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Slide 1: Copyright and Fair Use BEST PRACTICES for TEACHERS & STUDENTS Spiro Bolos New Trier High School boloss@newtrier.k12.il.us
Slide 2: “We’re changing what it would mean to be a creator just at the time that technology is enabling anybody to be a creator. So, just when it matters most, the law steps in and destroys the opportunity...” — Prof. Lawrence Lessig
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Slide 5: COORDINATORS
Slide 6: • The Media Education Lab (Renee Hobbs, Temple University) Justice and Intellectual Property (Peter Jaszi, Washington College of Law: American University) (Patricia Aufderheide, School of Communication: American University) • The Program on Information • The Center for Social Media
Slide 7: SIGNATORIES
Slide 8: • Action Coalition for Media Education • Media Education Foundation • National Association for Media Literacy Education • National Council of Teachers of English • Visual Communication Studies Division of the International Communication Association
Slide 9: LEGAL ADVISORY BOARD
Slide 10: • Jamie B. Bischoff • Robert W. Clarida • Kenneth D. Crews • Michael J. Madison • Jennifer Urban
Slide 11: FUNDED BY: The MacArthur and Ford Foundations
Slide 12: What is copyright?
Slide 13: “To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries” (section 8).
Slide 14: What is fair use?
Slide 15: “Fair use is the right to use copyrighted material without permission or payment under some circumstances — especially when the cultural or social benefits of the use are predominant” (1; emphasis added).
Slide 16: “In fact, as the Supreme Court has pointed out, fair use keeps copyright from violating the First Amendment” (5).
Slide 17: The Four Factors 1. The Nature of the Use 2. The Nature of the Work Used 3. The Extent of the Use 4. Its Economic Impact (6)
Slide 18: Professor Eric Faden, Bucknell University “A Fair(y) Use Tale”
Slide 19: “...a flexibility that works to the advantage of users” (6).
Slide 20: COMMON MYTHS
Slide 21: “Fair use is too unclear and complicated for me; it’s better left to lawyers and administrators.”
Slide 22: “Educators know best what they need to use of existing copyrighted culture to construct their own lessons and materials....Once they know, they can tell their lawyers and administrators” (15; emphasis added).
Slide 23: “Educators can rely on ‘rules of thumb’ for fair use guidance.”
Slide 24: “The guidelines are negotiated resolutions of conflicts regarding fair use, and yet they are often presented as standards to which one must adhere in order to remain within the law.” — Kenneth Crews “The Law of Fair Use and the Illusion of Fair-Use Guidelines”
Slide 25: “...in fact the guidelines bear little relationship, if any, to the law of fair use” (emphasis added).
Slide 30: these guidelines were "not intended to limit the types of copying permitted under the standards of fair use under judicial decision and which are stated in Section 107 of the Copyright Revision Bill. There may be instances in which copying which does not fall within the guidelines stated [above] may nonetheless be permitted under the criterion of fair use."
Slide 31: “Rather than following a specific formula, lawyers and judges decide whether an unlicensed use of copyrighted material is ‘fair’ according to the ‘rule of reason’” (6; emphasis added).
Slide 32: “School system rules are the last word of fair use by educators.”
Slide 33: “[I]f you need to exercise your fair use rights to get your work done well, in ways your system’s rules don’t foresee...the code may help you change the rules!” (15)
Slide 34: “Fair use is just for critiques, commentaries or parodies.”
Slide 35: “Transformativeness, a key value in fair use law, can involve modifying material or putting material in a new context, or both” (15; emphasis added).
Slide 36: “If I’m not making any money off it, it’s fair use.”
Slide 37: “...some more public uses may be unfair even if no money is exchanged” (16; emphasis added).
Slide 38: “Employing fair use is too much trouble; I don’t want to fill out any forms.”
Slide 43: ...
Slide 52: “But, if you choose, you may...still claim fair use if your request is refused or ignored. In some cases, courts have found that asking permission and then being rejected has actually enhanced fair use claims” (16).
Slide 53: “Fair use could get me sued.”
Slide 54: 1. “That’s very, very unlikely” (17) 2. “Cease and Desist” letter
Slide 55: Case Studies Seeking Permission 4:49 Repurposing Google Images 5:49 Angry Email Response 5:04
Slide 56: Best Practices 1. The use of the copyrighted work is transformative. 2. The kind and the amount of the copyrighted work used is appropriate to accomplish the legitimate purpose. 3. The author of the copyrighted work is cited, whenever possible.
