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Slide 1: 1. TURBINES DESIGN 1 .1 A B R I E F H I S T O R Y 120 B.C. H ero of Alexandria constructs a si m e reacti on turbi ne. pl Thi s w constructed f rom a spheri cal vessel w th tw spouts as show n. H as i o eat turned the w ater insi de i nto steam that escaped through the spouts and m ade the vessel rotate. Figure 1 Hero’ s Turbine Click to edit Master subtitle style 9/23/11
Slide 2: Windmills, d ve o e i e l p d n md e a ei v l e. s t ms f omd t e mi n s uc o i e re h a or e f p wr f r c n r oe o et i u 1884 Charles Parsons 1889 De Laval d v l o e t e f r t pa t c l ee p d h is r ci a r at o t r i n . Ti ec i n ub e h s mc i e ah n d v l o e ao n 7 W f p wr ee p d r u d k o o e. d ve o e t e f r t pa t c l i mu e t r i n c p b e l pd h is r ci a pl s ub e a a l e o po u i f r dc n ao n 2 W f p wr gr ud k o o e. O es wo d v l p d t e i mu e t r i n wr Rateau i n F n e a d t hr h ee oe h pl s ub e ee r ac n Cur tis i n t e h U. . .A S 9/23/11
Slide 3: 1 .2 IMPULSE THEORY T u rb i n e s a re g e n e ra l ly c la s s if i e d a s e ith e r im p u l s e o r re a c ti o n . th i s re f e rs to th e ty p e o f fo rc e a c ti n g o n it a n d c a u s i n g it to ro ta te . IM P U L S I V E F O R C E S a re e x e rte d o n a n o b je c t w h e n it d iv e rts o r c h a n g e s th e fl o w o f a f lu id p a s s i n g o v e r it. A v e ry b a s ic im p u l s e tu rb in e i s th e w i n d m i ll a n d th i s c o n v e rts th e k i n e tic e n e rg y o f th e w i n d i n to m e c h a n i c a l p o w e r. 9/23/11 C o n s i d e r a ro to r w i th v a n e s a rra n g e d a ro u n d th e e d g e . F l u i d is d i re c te d a t th e v a n e s b y a s e t o f n o z z le s .
Slide 4: If th r i s n p e s r d o i nth p o e s th r s l ti n f o c o ee o r s ue r p e r c s, e eu g re n th v n i s e ti r l y u toth c a g i nth m m n mo th e ae n e de e hne e o e tu f e f lu a dth f o c i s e ti r ly im u s v . I id n e re ne p l i e tis o i n r s t n te f te e t o o th t th n m i m u s ec m s f o N w n’ s s c n l a o a eae p l iv o e r m e to eod wf m tio . on Im u s =c a g i nm m n m pl e hne o e tu Im u s v fo c =r teo c a g i nm m n m pl i e re a f hne o e tu . F=mv mi s th m s f l o r tei nk g a d? is th c a g inv lo i ty o e as wa /s n v e hne ec f th f lu . T i s i s a e id h v c r q a ti ty a d m y b a p e to a y d r c n I f e to un n a e p li d n i e tio . w m k ? th c a g in e ae v e hne v l o i ty i n th d r c o o m tio w o ta ec e i e ti n f o n e b in th f o c e re m k n th r to tu n T is ai g eor r. h d r c ni s u u l ly c l le th w i r d r c o a d i e tio sa a d e h l i e ti n n ? w ma s v en th c a g i nv lo i ty in e hne ec th w ir d r c o . e h l i e ti n F=mv w 9/23/11
