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Slide 1: American History 1400-1763
Slide 2: The “Discovery” of America Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492. However, when he set sail he was not looking for new land, and in fact, never arrived to the destination he was trying to reach (and erroneously thought he did). Nonetheless, his “discovery” changed the course of history.
Slide 3: Discussion Questions • Why did Europeans cross the seas? • How did Columbus’s voyages affect the search for a passage to the Indies?
Slide 4: European Events Around Columbus’s Time The Black Death killed est. 75-200 million in Europe bet. 1346-1353 Marco Polo’s travels were published in 1477 Leonardo da Vinci painted “The Last Supper” in 1498 Marco Polo brought back riches from East Asia 1295 The Printing press was invented 1439 Christopher Columbus landed in the Caribbean in 1492
Slide 5: Why Europeans Crossed the Seas • As Europe’s population recovered from the Black Death, the demand for trade goods grew. • Europeans wanted spices and other riches. • European merchants wanted to gain direct access to the riches of Asia. • Some voyagers still wanted to crusade against the Muslims. • Others were inspired by the Renaissance spirit to learn about distant lands.
Slide 6: Early Voyages of European Exploration ~1487-1609~
Slide 7: Columbus’s Voyages to the West Columbus’s voyages were important not for the reasons you might have thought. An Italian backed financially by Spain, Columbus was inspired by a fellow Italian, the Venetian Marco Polo’s account of the Far East and its riches, to try to reach the Indies in Southeast Asia by sailing west across the Atlantic. Columbus died believing that the land he reached was the Indies, while it was in fact they were islands and ports along the coast of South America.
Slide 8: Columbus’ Four Voyages
Slide 9: However Columbus had found a route to continents previously unknown to Europeans. These lands later became known as the West Indies. Europeans continued to seek new routes around or through the Americas, while Spanish explorers claimed Florida, Mexico, and Southwest America for Spain. In 1513, Juan Ponce de Leon landed in Florida. The first European on what is now American soil. In the same year, Vasco Nunez de Balboa conquered the Incas in South America.
Slide 10: Ponce de Leon Explored Florida
Slide 11: Balboa Saw the Pacific Ocean by Crossing Panama
Slide 12: Ferdinand Magellan Ferdinand Magellan charted a passage around the southern tip of South America and gave the Pacific Ocean its name. His crew became the first people to sail around the world.
Slide 14: Francisco Coronado The Grand Canyon
Slide 16: Hernando de Soto This Spanish explorer led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day America.
Slide 17: The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs . Fernando Cor tez 1519Montezuma II
Slide 18: The Death of Montezuma II
Slide 19: Mexico Surrenders to Cortez
Slide 20: Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conq u istad ores Perm a Sett nent lers M is si o na r Official European Colony! ie s
Slide 21: Other European Explorers Also Claimed Land for England and France • British explorer, John Cabot, discovered Newfoundland in modern-day Canada during his unsuccessful quest to find a Northwest passage to Asia in 1497. • French explorer, Jacques Cartier, explored the St. Lawrence River in 1534. • Fellow French explorer, Samuel de Champlain claims Quebec in 1608.
Slide 22: Roanoke • In 1583, Queen Elizabeth I of England granted a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh to establish a new colony. Between 1584 and 1587, Raleigh sent 3 expeditions to the “New World.” • Each failed. • The last group settled on Roanoke Island off the coast of North Carolina. By 1590, the entire group had disappeared. They are known as the “Lost Colony.”
Slide 24: Colonization & the Struggle for Power ► As Spain claimed more land, other countries grew jealous. French, Dutch, and British vessels began attacking and looting Spanish ships carrying gold and silver. ► In particular, Sir Francis Drake, a British sailor, was knighted after his numerous successful battles against the Spanish. King Philip II of Spain, a rejected suitor of Queen Elizabeth I of England, decided to attack England. ► In 1588, King Philip sent the Armada, a huge fleet of 130 ships to attack England.
Slide 27: The Defeat of the Armada ► The British destroyed 4 ships and damaged many during the battle. The beaten spaniards’ only way home was to sail around the north of Scotland into the rough seas of the Atlantic Ocean. Only 60 ships made it back to Spain in a humiliating and costly defeat. ► With Spain out of the picture, the New World was opened wide for British settlements. ► However, it was not until after the death of Elizabeth I in 1603 that another attempt was made to establish a colony.
