Hide Notes 

Slide 1: 2007 Crop Production Issues Dr. Ayanava Majumdar NDSU Extension Service Steele County, Finley, ND Mobile: 701-789-0545 Ayanava.Majumdar@ndsu.edu www.ag.ndsu.edu/county/steele/
Slide 2: Grow the right varieties! Soybean: Plant undamaged seed Seedling vigor is important Genetics is important – corn genetics have resulted in 0.5-2% yield increases! Refer to NDSU Extension Service publications for research information: www.ag.ndsu.edu
Slide 3: Steele County Research 2007 Top 10 CORN hybrids (bu/A): HL R231 (205) HL B33R (203) HL R219 (196) DKC 38-33 (191) DKC 35-51 (190) PFS 34M83 (189) PFS 56E85 (186) HL R228 (179) NT 5882 (178 DG 07186 (176) Values approximated Range: 145 to 205 bu/A, average: 175 bu/A Crop Production Guide 2008 – get a copy from Extension Service!
Slide 4: Steele County Research 2007 Top 10 SOY hybrids (bu/A): NS 0810 (49) IN 96081 (49) DG 33T03 (47) THOM 0636 (45) PION 90M80 (45) STINE 0508 (45) PFS 0905 (44) THUN 703 (44) NT 0686 (43) ASGR 0401 (43) Values approximated Range: 31 to 49 bu/A, average: 40 bu/A Crop Production Guide 2008 – get a copy from Extension Service!
Slide 5: Weather Patterns of 2007 Avg Dep. air from temp 2006 (oF) Month Avg Avg bare turf soil soil temp temp (oF) (oF) Avg Avg wind solar speed rad. (mph) (Lys) Total rain (inch) Dep. from 2006 April May June July 41 58 68 71 -8 +1 +1 -1 41 55 62 72 35 51 62 68 9 11 9 7* 439 404 484 570 1 4 5 2 0 +3.0 +4.7 +0.4 Highlights: cool wet spring, July hail and storm then high heat, an average of 2 inch extra rainfall
Slide 6: Soil crusting Major issue in 2007 – breakdown of soil aggregates High organic matter of soil, less crusting Plant at slightly higher seed rate Rotary hoe in small grains before emergence (shallow setting) Broadleaf crop: plant at least 1 inch deep, use a rotary hoe…but look before you do! Corn coleoptile can recover from some shock
Slide 7: Soil crusting… Uneven seed germination Recovery of corn plants after breaking crust, Steele County, ND
Slide 8: Replanting decision… Tough topic: refer to yearly publications (do not rush to replant, consult!) Wheat replant if <8 plants/sq. ft Corn: lower seeding rate due to warm seedbed, destroy earlier stand (+10% yield), use a different hybrid Expect yield losses – corn planted at 26,000 will give 90 to 80%, May 20 to June 1 Good corn replanting worksheet: http://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/pubs/AY-264-W.pdf
Slide 9: Water logging on plant health Saturated soil deplete O2 levels Higher temp, higher O2 depletion rate Cereal crops in early stages – growing point below ground Early growth stages susceptible to water saturation Soil temp over 65oF, plants affected in 48 h or longer Restricted root dev. can show as N or P deficiency Nitrate N loss due to saturation 1 to 5% per day Additional N application…small grains – prior to 6 leaf stage; corn – can use N late in season Consider N application to affected areas
Slide 10: Nitrogen deficiency in corn Symptoms appear on oldest leaves Inverted V shaped yellowing Sidedress N before rapid growth stage (late June/early July) Number of rows and kernels per row are affected by N deficiency
Slide 11: Iron deficiency chlorosis… Causes: high soil moisture, high level of soluble salts, cool weather, susceptible variety, herbicide applications Soybean: 2 to 7 trifoliate leaf stage highly vulnerable Sunflower, corn, and dry beans intermediate vulnerability Barley, wheat show less symptoms Can severely reduce soybean yields (5 bu/A minimum) Select an iron chlorosis tolerant variety – refer to the 2008 Crop Production Guide (p. 502-506)
Slide 12: Steele Co./NDSU Research 2007 – IDC ratings Top 10 SOY hybrids (bu/A): NS 0810 (49) IN 96081 (49) DG 33T03 (47) THOM 0636 (45) PION 90M80 (45) STINE 0508 (45) PFS 0905 (44) –--- 2.9 THUN 703 (44) NT 0686 (43) AG 0401 (43) –-- 2.8 Some new varieties may not have IDC rating Choose varieties with <2.9 IC ?? Crop Production Guide 2008, www.yellowsoybeans.com (Dr. R. Jay Goos)
Slide 13: Corn, corn, and corn ND ranks 13th in the production (1% of total) Steele county ranks 10th in ND Growing degree days (GDD) for growth staging: – Start Using the NDAWN system – Base temp 50oF (small grains 32oF) – Corn emergence = 120 GDD – New leaf = 85 GDD (to the 10th leaf) Q 1. If NDAWN suggests 320 GDD, then corn growth stage is _______
Slide 14: Corn, corn, and corn Growth staging in field: leaf count, collar method, height Get NDSU Extension Service Publication (free) or signup for the Purdue Extension Pub. ($10)
Slide 15: Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Bt crystal Bacterial cells Symptom of Bt infection
Slide 16: Suggestions for a corn grower… Have the optimum plant population Choose optimum maturity group Nodal roots are critical for corn plant as it grows Corn use 1.2 lb N, 0.5 lb P2O5, 1.2 lb K2O, 0.002 lb Zn Ears per plant – one to two Row numbers per ear is controlled by genetics Number of kernels per row controlled by environment Fairly tolerant to stress in early stages Stress period: silking (R1 or prior) to grain filling There should be good weed control and sufficient N in post-fertilization phase Frost damage can reduce kernel weight (yield!)