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Slide 6: P a e p rc a e P F a p P te o h ://w w e p f.c m to re o e th w te a . le s u hs Dcm rin r n ttp w .v ry d o / mv is a rm rk 1 .3 REACTION THEORY R A C I O F R E a e e d o a o je t w e it c u e th v e o ity o E T N O C S re x rte n n b c hn ass e lc f th f l u d to c a g . C n id r a s m le n z le i n w i c th fl u d e i hne os e ip oz hhe i a c le te d e to th c a g in th c s s c o a a a T h k n ti c c e ra s u e hne e ro s e ti n l re . eie e e y o th f lu in re s s a d s n e e e y is c n e e , th p s u n rg fe id c a e n ic n rg o s rv d e re s re o f th f l u d d p . In o e w rd , th p s u b h d th e i ro s th r o s e re s re e in e fl u d fo e i t th u h th n z l e c u in it to s e d u . T e f i rc s ro g e oz as g pe p h o e re u re to a c l e te th fl u d is i n th d c n o th a c l e ti o … rc qi d c e ra e i e ire tio f e c e ra n E e f o eh sa e u l a do p s v ry rc a n qa n p o ite re c o s a e u l a d o p s te a ti n o n q a n poi fo e i s e e d rc x rte o th n z l e T is i s th p n i p e u e i n ro k ts n e oz . h e ri c l sd ce . 9/23/11
Slide 7: F .5 ig I s o l d b b r e in m n t a se m a d g s u l i k l iq i d , u d r o s a t hu e on i d ht t a n a, n e us n eg e v lu e om in r a ew e t ep e s r f a l s I i st u p s ib t a c l e aese m n g sw ce s hnh r s ue l .t h s o s le o c e r t t a ad a i t ot hu n r o i n t ef lo p s a e Th foc r q i r dt a c l e aet ef u di sg v nb ar w g h w as g. e r e eu e o ce r t h l i ie y te h f llo in e u t o . o w g q ai n F=m v T er a t o f o c a t n o t en z l eise u l a do p s t i nd e t o . h e ci n r e ci g n h oz qa n poi e ir ci n F u e 6 s o s t e la o t o t e b a e f r a t r in t a u e b t r a t o ig r hw h yu fh l ds o u b e h t s s oh e ci n ad n im u s . Th f ix d r w a c l e ae t e s e m a d t e e i s a p e s r d o o e t e pl e e e o s ce r t h ta n hr r s ue r p v r h r w. Th m v n r w a s a c l e ae t e se m a dt e e isaf u t e p e s r d o o e oi g o l o ce r t s h ta n hr r h r r s ue r p o e t e m v g r w T e m v n b d s ae t u m v d b b t i m u e a d vr h o in o. h o i g la e r hs oe y oh p ls n r a t o foc s I f t e r w o b a e a e id ni c l, t e p e s r do o e e c i s e ci n r e . h o s f l ds r et a h r s ue r p v r a h te h s m a dt e eis5 % m u ea d5 % e ci o . a e n hr 0i p ls n 0 r at n 9/23/11
Slide 8: AXIAL F R E OC T e c a g in m m n u h hne o e t m t a p o u e t e f o c o t e b a e i s n t o l y in t e ht r dcs h re n h ld o n h d r c io o r t t o . T e e i s a s a c a g o v lo i ty a dh n e m m n u i e t n f oa i n h r lo hne f e c n ec o e t m i nt e h d r c io o t e a i s o r t t o a dt is p s e t e t r in r t r int a d r c i o . T is i et n f h x f oa i n n h u h s h u b e oo ht i et n h w u d r q i r a la g t r s b a in i n t e t r i n d s n T is c n b a o e b ol eu e r e hu t e r g h u b e e ig . h a e v id d y p a i n t o i d ni c l lc gw et a r t r b c t b c s t e a ia oo s a k o a k o h xl t r s cne h u t a c ls o t F g r 7 u. i u e s o s t e s h mi c f r s c a a r n e e t. hw h ce t o u h n r a g mn 9/23/11
Slide 9: Because the vol ume of the steam or gas increases greatl y as i t progresses along the axi s, the height of the bl ades i ncreases i n order to accommodate i t. Fi gure 8 shows a turbine wi th the casing removed. There are three sets or cyl i nders each with doubl e fl ow. T he exhaust steam has such a l arge volume that entry to the condenser is through the l arge passages underneath. The condenser occupi es the space bel ow the turbine hal l. 9/23/11
