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Slide 1: Language and Linguistics AP Human Geography Review Click to edit Master subtitle style Chad Spreadbury Sebastian Oliver Boroń
Slide 2:  Türkç ְ‫עִב‬ Language e Français ‫ רִית‬ • Language – a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meanings. ‫فار‬ română ‫س‬ украї́ ‫  ی‬нська мо́ва Español • ‫العربية‬ 官 話   русский язык मानक ििनदी     
Slide 3: Literary Tradition  A system of written communication. i.e. An alphabet  Many languages have a literary tradition, however hundreds lack one.
Slide 5: English n I don’t know why the book used this as a running example. English is the official language for 2 billion people. Although not all of them speak it, it is the official language in the countries they live in, only surpassed in numbers by Chinese dialects. This is because English was made the official language in places colonized by people from England. English is a Germanic language, with great influence from French. Simpler English words like sky, horse, man, and woman, come from the Germanic roots, whereas more fancy and elegant words such as celestial, equestrian, masculine, and feminine come from the French influence. There are many differences in the dialects between British and American English, and these differences were furthered by Noah Webster’s Dictionary, which specifically changed spellings so that they would not look British. n n n
Slide 6: Dialect • • • Dialect – A regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. Generally, speakers of one dialect can understand speakers of another dialect. Mutually Intelligible – When speakers of one dialect or language can understand speakers of another. “A language is a dialect with an army and a navy”. Scandinavian quote. Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish are essentially all the same language, there are no differences in syntax, vocabulary, diction or pronunciation. The only aspect that makes them separate languages in their own right is the fact that the countries they belong to were at war with each other for several hundred years.
Slide 7: British, American, Australian, New Zealander, Canadian, and South African English are all dialects and mutually intelligible. Mandarin, Cantonese, Wu, and Min are all dialects of Chinese and are marginally intelligible/mutually unintelligible even though they are considered part of only one language, Chinese. European, Mexican, and Latin American Spanish are all dialects of each other and are mutually intelligible. Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian are mutually intelligible. Czech and Slovak are mutually intelligible. Ukrainian, Belorussian, and Russian are mutually intelligible. Catalan and Occitan-Provencal are mutually intelligible. Portuguese and Galician are mutually intelligible. The majority of the Hindustani dialects are mutually intelligible. Hindi and Punjabiedit Master subtitle style Click to are mutually intelligible. Persian Farsi, Pashto, Dari, and Tajiki are all dialects of Farsi and are mutually intelligible. Arabic has many dialects, including Levantine, Egyptian, Peninsular, and Maghrebi. Dialects
Slide 8: Ca Continental/Eu Latin New Me Pe Be So e an Ame Zea n rA
Slide 9: Standard Language l Dialect that is well established and  widely recognized as the most  acceptable for government,  business, education, and mass  communication is considered a  standard language. 
Slide 10: Pay attention!!! • • • • Isogloss – word-usage boundary. Dialects have Isoglosses, the extent to which each dialect extends. Has geographic extent and boundaries. Language Family – collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed long before recorded history. Language Branch – collections of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago. Language Group – collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.
Slide 11: Language Families Guess 5 branches of the Indo-European language family for a prize! Indo-European Indo-Iranian Romance Germanic Balto-Slavic Celtic Click Greek to edit Master subtitle style Armenian Albanian 4/28/11
Slide 12: • The picture shows the IndoEuropean language family’s branches and languages. [Explanation]
Slide 13: Romance Germanic Celtic
Slide 14: Slavic Indo-Iranian
Slide 16: ITS TIME TO BE…. • • • • • • • PUT ON THE SPOT! Name 5 Romance Languages…. Hunter Amelia !!!!!!!!!! !! Sean Christina Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan, Napolese, Sardinian, Romansh, ProvencalOccitan, Venetian, etc.
Slide 17: Germanic Language Branch Indo-European Germanic • -West Germanic -High Germanic English Frisian Dutch Low Germanic Afrikaans German North Germanic Click to edit Master subtitle style Danish Swedish Norwegian Icelandic Germanic Languages are spoken in Germany, Switzerland, Austria (German), the UK, Ireland, the USA, etc. (English), Belgium, The Netherlands (Dutch), Denmark (Danish), Norway (Norwegian), Iceland (Icelandic), Sweden (Swedish), and South Africa (Afrikaans).
Slide 19: SURPRISE REVIEW! • • • • • • • Andrew Jordan Alejandra Dean Name 4 Germanic languages. Who will it be? German, English, Dutch, Afrikaans, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Frisian, Faroese.