Slide 57: All forms of media
Slide 58: print
Slide 59: images
Slide 60: web sites
Slide 61: moving-image media
Slide 62: sound media WNYC’s
Slide 63: analog
Slide 64: digital
Slide 65: newspaper clippings digital files =
Slide 66: However...
Slide 67: “When a user’s copy was obtained illegally or in bad faith, that fact may affect fair use analysis.” (9)
Slide 68: SOURCE = irrelevant
Slide 69: Recorded over-the-air broadcast
Slide 70: Personal copy of newspaper
Slide 71: Personal DVD
Slide 72: Rented media
Slide 73: Borrowed media
Slide 74: Labels = irrelevant
Slide 75: eg., “licensed for home [or private or educational or noncommercial] use only”
Slide 76: Thanks.
Slide 77: www.mediaeducationlab.com www.centerforsocialmedia.org spirobolos.blogspot.com
Slide 78: • Copyright Criminals: http:// www.copyrightcriminals.com Teachers”: http://www.halldavidson.net/ chartshort.html www.creativecommons.se/images/ highquality.jpg • “Copyright and Fair Use Guidelines for • Creative Commons Logos: http://
Slide 79: • Supreme Court: http://www.flickr.com/ photos/vgm8383/2044910536/ • U.S. Constitution: http://www.archives.gov/ • Courtroom Gavel: http://www.flickr.com/ photos/63126465@N00/117048243 khalid-almasoud/474399662/ exhibits/charters/charters_downloads.html • Flexibility: http://www.flickr.com/photos/
Slide 80: • Robin Williams: http://images.starpulse.com/ Photos/Previews/Dead-Poets-Society-04.jpg pantskicker.com/wp-content/uploads/ 2008/01/0standanddeliverbwcrop.jpg images.allmoviephoto.com/ 1995_Dangerous_Minds/ 1995_Dangerous_Minds_036.jpg • Edward James Olmos: http:// • Michelle Pfeiffer: http://
Slide 81: • The Wire: http://www.hbo.com/thewire/img/ episodeguide/season04/ep38_04.jpg • Hilary Swank: http:// www.independentcritics.com/images/ freedom%20writers%20SPLASH.jpg photos/633/026626_27.jpg • Kevin Kline: http://videodetective.com/
Slide 82: • Jack Black: http://fraser.typepad.com/ a_girl_a_gun/images/ School_of_Rock_01.jpg • Kindergarten Cop: http:// i153.photobucket.com/albums/s229/ longjohnjohn05/arnold1.jpg the Illusion of Fair-Use Guidelines,” The Ohio State Law Journal 62 (2001): 602–700 • Crews, Kenneth: “The Law of Fair Use and
Slide 83: • Parthenon Detail Replica: http:// www.flickr.com/photos/brent_nashville/ 2455550267/ Criminals Contest. http://ccmixter.org/ copyrightcriminals/people/spirobolos Criminals Contest. http://ccmixter.org/files/ trifonic/4163 • “in y’own mix”: !pirøbølo!, Copyright • “The Next Step”: Trifonic, Copyright
Slide 84: • Time Magazine (Obama cover): http:// www.flickr.com/photos/tonythemisfit/ 3142216126/sizes/l/ dmitry/531285082/ • Reel-to-reel: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ • “HITECH” photo: http://www.flickr.com/ photos/tsevis/2282944393/in/ set-72157608680934688
Slide 85: • “Klutz Clippings”: http://www.flickr.com/ photos/tantrum_dan/2344581860/ 33917831@N00/1018612301/ • “VHS’sss”: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ • Newspaper article: http://www.flickr.com/ photos/44789431@N00/52308403/ 23327787@N08/2348565675/ • DVDs: http://www.flickr.com/photos/
Slide 86: • Blockbuster Video: http://www.flickr.com/ photos/40736030@N00/51415142/ 21651009@N00/2606693331/ photos/clith/153418933/ • Yo-Yo Ma: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ • Apollo 13 DVD: http://www.flickr.com/ • Pirate: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ 83135223@N00/285200741/