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Slide 1: What is Geography? • • Geography: the study of where people, places, and things are located and how they relate to each other Five Themes: – – – – – Location Place Interaction (between people and their environment) Movement Region
Slide 2: Location • Absolute Location: exact or precise spot on Earth that a place occupies – – Use latitude (north and south) and longitude (east and west), hemispheres, etc Example: Santa Fe, NM is located at 35°41’ north and 105°57’ west
Slide 3: • Relative Location: the position of a particular place in relation to other places – Example: Santa Fe is 58 miles northeast of Albuquerque
Slide 4: Place • • • A location’s physical and human characteristics Place identity CHANGES through time Physical characteristics: landforms, climate, soil, vegetation, and animal life – Example: Santa Fe is in the foothills of the southern Rocky Mountains
Slide 5: • Human characteristics: people’s way of life – activities, population distribution, means of transportation, architecture, religion, and languages – Example: Santa Fe has traditional Pueblo and Spanish architecture
Slide 6: Human-Environment Interaction  People adapt their way of life to accommodate their environment  Example: Chinese stir fry – not many trees in China so food is cut into tiny pieces to allow it to cook quicker with little fuel  People adapt their environment to accommodate their lives  Example: clearing forests, blasting tunnels through mountains, plowing fields
Slide 7: Movement • • Interactions of people with one another as they travel, communicate, and exchange goods and services Migration: movement of people from one place to another – Example: people leave homelands to escape war or natural disasters • • Trade: movement of goods between areas Spread of ideas – Example: ideas of Buddhism spread from India to China • Interdependence: dependence of countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world – Example: Americans get coffee from South America, tea from India, oil from the Middle East
Slide 8: Regions • Region: an area having a specific characteristic or characteristics that set it apart from other regions – – – Characteristics could be physical, political, climate, cultural, etc Any given area could be part of several different regions Example: Santa Fe is the state capital of New Mexico (political region), at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Range of the Rocky Mountains (physical region), and has a large Spanish-American population (cultural region)
Slide 9: Political Theme of History  Why do we need government?  Provide for the common needs of the people  Keep order within a society  Protecting a society from outside threats  How do governments keep order?  Making laws turn into laws  How do societies create laws?  Customs
Slide 10: Why Should People Obey the Law? • • Every form of government has different laws and punishments for breaking them Philosophes: Enlightenment thinkers who argued about how much control the government should have over people’s lives – – Will people create chaos without government? Do laws take away peoples’ rights? • Social contract: people “sign” a contract with their government in which they give up certain rights in exchange for protection of other rights
Slide 11: Types of Government  Democracy: government by the people  Free electoral system  Dictatorship: absolute power exercised by a dictator
Slide 12:  Constitutional Monarchy: monarch is a figurehead of the government, while a Parliamentary body exercises actual power Absolute Monarchy: monarch retains all power 
Slide 13: • Socialism: government owns the means of production – – – Utopian: ideal, everyone is equal Democratic socialism: people retain partial control and may own some private property Authoritarian socialism a.k.a. communism: government overthrown violently, new leaders own all the means of production, and must act violently in order to ensure that socialism can be achieved
Slide 14:  Fascism: government led by a dictator, emphasizing aggressive nationalism and racism, and is extremely conservative Theocracy: rule by the church 
Slide 15: Economic Theme of History • • Economics: how people use limited resources to satisfy their wants and needs Three basic economic questions: – – – What goods and services should we produce? How should we produce them? For whom should we produce them? Free market Command Mixed • Three basic types of economies: – – –
Slide 16: FREE MARKET Private ownership of property/resources COMMAND ECONOMY Central ownership of property/resources Centrally-planned economy Lack of consumer choices MIXED ECONOMY Individuals and businesses make decisions for the private sector. Government makes decisions for the private sector. Government’s role is greater than in a freemarket economy. Most economies today are mixed economies. Profit Competition Individual choice Consumer sovereignty
Slide 17: Social Theme of History • • Social theme: Includes all of the items that make up a culture and involves the way in which people live their lives Social institutions: social systems that are built into a society – Examples: • • • • • • Educational system Health system Arts, music, literature Prison system Daily routines and rituals Folkways and customs
Slide 18: Religion  Religion helps people to answer basic questions and the meaning and purpose of life  Supports the values that a group of people consider to be important   Monotheism: worship one god Polytheism: worship of more than one god
Slide 19:  Major world religions  Judaism  Hinduism  Buddhism  Christianity  Islam
Slide 21:  Abraham  Father  of 3 prominent religions Judaism, Christianity, Islam  Rejected idolatry and embraced monotheism
Slide 22: Judaism      Monotheistic Religious text: Torah Religious buildings: Synogogues Sacred Symbol: Star of David Sacred Site: Jerusalem
Slide 23:  Prophets  Moses, through whom Torah was revealed to the Hebrew people  Torah (first five books of the Bible), containing religious, moral and social law which guides the life of a Jew  Does not include the New Testament 
Slide 24: As a way of life, Judaism is based on…  Written Law  613 commandments found in Torah  Oral Law – commentary of ancient rabbis that elaborates on how to apply God’s Law in everyday life  Dietary rules (Kashrut/Kosher)  Dress and other symbols  Prayer and devotion to the one God  The Temple and Temple rites  Observance of Holy days  Proper social relations between male and female, in business, judicial rulings, etc.
