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Slide 1: Early 18th Century Europe • Semi Feudal: economically and politically – Aristocratic elite landowners – Large agrarian class of workers – New Bourgeoisie • Merchants, lawyers, doctors
Slide 2: End of 18th Century • Major Economic change • New Wealth – Industrial Manufacturing – Prosperity for all
Slide 3: French Portraiture Rococo
Slide 4: Elizabeth Vigee-Lebrun Self Portrait 1790 Art Card # 4 • 1783- one of four women elected to French academy along with Adelaide Labille Guirard • Fled Paris in 1789 • Returned 1805 • Self confident • Independent • Self Reliant Woman • Not frivolous like Rococo ’
Slide 5: Elizabeth Vigee Le Brun, Marie Antoinette and her Children 1787 • Favorite painter to the queen • Enlightenment theme of the “good mother” • Kindly and stabilizing • Not immoral, selfish and extravagant
Slide 6: French and British Academy of Painting “reward all worthy artists without difference of sex” France 1648-1706: 6 women Great Britain: 1768-1922: 2 women
Slide 7: Marie Antoinette Elizabeth VigeeLebrun
Slide 8: Adelaide Labille-Guirad Self Portrait with two Pupils 1785 Art card #5 • Answer to sexist rumors • Her muse: Dad in the back • Rococo feminine Charms • Monumental compositionimportance of women
Slide 9: Adelaide Labille-Guirad, Elizabeth Vigee- Lebrun
Slide 10: British and French Moral Genre Painting From the Dutch Baroque • 1695- Great Britain –discontinuance of government censorship
Slide 11: William Hogarth 1697-1764 • English Painter • Literary and moral Satire • Art as an improvement of society • Sold sets of moral prints for profit and to influence Self Portrait
Slide 12: The Marriage a La Mode Suite 1743-45
Slide 13: The Marriage Contract • Lord Squanderfield • Gout • Son admires himself • Wealthy Merchant • Daughter flirting with attorney-Lord Silvertongue
Slide 14: William Hogarth, Breakfast Scene, from Marriage a la Mode, AP 1745 Art Card # 6 Styles?: Rococo and Dutch Genre • Engraving-widely produced • Satire on immorality of the moneyed classes • The night before… – What has the wife been doing? – What has the husband been doing?
Slide 15: What style is Hogarth borrowing from?
Slide 16: Grand Manner Portraiture: for the Upper Classes Elevated status through refinement and grace Before the Revolution of 1789:modified Rococo
Slide 17: Joshua Reynolds, “Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces”, 1765 British • High Art-classical • Grand History painting • Roman priestess sacrificing to personification of female beauty
Slide 18: Thomas Gainsborough, Mrs.Richard Brinsley Sheridan, 1787 British Art Card #7 • Grand Manner Portraiture • Rococo-Watteau? • Natural beauty of landscape and lady • Elegant informality
Slide 19: Chronology Info Card # 1 • Scientific Revolution 1500-1600 – Isaac Newton: Scientific method – Diderot: First Encyclopedia – Galileo • The Enlightenment 1700s – Application of scientific ideas to politics and philosophy – John Locke: take control of your own destiny -life, liberty, property
Slide 20: The Age of Enlightenment Info Card # 1 Humanism • Application of human reason to God’s ideas • The reform of society is possible- it is not God’s will – Women’s rights and abolishment of slavery – Led to major political revolutions » American Revolution 1776 » French Revolution 1789 Social concerns for all humanity
Slide 21: Industrial Revolution Info Card # 1 • • • • Urbanization Colonialism Manifest destiny Social Darwinism
Slide 22: Enlightenment Ideology Science vs. “the natural” Voltaire vs. Rousseau
Slide 23: Jean Antoine Houdon, Voltaire, 1781 Fundamental change is necessary The old order is unjust Science and rationality will Improve society
Slide 24: Effects of Enlightenment on Art • Inclusion of Science in Art: – Realism and detail – Natural Landscapes-real geography – Light of God replaced by light of science 1776-79 1st Iron Bridge; Darby& Pritchard • Architecture: machine Age and Iron
Slide 25: Joseph Wright of Derby Lecture at the Orrery (Planets and sun) 1763-65 Romantic and Scientific Art Card # 2 • Science as a grand history theme • Galileo: Heliocentrism • Wonder of Scientific knowledge • Detail of each object
Slide 26: Joseph Wright; An Experiment on a bird in an Air Pump. 1768 National Gallery, London • Traveling scientists • Invention of Air pump • Reactions of all • Use of light • Lunar society
Slide 27: Antonio Canaletto, Basin of San Marco from San Giorgio Maggiore, 1740 Art Card # 3 • “Venduta”-view • Evidence of travel and wealth • Used a camera obscura • Very detailed • Clean and perfect
Slide 28: Jean- Jacque Rousseau 1712-1788 • Arts , science and civilization have corrupted “natural” man • Feeling and emotion come prior to reason • Man by nature is good, progress is corrupt.