Slide 29: The 13 Colonies The New England Colonies The Middle Colonies The Southern Colonies
Slide 31: Desperate Housewife: Mary Cooper
Slide 32: Excerpt from Mary Cooper’s Diary* ~August 1769~ Moonday. A fine clear coole day. A north wind and very dry. Ben Chambers and Sia Wheeler come here. Tuesday. A north wind, still clear and dry. Nepe Youngs here. Simon Cooper and Thome gon to watchin the water millon patch. Wednsday. A fine clear morning with a cold north wind. My hearte is burnt with anger and discontent, want of every nessesary thing in life and in constant feare of gapeing credtors consums my strenth and wasts my days. The horrer of these things with the continuel cross of my famaly, like to so many horse leeches, prays upon my vitals, and if the Lord does not prevent will bring me to the house appointed for all liveing. Salle Burtis here. *Source: http://www.newsday.com/community/guide/lihistory/ny-history-hs331a1v,0,656897.story
Slide 36: French and English Collide  The French and Indian War, the colonial part of the Seven Years War that ravaged Europe from 1756 to 1763, was the bloodiest American war in the 1700’s. It took more lives than the American Revolution, involved people on three continents, including the Caribbean.
Slide 37:  The war was the product of a clash between the French and English over colonial territory and wealth. In North America, the war can also be seen as a product of the local rivalry between British and French colonists.
Slide 38: In the 1740s, both England and France traded for furs with the Native Americans in the Ohio Country. By the 1750s, English colonists, especially the investors in the Ohio Company, also hoped to convert the wilderness into good farmland.  Each side tried to keep the other out of the Ohio Country. In the early 1750s, French soldiers captured several English trading posts and built Fort Duquense (now called Pittsburgh) to defend their territory from English incursions. 
Slide 39:   Events leading to the war began in 1753, when a young Virginian, Major George Washington, and a number of men headed out into the Ohio region to deliver a message to a French Captain demanding that French troops leave the territory. The demand was rejected by the French.
Slide 40:   In 1754, Washington and a small force of Virginia militiamen marched to the Ohio Country to drive the French out. Washington hoped to capture Fort Duquesne but soon realized the fort was too strong, so he retreated and when chased by the French, quickly built Fort Necessity. If he could not drive the French from the area, they would at least have to reckon with the English fortifications. He also hoped to convince native people that England was the stronger force, so that they would ally with the British rather than the French.
Slide 41: A combined force of French soldiers and their native allies overwhelmed Fort Necessity on July 3, 1754, marking the start of the “French and Indian War” in North America.  The French permitted Washington and his men to return to Virginia safely, but made them promise they would not build another fort west of the Appalachian Mountains for at least a year. 
Slide 42:    After a year and a half of undeclared war, the French and the English formally declared war in May 1756. For the first three years of the war, the outnumbered French dominated the battlefield, soundly defeating the English in battles at Fort Oswego and Ticonderoga. Perhaps the most notorious battle of the war was the French victory at Fort William Henry, which ended in a massacre of British soldiers by Indians allied with the French.
Slide 43: General Edward Braddock’s Defeat      The most humiliating of Britain’s defeats was General Braddock’s who lost an intense battle at Fort Duquesne. He was the British commander at the time, and one of his officers was a young George Washington. Braddock ordered a march through the wilderness to a heavily fortified Fort Duquesne. He paid for it with his life. Out of 1,400 British soldiers involved, 900 of them died.
Slide 44:  The tide turned for the British was in 1758, as they began to make peace with important Indian allies.  Under the direction of Lord William Pitt, the British also began adapting their war strategies to fit the territory and landscape of the American frontier.  Meanwhile the French were abandoned by many of their Indian allies. Exhausted by years of battle, outnumbered and outgunned by the British, the French collapsed during the years 1758-59, climaxing with a massive defeat at Quebec in September 1759.
Slide 45: 1758-1761 The Tide Turns for England
Slide 46: The end and a new war By September 1760, the British controlled all of the North American frontier; the war between the two countries was effectively over.  The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763, ending the French and Indian and also the European Seven Years War.  Although the war with the French ended in 1763, the British continued to fight with the Indians over the issue of land claims. 
Slide 47: North America in 1763 In the Treaty of Paris, the French lost virtually all colonies in North America.  The British gained control over the area west of the 13 British Colonies all the way to the Mississippi River.  The Spain lost Florida for helping France, but they still held their territory west of the Mississippi River and in Central and South America. 
Slide 50: Lasting effects The results of the war effectively ended French influence in North America.  England gained massive amounts of land and vastly strengthened its hold on the continent.  The war, however, also had subtler results.  – It hurt relationships between the English and Native Americans – It played a major role in the worsening relationship between England and its colonies that eventually led to the Revolutionary War.