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Slide 11: The first steam turbine, at its time indeed did spark off the industrial revolution through out the west. However, the turbine at that time was still an inefficient piece of heavy weighing high maintenance machine. The power to weight ratio of the first reciprocating steam turbine was extremely low, and this led to a great focus improving the design, efficiency and usability of the basic steam turbine, the result of which are the power horses that currently produce more than 80% of today’s electricity at power plants! Evolution of the Steam Turbine- Classification and Types How are Steam Turbines Classified? Steam Turbines can be classified on the basis of a number of factors. Some of the important methods of steam turbine classification are enunciated below: On the basis of Stage Design: Steam turbines use different stages to achieve their ultimate power conversion goal. Depending on the stages used by a particular turbine, it is classified as Impulse Turbine, or Reaction type. On the Basis of the Arrangement of its Main Shaft: Depending on the shaft arrangement of the steam turbine, they may be classified as Single housing (two or more housings, with shafts that are coupled in line with each other) and Cross compound turbines (the shafts here are not in line). On the Basis of Supply of Steam and Steam Exhaust Condition: They may be classified as Condensing, Non Condensing, Controlled or Automatic extraction type, Reheat (the steam is bypassed at an intermediate level, reheated and sent again) and Mixed pressure steam turbines (they have more than one source of steam at different pressures). On the basis of Direction of Steam Flow: They may be axial, radial or tangential flow steam turbine On the Basis of Steam Supply: Superheated steam turbine or saturated steam turbine s. (casing), tandem compound (two or more housings, with 9/23/11
Slide 12: P a e p r h s P F a p P in r o h ://w w e p f.c m to r m v th w te m r . le s uc a e D c m r te n ttp w .v ry d o / e o e is a r a k T R I EC A S F C T N U BN L S I I A IO S f r w h v c s if d tu b e in tw g n r l g o p : I P L ET R I E a d R A T O oa e a e la s ie r in s to o e e a r u s M U S U BN S n E CI N T R I E , d p n in o th m th d u e to c u e th s a to d u e u U BN S e e d g n e e o sd as e te m o sf l .- m u e m in p o u io tu b e I p ls a r p ls n r in . w r . T r in s m y b f r e c s if d a c r in to th f lo in : ok ub e a e u th r la s ie c o d g eo wg • T p a da r n e e t o s g g y e n r a g m n f ta in • D e tio o s a flo ir c n f te m w * ee R p titio o s a flo n f te m w * iv io o s a f w D is n f te m lo Atu b e m ya o b c s if d b w e e it is a c n e s g u it ( x a s to a c n e s r r in a ls e la s ie y h th r o d n in n e h u t o dne a a p e s r b lo a o p e ic p e s r ) o a n n o d n in u it ( x a s to a o e t r s u e e w tm s h r r s ue r o c n e s g n e h u ts n th r s muh c th a x eu a s v 9/23/11sy tespsericasessu e).iliaryexh ust steamsy temat a pressure abo e aoh tm p r r