Slide 17: Zinc deficiency in corn • White tissue on both sides of midrib • Shortened internodes, early stage plants highly susceptible • Cool spring, high pH soils could aggravate disease development
Slide 18: Sulfur deficiency Sulfur does not mobilize from older to younger tissues… High early season rainfall can create sulfur deficiency No-till or reduced tillage practices>>excessive residue>>cooler soil temps>>affects plant establishment>>creates more sulfur issues General yellowing of grain in sandy or high areas Very patchy yellowing of plants Use a spring-applied amm. sulfate @ 10-20 lb S/A close to a predicted rain event Get a plant tissue analysis done
Slide 19: Managing fertilizers for profitable crop production Soil sample in increments: 0-8, 8-24, 24-48 inches Credit residual soil nitrate-N: soil nitrate are used as efficiently as fertilizers Credit N from previous crop residue: use less N for corn after soybean, dry bean, alfalfa Set realistic yield goal: for corn – five yr historic yield + 5% increase
Slide 20: Managing fertilizers for profitable crop production… Value and use manure sources properly: http://cnmp.unl.edu/NebraskaManureValueCa lculator1.33.xls can calculate value of manure Improve N use efficiency by proper application time Know the P, K, and Zn levels Band application of fertilizer – reduce wastage Do strip trials – keep track by aerial photos or yield maps, share with Extension personnel
Slide 21: Emerging technology
Slide 22: Lake Region Roundup update: Strip-till technology Larger coulter are better. Conditioning basket vary in style, more effective in spring. GPS guidance systems required for accurate planting.
Slide 23: Lake Region Roundup update: Strip-till technology… Strips 5 to 10 inch cleared of residue Seeding depth 8 inch 12 to 14 inch strips between planted rows Fertilizer banded in Fall Separate seed from fertilizer
Slide 24: Lake Region Roundup update: Strip-till technology… Advantages in corn production: Less energy & time required Maintains surface residue Warms up soil faster than no-till Less nontarget effects (environment benefit) Preliminary studies: 85 bu corn compared to 81 bu in conventional system; 10 bu/A increase in yield in Forman, ND Crops: corn, sunflower, Pinto beans, onion, sugarbeet New publication: Conservation tillage seeding equipment (AE-1351)
Slide 25: Insect Issues in 2007
Slide 27: Early season cutworms Cool, wet spring prolonged plant dev. Extended feeding – cutworms, wireworms… Seed treatments may fail after 30 DAP Small grains and corn susceptible Weedy field is attractive Larvae highly mobile (50oF)…scout by digging deep at the base of plants Mark an area of leaf damage, keep monitoring
Slide 28: Canola Flea Beetle Early activity on volunteer canola Canola fields can be monitored using pheromone traps or color Pheromone traps in 2008 as a collaborative project
Slide 29: Soybean aphid Prediction models from Illinois were accurate (cold weather, destruction of eggs, poor quality of buckthorn, delayed soybean planting) Soybeans were ahead in growth (2007) Natural enemies did an excellent job Scouting: uproot whole plants for close examination
Slide 30: Sunflower beetles • Population was low in 2007 • Early planted fields will be at risk Zygogramma exclamationis • Cruiser seed treatment can protect seedlings (sensitive stage) Leptinotarsa decemlineata – Colorado potato beetle