Slide 20: Indo Iranian Languages • Indo-Iranian Family – Iranian • • • • • • • • Dari Farsi Tajiki Balochi Kurdish Zazaki Pashto Ossetic – Indo-Aryan • • • • • • • Sanskrit Hindi Punjabi Dardic Urdu Romany Nepali
Slide 21: The most widely used languages in India, The primary difference between Hindi and Urdu is that, due to Pakistan being Pakistan, and Bangladesh are Indic, Indoa predominantly Muslim country as opposed to India being majority-Hindu, Aryan oruse a modified form of the Arabic Alphabet to write instead of Urdu speakers Eastern Indo-Iranian languages Devanagari Script and Urdu had more loanwords and religious Muslim words. (All 3 names apply), part of the IndoEuropean language family. • About 1/3 of Indians, mostly in northern India, speak an Indic language called Hindi. • The official writing system of Hindi is the ਪੰ ਜ ਾਬੀ “Devanagari Script”. తెలుగు  தமிழ বাং • • • Eastern/Indic Group of Indo मानक  दे वनागरी  Iranian Language branch. ििनदी Urdu is the most widely spoken language in Pakistan, however it is identical to Hindi, they are the same language.
Slide 22: - There are 4 important language families in India; Indo-European, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetan, and Austro-Asiatic. - After India gained independence in 1947, Hindi was proposed as the national language, however Dravidian speakers in the southern part of the country, of whom there are 217 million, strongly objected. - Therefore, India’s constitution recognizes 18 official languages; 13 English has “associate” status in India due to centuries of colonial rule from the United Kingdom. ‫پنجاب‬ ‫ی‬ Click to edit Master subtitle style ‫تاجيک‬ ‫ی‬ ‫فارس‬ ‫ی‬ ‫پښت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ارد‬ ‫و‬ ‫کورد‬ ‫ی‬
Slide 23: Iranian (Western) Group of   The Iranian group forms the other half (non-Indic  half) of the Indo-Iranian language branch. • These languages are spoken in Iran and neighboring  countries in S.W. Asia.  •  Farsi is spoken in Persia (Iran), Pathan in eastern  Afghanistan and western Pakistan, and Kurdish, used  by Kurds in western Iran, northern Iraq, and eastern  Turkey. These languages are written in the Arabic  alphabet. Click to edit Master subtitle style •
Slide 24: Hey Katherine!  Name 3 Indo-Iranian languages….!  Pashto, Farsi, Kurdish, Tajiki, Dari, Punjabi, Hindi, Urdu, Zaza, Ossetic, Sindhi, et al.
Slide 25: Balto-Slavic Languages  Slavs originally lived in Asia but migrated to Eastern Europe and lived in isolation after the 7th Century A.D.  The Balto-Slavic language branch can be split into the Baltic group, and the East, West, and South Slavic Groups.
Slide 26: GUESS WHO’S HERE?!?!?! ITS PRO KLEM!!!!!
Slide 27: українська мова East Slavic Group Беларуская мова Russian is the most widely used Slavic language, it is one of the six official languages of the United Nations and is the official language of Russia, the worlds largest country by area. Russian became important because of Russian dominance in the Soviet Union (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), and is still used for communication among officials of former USSR countries. Ukrainian and Belorussian are the two other important East Slavic languages and are official languages in the Ukraine and Belarus respectively. Ukraine is a Slavic word meaning “border” and Belo- is translated as “white”, thus Ukrainian is a border language (it sits between Russian and Polish) and Belorussian is the “white Russian” language. русский язык Союз Советских Социалистических Республик
Slide 28: West Slavic Group język polski Čeština/Český jazyk • The West Slavic langua ge Slovenčina/Slovenský jazyk
Slide 29: South Slavic Languages • македонски јазик slovenščina български език The two most important South Slavic languages are Serbo-Croatian and Bulgarian. Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria along the Black Sea, and Serbo-Croatian is spoken in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, and Croatia. Although Serbs and Croats speak the same language, they write it in different alphabets. Croats write in the Latin Alphabet whereas Serbs use the Cyrillic Alphabet. Slovene is the official language in Slovenia and Macedonia is the official language in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Each group that speaks Serbo-Croatian considers their form of the main dialect (explained in the next slide) to be a separate language; Serbo-Croatian is considered to be the Serbian language by Serbs and Montenegrins, Croatian by Croats, and Bosnian by Bosniaks. • • • • српскохрватски
Slide 30: hrvatski jezik South Slavic Dialects • Социјалистичка Федеративна Република Југославија српски босански • Shtokavian (Štokavian) is the dialect that is used as the standard form of the SerboCroatian langauge. Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks all use the Shtokavian dialect. The Shtokavian Црногорски језик
