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Slide 1: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Dr A. L. Neill BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS medicalamanda@gmail.com
Slide 2: prednisolone sodium phosphate Tried & trusted brands from clarithromycin (ergot prednisolone sodium phosphate C cephal clomipramine HCI cephalexin monohydrate pergolide mesylate imipramine HCI clomipramine HCI (phenoxymethylpenicillin potassiun) Pizotifen malate cephalexin monohydrate late imipramine HCI cephalexin monohydrate VANCOCIN clarithromycin pergolide mesylate pergolide mesylate Dex C Ga C P C LPV Pan Dex Flopen P Ga Moxacin Pa Pizotifen malate (flucloxacillindium) (amoxycillin trihydrate) imipramine H (ergotam ( (predn (phenoxymethylpenicillin potassiun) LPV imipramine HCI Pana
Slide 3: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Dr A. L. Neill BSc MSc MBBS PhD FACBS medicalamanda@gmail.com
Slide 4: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Introduction The following is a glossary of anatomical and histological (microscopic anatomy) terms: their etymology – derivation where relavent, their word roots, prefixes, suffixes and their pronunciation. Other common medical terminology used in health studies are also included. Many of these terms will appear again and again in medical/health related subjects. Why such an array of vocabularly in this living document? Because of reader feedback!! This is a living document and it has been expanded with suggestions from students and colleagues alike. Already it is much changed from its first printing, due to this feedback. Initially it was only a glossary of anatomical terms, then as I took my students through Anatomy and onto Histology, they told me these terms too were also foreign to them in many cases and also caused them difficulty hence some common histological and cytological terms (by no means complete) were added. Later a commonality of terms were noted by the students who asked for an inclusion of their word roots and regular repeated prefixes and suffixes; derivations so they could build up and analyse the ANATOMY of the medical words themselves. Hence a section of common prefixes, suffixes and word roots was added to the beginning of the book with some included in the main text in blue with a pronunciation guide. With the presentation of student seminas in anatomy and histology, it became obvious that some guide on how to pronounce many these terms for the new and the non-medical student was needed and so a pronunciation guide and common explanation of some terms were also included in red. As you can see any contribution is greatly valued and can only make this and other A to Z publications more helpful for the reader, so please send any suggestions to me directly or via Aspenpharmacare who have graciously sponsored much of A to Z projects. Dr Amanda Neill BSc MSc MBBs PhD FACBS Director of Anatomy Anatomy @ Mac fax 93651000 mobile 0414248747 or email medicalamanda@gmail.com www.amandasatoz.com 1 © A. L. Neill
Slide 5: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Acknowledgement and Future Plans This is the second update of the A to Z books now numbering 5, including: the A to Z of Skeletal muscles, the A to Z of the Bones of the Skull, the A to Z of Bones, Joints and Ligaments, the A to Z of Peripheral Nerves and this book the A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms. Please see the back of the book for ordering details and the availability of the other titles in the series. The A to Z of Histological and anatomical images is still present on the website although yet to be turned into an A to Z book., and the further suggestions of books such as the A to Z of Surface Anatomy, the A to Z of Gynecological terms, The A to Z of Radiology, The A to Z of Organs and Systems and the A to Z of Emergency Medicine, the A to Z of the skin and the A to Z of Neurology and the Nervous system are also being discussed. As always we value your input and response as to the order and the need for this works. A feedback form at the back of the book is designed to collate any suggestions or ideas you may have. You are always welcome to visit our website and leave your suggestions there. Students, doctors and others, it is hoped you will use these guides and find them helpful in your studies, practice or other aspects of your healthy life. Dedication I thank Aspenpharmacare for their ongoing support, in particular the Australian CEO Greg Lan. My family Ali, Zoe, Quentin, Jody and Mickey are my raison d’etre,although I may not always show them how much their support means to me. Changes to the second edition Changes to this volume are as follows: inclusion of additional acronyms used in medical and other related health areas, particularly in reference to students and including common abbreviations used on most medical wards and in emergency medicine; inclusion of some common Histological/Immunohistochemical stains and their uses; additional medical facts and tables and basic anatomical concepts and descriptions; guides to degrees diplomas and postnominals and other qualifications and an inclusion of some helpful medical memonics. © A. L. Neill 2