Slide 13: C O N S T R U C T IO N O F T U R B IN E S O th er th a n th e o p erating an d con tro lin g eq uip m en t, sim ila rity exists in b oth th e im p u lse an d reactio n tu rb in es. T h ese in clu d e fou n d atio ns, casin gs, n ozzles, ro tors, b ea rin gs, a n d sh aft glan d s. F ou n d ation s T u rb in e fou n d ation s are b u ilt u p from a stru ctu ral fo u n d ation in th e h u l to p rov id e a rigid su p p ortin g b a se. A l tu rb in es a re su b jected to va ry in g d egrees of tem p eratu re-from th at existin g d u rin g a secu red con d itio n to th a t existin g d u rin g fu l-p ow er op eratio n . T h erefore, m ean s are p rov id ed to alow for exp an sion an d con traction . A t th e forw a rd en d of th e tu rb in e, th ere are variou s w a ys to giv e freed om of m ovem en t. E lo n gated b olt h oles or groov ed slid in g sea ts are u sed so th a t th e fo rw ard en d of th e tu rb in e can m ov e fo re a n d aft as eith er exp an sion or con tractio n tak es p lace. T h e forw a rd en d of th e tu rb in e m ay also b e m o u n ted w ith a flexib le Ib eam th at w il flex eith er fore or aft. C asin gs T h e m aterials u sed to con stru ct tu rb in es w il v ary som ew h at d ep en d in g on th e steam an d p o w er con d ition s fo r 9/23/11 w h ich th e tu rbin e is d esig n ed . T u rb in e casin gs are m ad e of cast carb o n steel for n o n su p erh eated steam a p p lica tion s. S u p erheated
Slide 14: applications use casings made of carbon molybdenum steel. For turbine casings used on submarines, a percentage of chrome stainless steel is used, which is more resistant to steam erosion than carbon steel. Each casing has a steam chest to receive the incoming high-pressure steam. This steam chest delivers the steam to the first set of nozzles or blades. Nozzles The primary function of the nozzles is to convert the thermal energy of steam into kinetic energy. The secondary function of the nozzles is to direct the steam against the blades. Rotors Rotors (forged wheels and shaft) are manufactured from steel aloys. The primary purpose of a turbine rotor is to carry the moving blades that convert the steam's kinetic energy to rotating mechanical energy. Bearings The rotor of every turbine must be positioned radialy and axialy by bearings. Radial bearings carry and support the weight of the rotor and maintain the correct radial clearance between the rotor and casing. 9/23/11 (thrust) bearings limit the fore-and-aft travel of the rotor. Thrust bearings take care of Axial
Slide 15: Figure 5-9.-Labyrinth packing gland. any axial thrust, which may develop on a turbine rotor and hold the turbine rotor within definite axial positions. Al main turbines and most auxiliary units have a bearing at each end of the rotor. Bearings are generaly classified as sliding surface (sleeve and thrust) or as roling contact (antifriction bal or roler bearings). Figure 5-8 shows a typical sliding surface bearing. Shaft Packing Glands Shaft packing glands prevent the leaking of steam out of or air into the turbine casing where the turbine rotor shaft extends through the turbine casing. Labyrinth and carbon rings are two types of packing. They are used either separately or in combination. Labyrinth packing (fig 5-9) consists of rows of metalic strips or fins. The strips fasten to the gland liner so there is a smal space between the strips and the shaft. As the steam from the turbine casing leaks through the smal space between the packing strips and the shaft, steam pressure gradualy reduces. 9/23/11
Slide 16: .-Turbine 9/23/11 assembly in a machine shop.