Slide 32: Conflict and Strife… • In general, differences among Slavic languages are relatively small, for example, a Czech can understand a Slovak with relative ease and become proficient in Slovakian without much difficulty and vice-versa. The same goes for Serb, Croat, Bosniak, Macedonian, Slovene and Bulgarian, and Russian, Belarussian, and Ukrainian. However, because language is a major element in a people’s cultural identity, relatively small differences among Slavic as well as other languages are being preserved and even accentuated in recent independence movements. Since Bosnia and Croatia broke away from Serb-dominated Yugoslavia in the early 1990’s, regional differences within Serbo-Croatian have increased. Bosnian Muslims have introduced Arabic words used in their religion, and Croats have replaced words regarded as having a Serbian origin with words considered to be purely Croatian. For example, the Serbo-Croatian word for martyr or hero –junak- has been changed to heroj by Croats and shahid by Bosnian Muslims. The term Serbo-Croatian now offends Bosnians and Croats, because it recalls when they were dominated by Serbs. In the future, after a generation of isolation and hostility among Bosnians, Croats, and Serbs, the languages spoken by the three groups may be sufficiently different to justify their classification as distinct languages. • • • •
Slide 33: Baltic Languages  The book omits Baltic languages all together, however there are two important ones. lietu vių  The two living Baltic languages are Lithuanian and Latvian, spoken in Lithuania and Latvia, respectively.   There is one important extinct Baltic latvie language which is called Old Prussian, whose last speakers died off in the early 18th century. šu 
Slide 35: So….someone tell me… Answers
Slide 36: Ladies and Gentlemen…        Name 5 Slavic Languages 2 Baltic Languages… Mrs. Schuster Do it! Rosevick Sean Latvian, Lithuanian, Old Prussian Katherine Andrew Do it! Russian, Ruthenian, Polish, Sorbian, Czech, Slovak, Ukrainian, Belorussian, Slovene, Serb, 
Slide 37: Which languages are where?
Slide 38: Rugged mountains serve as The Romance Branch of the the borders between these Indo European Language addition, several other Romance In countries. France is Family comprises some languages have individual literary of the most culturally significant and traditions. separated from Italy by the In Italy, Ladin is spoken by Alps and in South Tyrol widely spoken languages on people livingfrom Spain by the 20,000 Earth. on the borderSpanish, Greek, Ladino, a mixturePyrenees. Several of with Austria The Romance Branch evolved Hebrew, is spoken by separate Friulian mountain ranges Turkish, and is spoken by people in the from the Latin languagenortheast. Portugal and Spain. And spoken 140,000 Shephardic Jews, most of by the Romans 2,000 years ago is spoken by Venetians and Venetic several thousand miles, whome now live in Israel. multiple mountain ranges, people of the surrounding areas and speakers of Slavic and The most widely used All of these (in addition to Romansh) Uralic languages separate Romance languages areare dialects of Rhaeto-Romanic. Romanians from other Italian, Spanish, French, Romance speakers. Portuguese and Romanian. These languages correspond to the modern states of Italy, Spain, France, and Portugal. Romance Branch of the IndoE uropean L anguage F amily Romance languages exemplify the problem with trying to establish the number of languages in the world. Romanian is spoken in Romania and Moldova, but Moldovans call it a separate language. In addition, two other official Romance languages exist. Romansh is an official language of Switzerland (alongside German, French, and Italian) and Catalan has official status in Spain around the city of Barcelona and is spoken in the Pyrenees mountain nation of Andorra. Speakers of these languages were kept separated for several thousand years until their Latin turned into separate languages.
Slide 39: T he Romans • Vulgar Roman Empire The Latin was introduced into the provinces by Roman soldiers. Vulgar spread from the Latin was very different from Classical/written Atlantic thatLatin, howeverthe Ocean to it is the language influenced most modern Sea languages. BlackRomanceand encompassed all For example, the Classical Latin term for “equus” whence landshorse waslike equine and on the English gets words equestrian. However, the at MediterraneanVulgarits Latin term was “Caballus” whence the Romance languages get their zenith in the 2nd terms for horse; Italian “Cavallor”, Century A.D. “Cheval”, Spanish “Caballo”, French Portuguese “Cavalo”, and Romanian “Cal”.