Slide 6: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Anatomical, Medical and Clinical Abbreviations and Acronyms in common use = amino acids / androgenic alopecia AAA = abdominal aortic aneurysm AAD = antibiotic-associated diarrhoea AAO = alert, awake, and orientated A&O = alert & orientated Ab = antibody ABD/Abd = abdomen ABG = arterial blood gas AC = before eating ACD = acute contact dermatitis ACLS = advanced cardiac life support ACTH = adrenocorticotropic hormone ad libitum/ad lib = take as needed / no restrictions ADD = attention deficit disorder ADH = anti-diuretic hormone ADHD = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adj. = adjective ADR = adverse drug reaction / acute dystonic reaction AED = antiepileptic drug AF = atrial fibrillation / afebrile AFB = acid-fast bacilli AFP = alpha-fetoprotein AFX = atypical fibroxanthoma A /G = albumin/globulin ratio Ag = antigen AI = aortic insufficiency AK = actinic keratosis AKA = above the knee amputation ALD = alcoholic liver disease ALL = acute lymphocytic leukaemia alt. = alternative Amb = ambulate AML = acute myelogenous leukaemia ANA = antinuclear antibody ANS = autonomic nervous system AOB = alcohol on breath AODM = adult onset diabetes mellitus AP = anteroposterior or abdominal perineal ARDS = acute respiratory distress syndrome 3 A AA ARF AS AS ASAP ASCVD ASD ASHD AST AV A-V A-VO2 = acute renal failure = aortic stenosis = Alternative spelling, generally referring to the differences b/n British and American spelling = as soon as possible = atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease = atrial septal defect = atherosclerotic heart disease = anal skin tag = atrioventricular = arteriovenous = arteriovenous oxygen B b/n BBB = between bundle branch block /blood brain barrier BCAA = branched chain amino acids BCC = basal cell carcinoma bd/bid = twice a day BD = Bowen’s disease / twice daily BE = barium enema BEE = basal energy expenditure BF = blood flow BKA = below the knee amputation BLK = benign lichenoid keratosis / benign lymphocytic keratosis BL = basal lamina BM = bone marrow /bowel movement/basement membrane BMR = basal metabolic rate BOM = bilateral otitis media BP = blood pressure / bullous pemphigoid BPH = benign prostatic hypertrophy BPM = beats per minute BRBPR = bright red blood per rectum BRP = bathroom privileges BS = bowel sounds / breath sounds / blood stream BUN = blood urea nitrogen BV = blood vessels BW = body weight Bx = biopsy © A. L. Neill
Slide 7: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms C c = with c.f. = as demonstrated / that means C&S = culture and sensitivity CA = cancer/carcinoma Ca = calcium /carcinoma CAA = crystalline amino acids CABG = coronary artery bypass graft CAD = coronary artery disease CAT (scan) = computerized axial tomography CBC = complete blood count CBG = capillary blood gas CC = chief complaint CCF = chronic cardiac failure CCU = cardiac care unit CCV = critical closing volume CF = cystic fibrosis CGL = chronic granulocytic leukaemia CHF = congestive heart failure CHO = carbohydrate chol. = cholesterol CI = cardiac index CIN = carcinoma in situ CK = creatinine kinase CML = chronic myelogenous leukaemia CMV = cytomegalovirus CN = cranial nerves / compound naevus CNH = chondrodermatits nodularis helicis CNS = central nervous system CO = cardiac output C/O = complaining of COAD = chronic obstructive airways disease coag. = coagulation COLD = chronic obstructive lung disease COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CONN = congenital naevus CP = chest pain/cerebral palsy CPAP = continuous positive airway pressure CPDN = compound naevus CPK = creatinine phosphokinase CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation CRCL = creatinine clearance CRF = chronic renal failure CRP = C-reactive protein CSF = Cerebrospinal fluid CSSD = chronic superficial scaling © A. L. Neill CT dermatitis = connective tissue / computerized tomography CTCL = cutaneous T cell lymphoma cut. = cutaneous CUT HORN = cutaneous horn CVA = cerebrovascular accident /costovertebral angle CVAT = tenderness at the costovertebral angle CVP = central venous pressure CX = cicatrix CXR/CX= chest X-ray D DA DAT DAW DC D&C DDx DF DFSP D5W DI DIC DIF DIP DH DJD DKA dL/dl DM DMS DN DNR DNS DOA DOE DPL DPT Ds DSAP DTR DVT DX Dysp = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = dermatitis artifacta diet as tolerated dispense as written