Slide 29: French Genre Celebration of the common person Emotion comes before reason
Slide 30: Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Chardin, Grace at table, 1740 • What is the style? • What is the message and mood? – Mood of quiet attention – Simple goodness of ordinary people
Slide 31: Jean-Baptiste Greuze, The Village Bride, 1761 Genre Scene: the natural • The happy climax of a rural romance • Morality: happiness is the reward of “natural” virtue • Gestures of sentiment • The audience loved it!
Slide 32: Greuze, The Drunken Cobbler, 1770
Slide 33: American Naturalism • Benjamin West: 1738-1820 – Born in the US, trained in Europe – became court painter to King George III of England
Slide 34: Benjamin West, The Death of General Wolfe, 1771. Oil on canvas Art Card #8 How do the style and content reflect a political and social message? • Contemporary historical subject • Theatrical • Wolfe as a martyr • Power of the state replaces power of God
Slide 35: Giotto Lamentationproto Renaissance 1305 Benjamin West Neo Classic 1771
Slide 36: Elements of diffusion? • Religious emotion and martyrdom
Slide 37: John Singleton Copley, Portrait of Paul Revere, 1768 – 1770 Art Card # 9 • How is this typically American? – – – – – Plain and simple Industrious Thoughtful Not aristocratic informal
Slide 38: The Enlightenment Also called The Age of Reason
Slide 39: Neo Classicism 1750Info Card # 10 • Fascination w/ Greek and Roman culture due to excavations • Enlightenment emphasis on rationality • Ancient Greece and Rome represent civilized society and enlightened political systems – – – – Liberty Civic virtue Morality Sacrifice for the state
Slide 40: Neo Classicism 1750“Greek art is the most perfect to come from human hands” “Noble simplicity and silent greatness” Joachim Winckelmann, 1755, first modern Art Historian
Slide 41: Angelica Kaufman, Cornelia Presenting Her Children as Her Treasures, 1785 AP Art Card # 11 • Neoclassic? – Virtuous Subject – Clothes – Architecture • Rococo? – Charm & grace – Lighting – Tranquility
Slide 42: Neoclassicism in France Before and after the revolution of 1789
Slide 43: Jacques-Louis David, 1748-1825 • Classicism is imitation of nature in its most perfect form. • Subject matter should have a moral. • Painter of the revolution and the Napoleonic empire • Rococo is artificial. 1794 Self Portrait
Slide 44: Jaques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatti, 1784 Art Card # 12 • How is the subject matter of this painting important? – Represents enlightenment values of patriotism and loyalty Name 2 Neo Classic stylistic features. – Noble theme, Figure modeling, architecture Discuss the duality of theme in this work. – Family vs. state, rational vs. passion How is it portrayed? • • •
Slide 45: Jacques-Louis David The Oath of the Tennis Court, unfinished . Why not classical? 1791
Slide 46: Jacques-Louis David, The Death of Marat, 1793 AP Art Card # 13 • An altarpiece for a new civic religion • Marat is a revolutionary who was assassinated. • How has David created an oppressive and chilling atmosphere? – Black and white – Weapon and blood – Details of the event
Slide 47: David, Napoleon
Slide 48: Napoleon Dynamite
Slide 49: Jacques-Louis David, The Coronation of Napoleon 1805-08 Art Card # 14 Propaganda