Slide 17: St eam Turbine Classificat ion S te a m T u rb in e s h a s b e e n c la s s ifie d b y : 1 . D e ta ils o f S ta g e D e s ig n ; a . im p u ls e b . re a c tio n 2 . S te a m S u p p ly a n d E x h a u s t C o n d itio n s ; a . C o n d e n s in g b . B a c k P re s s u re (N o n C o n d e n s in g ) c . M ix e d P re s s u re d . R e h e a t e . E x tra c tio n ty p e (A u to o r C o n tro lle d ) 3 . B y C a s in g o r S h a ft A rra n g e m e n t ; a .S in g le C a s in g b . T a n d e m com pound c . C ro s s C o m p o u n d 4 . B y n u m b e r o f E x h a u s t S ta g e s in P a ra lle l 5 . B y D ire c tio n o f S te a m F lo w 6 . B y S te a m s u p p ly -S u p e rh e a te d o r s a tu ra te d . 9/23/11
Slide 18: T e r o o ea o h oy f p r t n i A ok g l i c n i sp t n a e eg wr i n fu d ot n a o et l nr y i ( r s ue e d a d i e ce eg ( e c y pe s r h a ) n k nt i nr y v l oi t h a ) T e l i myb c mr s i l o e d. h fu da e o pe s e r b i c mr s i l . S v r l p y i a pi c l s n o pe s e e ea h s b c l rn i e p ae ml y d y ub e t c l e t t i r ep oe b t r i ns o o c h l s e eg : nr y Impulse turbines T e e ub e c a g t e i e to o hs t r i n s h n e h d ci n f r fo o a i h e c yfu o g sj t l wf h g vl oi t li dr a e . T e e u i g mu e p st e ub e h r s l n i pl t s si n h tri n a d e v st e l i fo wh i i i h d n l a e h fu dl w i td m se n k e ce eg . T ee sn pe s r i nt i nr y hr i o r s ue c a g o t e l i o g si t e ub e h n e f h fu d r a nh t r i n r t r b d s(h mv g l d s, a i o ol a e t e oi nb a e) sn t e a e f a t a o g st r i e a h cs o se m r a ub n, l l t e r s ue r p a e p c i t e h pe s r do t k s l aen h sa o ayb d s( h n z l s. t t nr i l a e t e oz e) Bf r r a h g h t r i e t e l i ' e e ec i o n t e ub n , h fu s d pressure head i c a g d o s h n e t velocity head b a c l r tn t e l i wh n z l . y c e a g h fu ei di t a oz e P l o we l a d e a a t r i e u e e n he t s n d L v l ub ns s t i po e se c s e . I p l e ub e h s r cs xl ui vl y mu s tri ns d n t r q i e pe s r c s mn ao n o o eu r a r s ue a e e t r u d t e o r s c t e l i j t i ce t d y h h rt oi n e h fu de s r a ebte n z l pi r t r a h g h b d g n h oz e ro o e c i ntel ai note r o. e t o o' s e o d a d s rb s h 9/23/11 t r Nw n s c n l w e ci e t e t a se o e eg f r i p l e ub e . r n f r f n r y o mu s tri ns
Slide 19: Reaction turbines These turbines develop torque by reacting to the gas or fluid's pressure or mass. The pressure of the gas or fluid changes as it passes through the turbine rotor blades. A pressure casement is needed to contain the working fluid as it acts on the turbine stage(s) or the turbine must be fully immersed in the fluid flow (such as with wind turbines). The casing contains and directs the working fluid and, for water turbines, maintains the suction imparted by the draft tube. Francis turbines and most steam turbines use this concept . For compressible working fluids, multiple turbine stages are usually used to harness the expanding gas efficiently. Newton's third law describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines. 9/23/11
Slide 20: Reaction turbines T e e tu in s d v lo to u b re c g to th g s o hs rb e e e p rq e y a tin ea r flu 's id p s u o m s . T e p s u o th g s o flu re s re r a s h re s re f e a r id cags hne a it p s e th u h th tu in ro r b d s Ap s u s a s s ro g e rb e to la e . re s re c s m n is n e e to c n in th w rk g flu a it a ts ae et edd o ta e o in id s c o n th tu in s g (s o th tu in m s b fu e rb e ta e ) r e rb e u t e lly im e e in th flu flo (s c a w m rs d e id w u h s ith w d tu in s in rb e ). Te h c s g c n in a d d c th w rk g flu a d fo a in o ta s n ire ts e o in id n , r w te ar tu in s m in in th s c n im a d b th d ft rb e , a ta s e u tio p rte y e ra tu e b. F n is tu in s a d m s s a tu in s u e th ra c rb e n o t te m rb e s is cnet ocp . F r c m re s le w rk g flu s m ltip tu in s g s o o p s ib o in id , u le rb e ta e a re u u lly u e to h rn s th e p n in g s e sa sd a es e xad g a ffic n . ie tly N w n th e to 's ird la d s rib s th tra s r o e e y fo w ec e e n fe f n rg r a tio rb e . 9/23/11 re c n tu in s
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