Slide 25: As a people, Jews are…    A nation in Diaspora (dispersed) 15 – 16 million in worldwide population United by a common heritage (an “ethnic” religion), divided in contemporary practice:  Orthodox: Modern  Chasidic (Ultra Orthodox)   Reformed (18th century Germany)  Conservative – moderates, response to reform
Slide 26: How does Judaism sanctify life? Life cycle celebrations:  Bris – ritual circumcision, sign of the covenant  Bar/Bat Mitzvah – full adult status and responsibility within the religion  Marriage - "Be fruitful and multiply" (Gen. 1:22)  Death – funerals, mourning (sitting “Shiva”), and memorials (“Yartzeits”)
Slide 27: Jewish Holidays       Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year) Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) Chanukah, the “Festival of Lights” Pesach (“Passover”) – commemorates the exodus from Egypt (events told in Exodus) Shavuot (“weeks,” Pentecost) – commemorates receipt of Torah at Sinai Shabbat (Sabbath, 7th day, on Saturday) – the “Day of Rest”
Slide 28: How is Judaism related to Christianity?  Judaism predates Christianity  It is the foundation of Christianity but is not a part of it Jews do not believe that Jesus was anything more than a good and wise man who lived and died 2000 years ago The Jewish messiah would not be divine. He would be a political figure who restores the Hebrew monarchy and causes peace to reign on Earth  Jesus was Jewish, as were his followers and the Apostles   Jews still await their messiah 
Slide 29: Christianity      Monotheistic Religious Text: Bible Sacred Sites: Bethlehem, Jerusalem Sacred Symbol: Cross Special Days: Easter, Christmas
Slide 30:  World’s largest religion 1.8 billion people  1/3 of world population   Followers believe that Jesus was the son of God Lived as a carpenter and preacher who taught using parables  Believe he was resurrected after his death   Fragmented into many separate denominations  Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant
Slide 31: Islam      Islam – submission to the will of God Muslim – follower of Islam Qur’an – holy book of Islam Jihad – struggle to defend the faith Mosques – place where Muslims worship
Slide 32: 5 Pillars of Islam 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The profession of faith The five daily prayers Paying zakat Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan Making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once, if possible
Slide 33: Muhammad      Born into merchant family in Mecca, orphaned early Muhammad was troubled with gap between the greedy rich & honest poor Muhammad went into mountains to meditate on the issue While meditating, Muhammad received revelation from God through the angel Gabriel Muhammad came to believe that Allah had revealed himself partially to Moses & Jesus and his final revelations were to him
Slide 34: Hijrah  Many of the people in Mecca were against Muhammad’s preaching  Many  people made pilgrimage there to worship at the Kaaba Building that contained many idols that people worshipped  A.D. 622 Muhammad went on journey to more accepting place  Went to Medina (Yathrib)  Hijrah: means “flight” or “migration”
Slide 35: Mosque Of The Prophet In Medina
Slide 36:  Muhammad assembled a military force to defend community  Military victories attracted many followers  In 630, Muhammad returned to Mecca with 10,000 soldiers  City surrendered & many residents converted to Islam  Muhammad declared the Kaaba to be a sacred shrine  Muhammad died 2 years later, Islam spread through the Arabian peninsula
Slide 37: Dome of the Rock: Where Muhammad Ascended Into Heaven
Slide 38: The Islamic Community Divides Sunni Shi’ah Sufi –
Slide 39: Hinduism    God is one-but goes by many names No single founder-combination of beliefs Sacred texts Rig Veda: Hinduism’s oldest text- nearly 4000 years  Bhagavad Gita: most popular sacred text  Upanishads
Slide 40: Reincarnation • Death is not final for Hindus as they expect to be reborn many times. • Samsara is the wheel of rebirth • The soul is reborn from one life form to another • People may be reincarnated at a higher or lower level of existence • Depends on their karma from their present life. • People may be reborn as plants or animals • May be elevated to a higher caste as a human
Slide 41: Karma and Dharma  Karma-actions in this life that affect the next.  Every action produces a Justified effect based on its moral worthiness.  Dharma-the religious and moral duties of an individual.
Slide 42: Caste System   Group you are in according to class, occupation, or gender. 4 major castes  Brahmin : priests  Kshatriya: warriors and administrators  Vaistrya: farmers, merchants, teachers, artisans  Sudras: servants,laborers
Slide 43: Festival of Divali    Divali: row of lights Series of five festivals in October and November Candles are floated on small rafts  If they remain lit, good luck will follow
Slide 44: The Ganges River Falling from Its source of Vishnu’s feet onto Shiva’s head and out from his hair, the water of the Ganges is sacred enough to purify all sins.
Slide 45: Buddhism  Founded by Siddhartha Guatama  Indian Prince who lived in luxury and comfort inside the palace  One day he left the palace gardens and saw an old man, a sick man, and a dead man Realized life was full of suffering  Became the Enlightened one 
Slide 46: 4 noble truths 1. 2. 3. 4. The truth about suffering is that it exists. Life is suffering. Birth, aging and dying is suffering.  Our reaching into the world of dreams, our desire to fulfill what cannot be fulfilled is what brings us our suffering.  Only when we have broken the mirrors of illusion can we end our suffering, and The Eight-Fold Path can help us to break our habits of suffering. 
Slide 47: The Eightfold Path 1.Right Understanding 2.Right Thoughts 3.Right Speech 4.Right Action 5.Right Livelihood 6.Right Effort 7.Right Mindfulness 8.Right Concentration
Slide 48:  The only cure for suffering is to follow the Eightfold Path, a middle road between a life devoted to pleasure and a life of harsh self-denial. It is important to live a moral life. Enlightenment is achieved through meditation. The ultimate goal is nirvana, union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth.   
Slide 49: Different Buddhas