Slide 50: • David was present • Neoclassical style? • Mom was not – Pageantry • Notre Dame Cathedral: Church – Association with Roman Emperor vs. State – Church on the right – State on the left
Slide 51: Jacques- Germain Soufflot, the Pantheon(Sainte-Genevieve., Paris 1755-92 Art Card #15 • “Napoleons Temple of Glory” • Roman Imperial Temple • 1851 Foucault’s Pendulum • Marie Curie’s grave
Slide 52: Interior grid of freestanding columns structurally Gothic
Slide 54: Antonio Canova, Pauline Borghese as Venus, 1808 marble Art Card # 16 • Italian in Paris • Napoleon’s sister lives up to her reputation • Greek inspired, but not idealized
Slide 55: Neo Classicism in England Association with Roman Imperialism and Greek Democracy
Slide 56: Richard Boyle and William Kent, Chiswick House, 1725 Art card deleted #17 • Borrowed from Palladio and Vitruvius
Slide 57: Andre Palladio Villa Rotunda Venetian Renaissance 1566
Slide 58: Robert Adam, Etruscan Room, Osterly House, 1761 • • From Rococo to symmetry and rectilinearity Roman motifs Pompeii – Urns, vines scrolls
Slide 59: Neo Classicism in the United States • Used for American civic structures to represent American democratic qualities • Classical cultures represented the height of civilized society – Models of enlightened political organization – Humanism and rationality – Tradition of liberty, civic virtue, morality, and sacrifice
Slide 60: Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, AP 1770-1806 Art Card # 18 • How does this represent the values of the new independent United States? • Jeffersonian Idealism – Enlightenment Idea of the perfectibility of human beings – Power of art to achieve that perfection
Slide 61: Entry hall, dining room and “china”
Slide 62: Palladio, Villa Rotunda, 1566, Venetian High Renaissance
Slide 63: Maison Carree (Roman Empire) and Virginia State Capitol by Thomas Jefferson
Slide 64: University of Virginia by Thomas Jefferson
Slide 66: US Capitol; Thornton, La Trobe, Bullfinch 1793-1830 5 minute essay How does this style represent the political and social ideas of the new American country?
Slide 67: Horatio Greenough, George Washington, Smithsonian George Washington as a half naked pagan god. Power and Authority? Or the failure of Neo Classicism
Slide 68: Houdon, George Washington, 1788-92 • Hands rest on fasces( bundle of rods) symbol of Roman authority (13 ) • Sword of war and plowshare of peace • Enlightenment cult of great men-models for humanity
Slide 69: From Neoclassicism to Romanticism Transitional artists: pupils of David Antoine Jean Gros Anne –Louis Girodet Trioson Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
Slide 70: Romantic Period: 1750-1850 info card #21 • • • • Feeling is all! Exotic locations/people Romantic Themes Drama, emotion, color
Slide 71: Antoine Jean Gros; Napoleon at the Pesthouse at Jaffa, 1804 • What is classical, what is romantic? • Use of light? • Religious power of Napoleon? – Damage Control – Muslim doctors vs. Napoleon
Slide 73: David, OATH OF THE Horati)
Slide 74: Anne Louis Girodet-Trioson, The Burial of Atala 1808 Oil Art card xtra • How is this Romantic? – Exotic and erotic story – Native Americans – Fantasy and emotion • Christianization of the work– New world – Priest