discontinue /discharge dilation and curettage differential diagnosis dermatofibroma dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans 5% dextrose in water diabetes insipidus disseminated intravascular coagulopathy direct immunofluorescence distal interphalangeal joint dermatitis herpetiformis degenerative joint disease diabetic ketoacidosis decilitre diabetes mellitus dermatomyositis dermal naevus do not resuscitate did not survive processing (e.g. tissue sample) dead on arrival dyspnea on exertion diagnostic peritoneal lavage diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus disease disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis deep tendon reflexes deep venous thrombosis diagnosis dysplastic 4
Slide 8: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms E EAA EAC EBA EBL EC ECG ECT EED EEG EFAD e.g. EMG EMS EMV ENT EOM ESR ET ETT ERCP = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = ETOH = EUA = essential amino acids erythema annular centrificum epidermolysis bullosa acquisita estimated blood loss extracellular (outside the cell) electrocardiogram electroconvulsive therapy erythema elevatum diutinum electroencephalogram essential fatty acid deficiency example electromyogram erythema multiforma eyes, motor, verbal response (Glasgow coma scale) ears, nose, and throat extraocular muscles erythrocyte sedimentation rate endotracheal endotracheal tube endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography ethanol examination under anaesthesia gr = grain; 1 grain = 65mg. Therefore Vgr = 325mg GSW = gun shot wound Gt/gtt = drops GTT = glucose tolerance test GU = genitourinary GVDH = graft versus host disease GXT = graded exercise tolerance test (Stress test) H F FB FBS FDE FEV FFP FFFT FRC FTT FU FUO FVC Fx = = = = = = = = = = = = foreign body fasting blood sugar fixed drug eruption forced expiratory volume fresh frozen plasma fits, faints and/or funny turns functional residual capacity failure to thrive follow-up fever of unknown origin forced vital capacity fracture G H = HA = HAA = HAV = Hb = HBP = HCG = HCT = HDL = HEENT = Hg = Hgb = H/H = HIV = HK = HLA = HMF = HJR = HO = HOB = HP = HPF = HPV = HPI = HR = HS = HSM = HSP = HTLV-III = HSV HTN Hx GA GC GD GETT GFR GH GI GIT Gk. g/gm 5 = = = = = = = = = = granuloma annulare Gonorrhoea Grover’s disease general by endotracheal tube glomerular filtration rate growth hormone gastrointestinal gastrointestinal tract Greek gram hormone headache hepatitis B surface antigen hepatitis A virus haemoglobin high blood pressure human chorionic gonadotropin hematocrit high density lipoprotein head, eyes, ears, nose and throat haemorrage haemoglobin haemoglobin/haematocrit human immunodeficiency virus solar keratosis histocompatibility locus antigen Hutchinson’s melanotic freckle hepatojugular reflex history of head of bed high power high power field human papilloma virus history of present illness heart rate at bedtime hepatosplenomegaly herpes simplex virus human lymphotropic virus, type III (AIDS agent, HIV) = herpes simplex virus = hypertension = history I I&D I&O IBR IC ICD = = = = = incision and drainage intake and output insect bite reaction intracellular (inside the cell) irritant contact dermatitis © A. L. Neill
Slide 9: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms ICS ICU ID IDDM IEC IG/Ig IHSS IM/im IMV INF IPPB = = = = = = = = = = = intercostal space intensive care unit infectious disease/identification insulin dependent diabetes mellitus intradermal carcinoma immunoglobulin idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis intramuscular intermittent mandatory ventilation intravenous nutritional fluid intermittent positive pressure breathing incomplete right bundle branch block insulin resistant diabetes mellitus intrathecal idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura intravenous intravenous cholangiogram/inferior vena cava intravenous pyelogram LLL LMM LMP LNMP LOC LP Lt. = = = = = left lower lobe lentigo maligna (melanoma) last menstrual period last normal menstrual period loss of consciousness/level of consciousness = lumbar puncture / lichen planus = Latin M IRBBB = IRDM = IT ITP IV/iv IVC IVP = = = = = M MAO MAP MAST MBT MCH MCHC = = = = = = = MCTD = MCV = MI = mL/ml MLE MM MMEF Mmol MMR MRI MRSA MS MSSA MVA MVI MVV = = = = = = = = = = = = = J JN = junctional naevus JODM = juvenile onset diabetes mellitus JVD = jugular venous distention K KA KOR KP KUB KVO = = = = = keratocanthoma keep open rate keratous pilaris kidneys, ureters, bladder keep vein open margin (generally of the skin) monoamine oxidase mean arterial pressure medical anti-shock trousers maternal blood type mean cell haemoglobin mean cell haemoglobin concentration mixed connective tissue disease mean cell volume myocardial infarction/mitral insufficiency