Slide 31: Scouting after a storm event… Wind disperse pests like Cereal aphids Potato leafhopper Diamond back moth Insect Migration Risk Forecast, Northern Illinois University Scout again – get some supplies for ‘scouting smart’
Slide 32: Cereal aphids Greenbug, Schizaphis graminum English grain aphid, Sitobion avenae Bird cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi
Slide 33: Cereal aphids… • English grain aphid and bird cherry oat aphid transmit the barley yellow dwarf virus • Late planted wheat fields at greater risk – stunting, reduced kernel number and kernel weight • Scout, scout, scout: economic thresholds are… 85% stem have 1 aphid prior to heading 12-15 aphids per stem prior to heading 100 aphid days prior to complete heading • Yield loss ~ 0.6 bu/A minimum • Vegetative to boot stage susceptible • Beyond heading stage…don’t worry
Slide 34: Wheat midge Favorable env. – high soil moisture, humidity, warm temps. Scout in evening, adults rest on plants and fly when disturbed, bright orange, sit with head held high HRSW: 1 midge per 4–5 heads
Slide 35: Alfalfa weevil Base temp = 48oF (NDAWN) 300-400 DD – scout fields for grazed appearance (end of May) Clover leaf weevil http://www.ag.ndsu.edu/pubs/plantsci/pests/e1143w1.htm
Slide 36: Alfalfa weevil… Insecticide Permethrin or Ambush Baythroid XL Tombstone Sevin Lorsban 4E, Yuma 4E, or Warhawk Furadan 4F Imidan 50 WP Lannate LV Malathion 57EC Methyl parathion Methoxychlor 2EC Mustang Max Proaxis Warrior or Taiga Z Steward EC Respect Preharvest Interval (days) 14 7 7 7 7 d (½ pt/A); 14 d (1 pt/A) 7 (0.25 lb/A); 14 (0.5 lb/A) 7 0 No time limitation 15 7 3 1 d for forage and 7 d for hay 1 d for forage and 7 d for hay 7 3 If close to cutting, use:
Slide 37: Banded sunflower moth PHEROMONE TRAP BOTTOMS 12 July 2007 7 Aug 2007 20 July 2007 30 Aug 2007
Slide 38: Know the natural enemies Lady beetle larva Syrphid fly larva Aphid lions (green lacewing) Lady beetle adult Insidious flower bug
Slide 39: Weed Control Issues in 2007
Slide 40: V3 corn Weed control in corn Weed competition can reduce $10-15/A loss General rule: control weeds before the V3 stage Nutrient and water removal cause yield loss Another reason: corn reacts to change in light spectrum Corn micro-rate: Steadfast, Stout, Accent, or Option Do not apply reduce rates for yellow foxtail, wild proso millet, volunteer cereals, field sandbur, quackgrass Adjuvant is important: a 1% basic blend or MSO @ 1 to 1.5 pt/A Follow label and spray under right conditions (DRIFT)
Slide 41: Plant Disease Issues in 2007
Slide 42: Wheat diseases Disease 2006 Prevalence (severity) 2007 Prevalence (severity) Wheat leaf rust 12% (6%) Stripe rust Tan spot Septoria FHB (scab) WSMV Bacterial blight Loose smut 2% (<1%) 80% (5%) 16% (13%) 7% (<1%) 2% (high severity) 11% (5%) 80% (6-15%) Low 6% (1%) 8% 6% www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/ndipm
Slide 43: Usefulness of early fungicide spray in wheat Herbicide + Fungicide at half rate = great benefit Fungicides = Tilt, Stratego, Quilt, Headline Yield response at Lisbon (3 yr av.) = 0 to 6 bu increase Early tan spot development in Steele County, along Hwy 200
Slide 44: Early fungicide spray in wheat… University of Nebraska formula: 60 bu/A, preventable yield loss 15%, $16/A fungicide cost …$29/A profit @ $5/bu 60 bu/A, preventable yield loss 20%, $16/A fungicide cost …$44/A profit @ $5/bu Use the small grain disease forecasting website on NDAWN!