Slide 76: Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson. Portrait of Jean Baptiste Belley , 1797 – Former slave of Haiti – Led successful campaign to abolish slavery in the colonies – Raynal: anti slavery French Philosophe – Napoleon reestablished slavery in 1801
Slide 77: What is classicism? The Doctrine of Classicism by Ingres
Slide 78: Ingres, Apotheosis of Homer 1827 • Homer is crowned by Fame or Victory – Flanked by personifications of the Iliad and the odyssey • Precursors? • Classicism? • • • • Right: Phidias, Socrates, Plato Right Front: Racine, Moliere, Voltaire, Left Front: Poussin, Shakespeare Far Left: Virgil, Dante, Rafael
Slide 79: Jean Auguste Ingres- a proclaimed classicist 1780-1867 • Truer and purer Greek style than David – Flatter and more linear • Admired Raphael • Excelled in beautiful and romantic female portraiture • Modern Art (romantic and realism) is destructive • Transition between neoclassic and romantic The Comtesse de’Haussonville AP
Slide 80: Jean-Auguste- Dominique Ingres, Grande Odalisque, AP 1814 Art Card # 20 • What type of Subject matter? – Traditional Nude • What style? – Classical and Romantic • How does it depart from classicism? – Mannerist – Rebellious – Exotic
Slide 81: Ingres, Paganini, 1819 • “Drawing is the probity of art” • Crisp, clean, descriptive lines A Poussoniste, known for his line work. “Line is the probity of drawing” Ingres
Slide 82: ROMANTICISM Rousseau: “Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains” Info card # 21 1750- 1850 – – – – Don’t think- feel! Don’t reason-imagine! Freedom from Classicism Rebellion against Social Conventions
Slide 83: Igres: Odalisque The Classical and the Romantic Delacroix:Odalisque
Slide 84: Ingres vs. Delacroix Paganini Poussinist vs. Rubeniste Line vs. color Classical vs. Romantic • Which aspects are Romantic and which are Neoclassic?
Slide 85: Romantic Precursor to Surrealism: The Subconscious Info card # 21 • Gothick: dark ages of barbarism, superstition, mystery and miracle • Fantasy: ghoulish, dark, grotesque, sadistic – Sublime: awe mixed with terror
Slide 86: Giovanni Battista Piranesi, Carceri 14; 1750 etching • Prison or dungeon • How Romantic? – – – – Sinister Insects Menacing Hopelessness
Slide 87: Henry Fuseli, The Nightmare, 1781 • Incubus-preys on sleeping virgins causing them erotic nightmares • First exploration of the human subconscious • Fuseli spurned by lover-
Slide 88: William Blake, Ancient of Days, frontispiece of Europe: Prophecy, 1794 Art cd #22 • Who is it? • Iconography? • Influences? – Romantic and classical – Spiritual vs. rational
Slide 89: Goya, The Sleep of Reason Produces Monsters, AP from Los Caprichos 1798 • What happens when reason is suppressed? – Owls=folly – Bats=ignorance • Advocate of Enlightenment? or • Commitment to Spirit of Romanticism? – Imagination, emotion, nightmares
Slide 90: Francisco Goya :The Family of Charles IV 9’2”x11’ Similar to Las Meninas; How? • Royal family faces viewers • Artist is in painting
Slide 91: Goya: King Ferdinand • Realistic show of personality
Slide 92: Francisco Goya, The Third of May AP 1808 Patron: Ferdinand VII, son of Charles IV Art CD. #23 • French (under Napoleon) execute Spanish in retaliation • Empathy for whom? • How? • Drama?
