 Network 10.0.0.0 Router igrp 100 Network 10.0.0.0 Router igrp 100 Network 192.168.1.0 Network 10.0.0.0
Slide 28: IP Classless Command Router(config)# ip classless A router by default assumes that all the subnets of a directly connected network should be present in the routing table. If a packet is received with a destination address, of an unknown subnet of directly attached network, the router assumes that the subnet does not exists and drops the packet. This happens even if routing table has a default route.For the above condition if IP Classless is configured, and if any packet is received, then the router will match it to the default route and forword it to the next hop specified by the default route.
Slide 29: EIGRP
Slide 30: Calculation of Wildcard Mask WCM = BCM-SNM 1. 192.168.1.0/24 255.255.255.255 - 255.255.255. 0 0 . 0 . 0 .255 2. 192.168.1.0/27 255.255.255.255 - 255.255.255.224 0 . 0 . 0 . 31 3. 192.160.1.10 0.0.0.0