Slide 45: Early season fungicides (wheat) Product Active ingredient Use rate 2 fl oz 6.2 fl oz 3 fl oz 7 fl oz Tilt, Bumper, Propimax Propiconazole Stratego Quadris Headline Quilt Penncozeb, Manzate, Dithane, Manex II Azoxystrobin Pyraclostrobin Propiconazole + Azoxystrobin Propiconazole + Trifloxystrobin 4-5 fl oz 1-1/12 lb Mancozeb New NDSU publication: Aerial Application of Fungicides for the Suppression of Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) in Small Grains (AE-1327)
Slide 46: FHB control: stage of fungicide application Apply at Feekes 10.5.1 for all classes of wheat Apply at Feekes 10.5 for barley Head emergence to flowering = 3 days Fungicides can protect early florets and improve fertilization Apply fungicides at the yellow anther stage Apply early than late! 10.5 AB 10.5 10.5.1 C 10.5.3
Slide 47: Headline fungicide trials Wheat: yield benefits if disease is present (NDSU, 2005 suggested variety and treatment interaction effect) Soybean (UMN, 2007): R1 and R3 stages @ 12 fl oz/A in the absence of disease >>> NO STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE IN YIELD/TEST WT/OIL/PROTEIN Soybean (NDSU, 2007): R1 stage @ 6 fl oz/A >>> NO STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE IN YIELD/TEST WT/OIL/PROTEIN Sunflower (NDSU, 2005): R1 stage @ 3, 6, 9 fl oz/A >>> NO STATISTICAL DIFFERENCE IN YIELD/TEST WT/OIL/PROTEIN
Slide 48: Asian Soybean Rust: a status report First detected in 2004 Has been detected in one province in Canada, two states in Mexico, and 19 states in U.S.A Remains a threat (80% crop damage), global warming Alternative host: kudzu, 20 other plants Spores cannot overwinter in this region NDSU maintains Sentinel Plots (Dr. Sam Markell)
Slide 49: Product Registrations in 2007 SureStart herbicide, Dow, corn: early season weed control (preplant, preemergence, early postemergence), contains acetochlor (Surpass) + flumetsulam (Hornet) + clopyralid (Hornet), grassy and broadleaf weed control Breakfree herbicide, DuPont, corn: contains acetochlor (6.4 lb/Ga) like Surpass Breakfree ATZ, DuPont, corn: acetochlor 3 lb/Ga + atrazine 2.25 lb/Ga (= Keystone herbicide, Dow) Breakfree ATZ Lite, DuPont, corn: acetochlor 4 lb/Ga + atrazine 1.5 lb/Ga (= Keystone LA herbicide, Dow) Select Max: supplemental label in field pea, chick pea, lentil, etc.; tank mix with Basagran and Raptor in field pea
Slide 50: Plan of work in 2008 Pest monitoring using pheromone trap will continue (wheat/sunfl/canola) Crop scouting Soybean and corn research plot Strip trials for corn?? Fungicide trial for corn, soybean?? Reports will be published in Ag Alert – subscribe to paper edition ($10) and listen on radio (KMAV105.5 FM, 1520 AM, Wed., 4:30 pm)
Slide 51: Things you should not miss… Familiarize yourself with Steele Co. website Steele Co. corn and soybean plot tours Call Ayanava when scouting Get the Crop Production Guide, Weed Guide, Fungicide Guide, Insecticide Guide Listen to Ag Focus, 105.5 FM or 1520 AM, 4:30 pm, Wednesdays
Slide 52: Forthcoming Conferences, 2008 (check for updates on Steele County website) JAN. Lake Region Roundup, Jan 8-9, Memorial Building, Devils Lake, ND - no registration required Row Crop Expo, Valley City, Jan 10 - call Barnes County Extension Service for more details Wild World of Weeds Workshop (by NDSU Extension Service), Jan 15, Ramada Plaza Suites, Fargo - $75 preregistration fees Soil and Soil/Water Training (by NDSU Extension Service), Jan 16, Ramada Plaza Suites, Fargo $40 preregistration fees Northwest Bean Day, Jan 17-18, Holiday Inn, Fargo Crop Insurance Workshop, Jan 22 Sugarbeet Growers Seminar, Jan 29 Manitoba-North Dakota Zero Tillage Farmers Association Workshop and Tradeshow, Feb 4-6, Holiday Inn Riverside, Minot - preregistration $120 Grand Forks Sugarbeet Growers Conference, Feb 5 ND Crop Improvement and Seed Association Annual Meeting & Crop Show, Feb 6-7, International Inn, Minot Northern Plains Sustainable Ag Society Winter Conference, Feb 8-9, Best Western Seven Seas, Mandan - $120 preregistration fees ND Northern Soybean Expo and Trade Show, Feb 12, Holiday Inn, Fargo - no registration fees Northwest Farm Managers Association Meeting, Feb 13, Holiday Inn, Fargo - no registration fees International Crop Expo, Feb 20-21, Alerus Center, Grand Forks Advanced Crop Adviser Workshop (by NDSU Extension Service), Feb 21-22, Holiday Inn, Fargo $140 preregistration Eastern Crop Scout School (by NDSU Extension Service), Feb 26-27, Ramada Plaza Suites, Fargo - $160 preregistration FEB.
Slide 53: THANK YOU VERY MUCH Please provide us feedback!