Slide 93: Francisco Goya, Saturn Eating his Children, fresco on canvas 1819-1823 Art Cd. # 24 • “Black paintings” painted for himself • Kronos (Saturn) time • Artist’s despair over the passage of time? • Wild, bold, brutal, romantic
Slide 94: Theodore Gericault, Raft of Medusa 1818-1819 Art Card #25 • Shipwreck 1816 • Composition • Drama • Anti slavery • Lighting
Slide 95: Theodore Gericault Insane Woman (Envy) 1822-1823 Mus’ee des BeauxArts, Lyon • Irrational state of mind • Romantic interest in the deranged
Slide 96: Eugene Delacroix Death of Sardanapalus 1826 Pictorial Grand Drama Art Cd. #26 • How Romantic? – Poem by Lord Byron – Assyrian king – Last hour of his defeat – Exotic and erotic
Slide 97: Eugene Delacroix Liberty Leading the People AP 1830 • Revolution 1830 against Charles X • Allegorical personification of liberty • Scarlet cap: symbol of a freed slave in antiquity • Historical fact balanced with allegory
Slide 98: Delacroix: Tiger Hunt 1834 How is it Romantic?
Slide 99: Francois Rude, La Marseillaise, Arc de Triomphe, Paris France, 1833-1836 Art Cd. #27 • Romanticism in sculpture • Glories of revolutionary France • Liberty (Roman goddess of war- Belladona) • Violence of motion • Jagged edges • Classical costume
Slide 100: Romantic Landscape painting 19th Century • Now an independent and respected genre. • Nature as Allegory: What does this mean? • They are always about issues: – – – – Spiritual Moral Historical Philosophical
Slide 101: Transcendentalism • Thoreau, around 1800 • Not a religion: no god, no emphasis on afterlife • Man’s unity with nature • The artist paints what he sees within him
Slide 102: Caspar David Friedrich, Cloister Graveyard in the snow, 1810 Germany: the soul unified with the natural world a meditation on human mortality
Slide 103: British Landscape Painting The Industrial Revolution Nostalgia for the agrarian life
Slide 104: John Constable, The Haywain 1812 AP The industrial revolution Art Cd. #28 • Constable a meteorologist • Civil unrest of working class not shown • People at one with nature • Romanticizing the past
Slide 105: Joseph Mallord William Turner The Slave Ship, AP 1840 the sublime: awe mixed with terror Art Cd. #29
Slide 106: American Landscape Hudson River School • Celebration of America • Hudson River Valley: East Coast • Countries and individuals’ relationship to the land • Manifest Destiny
Slide 107: Thomas Cole: The Oxbox 1836 Art Cd. #30 • How does it reflect the individual’s and the country’s relationship to land?
Slide 108: Albert Bierstadt Among the Sierra Nevada Mountains, California 1868 The Wild West Transcendental sun, Manifest Destiny Art Cd. #31
Slide 109: Frederic Edwin Church: Twilight in the Wilderness 1860 Hudson River school idealistic meaning Art Cd. #32 • Sublime beauty • Does not show discord of civil war • National myth of righteousness and divine providence
Slide 110: Winslow Homer: Veteran in a New Field 1865 symbolism? Art Cd. #33
Slide 111: Winslow Homer “Snap the Whip” 1872
Slide 112: • • • • Oral Quiz If Baroque art was in the Service of Catholicism and the monarchy what was Enlightenment art in the service of? What Style best expresses the Enlightenment ideals? Why? Which styles would best express the new emphasis on emotion and the “natural”? (that pendulum swings again)
Slide 113: Chronology Stylistic tendencies • Baroque 17th Century – – – – – – Italian Spanish Flanders (south, catholic) Dutch Republic French English • Rococo 17th- 18th century • Neoclassic 18th Century – French, English, American • Romanticism 18th -19th century • Romantic Landscapes 19th century
Slide 114: David, Sabine women Stopping the Battle between the Romans and the Sabines, 1799 • Painted while in prison • A painting to honor his wife- a royalist • Love overcomes conflict
Slide 115: Chronology • Baroque: 1600-1750 – Italian: Counter Reformation – French: Monarchy (classical) – Dutch: Bourgeoisie • Enlightenment 1700s – Neoclassic – The natural – Light of knowledge • Romanticism 18001850 • Rococo:: 1700-1775 – Idle rich