Slide 40: Romance L anguages • There are two main languages spoken in France, French in the north, and Occitan in the south. The Northern languages are called langue d’oïl and the southern ones the
Slide 41: Ibero-Romance L anguages Spanish and Portuguese are Ibero-Romance languages Spanish is spoken in Spain and in about two-dozen Latin American countries. Portuguese is spoken
Slide 42: Standardization • • • Difficulties arise when trying to determine whether a language is a language or actually a dialect. Moldovan, spoken in Moldova, is generally accepted to be a dialect of Romanian even though Moldovan speakers identify is as a separate language. Flemish is a dialect of Dutch even though it is considered a separate language by Flemish
Slide 47: It’s time to answer another question…..  Alejandra!  Name the 4 official languages of Switzerland.  French, Italian, German, Romansh.  For another piece of candy, name the language branches they belong to.  Romance, Germanic
Slide 48: Celtic Languages Irish is spoken in rural western Ireland. Celtic languages were once spoken throughout all of Europe, however, spoken inthe continental Celtic Scottish Gaelic is today all rural Scotland. languages are extinct and only the insular ones Welsh is spoken in Wales remain extant Manx is spoken on the Isle of Man. The six extant Celtic languages are Irish, Welsh, Breton is spoken on the peninsula of Brittany in Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Breton, and Cornish. northwestern France.  Cornish is spoken in Cornwall in southwestern England.      
Slide 49: Other Indo-European Languages  There are 3 important Indo-European languages who do not belong to any established family, likely because other languages in their families have died out, or from isolation.  The three languages are Greek, Armenian, and Albanian. None of these languages shows similarities with any of the other languages in the Indo-European family, however they do have an attested linguisticgenetic relationship with them.
Slide 50: Creoles and Pidgins  Creolized Languages A simplified two Stable Languages Pidgin mix oflanguage Most often, creoles are the language of the colonizers with the indigenous people’s language mixed in. The word Creole comes from a Romance term meaning a slave who is born in the masters household. Phrases that came to English from Chinese Pidgin English (Chinglish): “Long time no see” “where to?” “no can do” “lose face” “no-go” “look-see” that develops as a means languages.
Slide 51: Summary of Indo-European…
Slide 52: Origin and Diffusion of ProtoIndo European Germanic, Romance,  Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavic, Celtic, and other Indo-European languages are all descended from a common language, Proto-Indo European.  Proto-Indo European emerged either in the “Kurgan Homeland” along the present day western RussoKazakhstani border, or in Asia Minor, on the eastern extremity of the Anatolian Peninsula. It later diffused into Europe.  Words like “beach”, “oak”, “pheasant”, “deer”, “bee”, and “bear” are similar in all of these
Slide 54: • • • • • • • So, in conclusion, Indo-European in Europe is made up of… Germanic Slavic Celtic Baltic Romance Greek
Slide 56: Matching Game Indo European Celtic Hellenic Balto-Slavic Germanic Romance Manx Serbian Catalan Italian Scottish Danish Welsh Breton Macedonian Indo-Iranian Icelandic Polish Pashto Dari Greek Lithuanian Hindi Kurdish Dutch Russian Punjabi Farsi French Bulgarian
Slide 57: Other language families of the world…
Slide 60: Other Language Families • • • • • • The other important language families of the world are: Sino-Tibetan Afro-Asiatic Austronesian Niger-Congo Dravidian 4/28/11
Slide 61: Sino-Tibetan What a nice wall….  About 20% of people on Earth speak a Sino- Tibetan language, most of them Chinese. The Sinitic Branch is the largest, including within it all Chinese dialects.  There is no single Chinese language, but instead multiple mutually unintelligible dialects. That’s right, it’s like calling English, Danish, and German the same language.  Mandarin is the most widely used, spoken by 3/4th’s of the Chinese people.  Mandarin was the officialall be written the exact Bike, Bil, and Fahrrad would language of the
Slide 62: Chinese….  Chinese is based on 420 one-syllable words, and as this is far more than the number of sounds a human can make, Chinese uses each sound to denote more than one thing. “Shi”, for example, can mean lion, corpse, house, poetry, ten, swear, or die. Refer to the end of page 167 and beginning of page 168 for more interesting information I can’t fit on here….  Ideograms – The Chinese write using ideograms, which are shapes that represent ideas or concepts, not specific pronunciations.
Slide 63: Tibeto-Burman and AustroThai Branch of Sinto-Tibetan  Tibeto-Burmanin in Thai is spoken Tibetan is spoken Austro-Thai Thailand the Tibetan