millilitre midline episiotomy malignanat melanoma maximal mid expiratory flow millimole measles, mumps, rubella magnetic resonance imaging methicillin resistant staph aureus multiple sclerosis/mitral stenosis/morphine sulphate methicillin-sensitive staph aureus motor vehicle accident multivitamin injection maximum voluntary ventilation L L LAD = left = left axis deviation/left anterior descending LAE = left atrial enlargement LAHB = left anterior hemi-block LAP = left atrial pressure or leukocyte alkaline phosphatase LBBB = left bundle branch block LDH = lactate dehydrogenase LE = lupus erythematosus LIH = left inguinal hernia LK = lichinoid keratosis © A. L. Neill = no active disease/ no abnormality detected NAS = no added salt NCV = nerve conduction velocity NED = no evidence of recurrent disease Ng = nanogram NG = nasogastric NIDDM = non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus NKA = no known allergies NKDA = no known drug allergies NMR = nuclear magnetic resonance nocte = at night 6 N NAD
Slide 10: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms NPO = nothing by mouth /nil by mouth NRM = no regular medications NSAID = non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs NS = nervous system NSR = normal sinus rhythm NT = nervous tissue / nasotracheal PMI PMN = point of maximal impulse = polymorphonuclear leukocyte (neutrophil, polymorph) PN = peripheral nerve PND = paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea PNS = peripheral nervous system PPD = pigmented purpuric dermatosis PR = petechial rash prn = given as required no set treatment regime PS = pulmonic stenosis PT = prothrombin time, or physical therapy Pt = patient PTCA = percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTH = parathyroid hormone PTHC = percutanous transhepatic cholangiogram PTT = partial thromboplastin time PUD = peptic ulcer disease PUPP = puritic urticarial papules and plaques of pregnancy PVC = premature ventricular contraction PVD = peripheral vascular disease O OB = obstetrics OCG = oral cholecystogram OD = overdose / right eye OE / O/E = on examination OM = otitis media OOB = out of bed OP = out patients - hospital patients treated but not admitted OPV = oral polio vaccine OR = operating room OS = left eye OU = both eyes P P PA PAC PAO2 PaO2 PAP PAS PAT P&PD Pb PC PCWP PD PDA PDR PDx PE PEEP PFT Pg/pg PHx PI PKU pl. PMH 7 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = para posteroanterior premature atrial contraction alveolar oxygen peripheral arterial oxygen content pulmonary artery pressure periodic acid Schiff’s stain paroxysymal atrial tachycardia percussion and postural drainage prothrombin time / lead after eating pulmonary capillary wedge pressure pathological diagnosis patent ductus arteriosus physicians desk reference provisional diagnosis pulmonary embolus /physical exam / pleural effusion positive end expiratory pressure pulmonary function tests pictogram past history pulmonic insufficeny disease / pulmonary index phenylketonuria plural previous medical history Q q qd qh = every (e.g. q6h = every 6 hours) = every day = every hour q4h, q6h.... every 4 hours, every 6 hours etc. qid = four times a day QNS = quantity not sufficient Qod = every other day Qs/Qt = shunt fraction Qt = total cardiac output R R RA RAD RAE RAP RBBB RBC RBP RBS RBT RDA RDW RIA = = = = = = = = = = = = = right rheumatoid arthritis or right atrium right atrial axis deviation right atrial enlargement right atrial pressure right bundle branch block red blood cell retinol-binding protein random blood sugar random breath test recommended daily allowance red cell distribution width radioimmunoassay © A. L. Neill
Slide 11: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms RIH RLL RLQ RML RNA R/O ROM ROS RPG RRR RT RTA RTC RU RUG RUL RUQ RV RVH Rx = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = right inguinal hernia right lower lobe right lower quadrant right middle lobe ribonucleic acid rule out range of motion review of systems retrograde pyelogram regular rate and rhythm respiratory therapy / radiation therapy renal tubular acidosis return to clinic resin uptake retrograde urethogram right upper lobe right upper quadrant residual volume right ventricular hyperthrophy treatment / regime SLE SMO SN SO SOAP SOB SQ ss = = = = = = = = systemic lupus erythematous slips made out spinal nerve standing orders Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan shortness of breath subcutaneous one-half /same side /signs and symptoms superficial spreading melanoma superficial spreading malignant melanoma immediately sexually transmitted disease superior superficial spontaneous vaginal delivery symptoms SSM = SSMM = STAT STD sup. supf. SVD Sx = = = = = = T without sinoatrial synthetic amino acid sugar and acetone subacute bacterial endocarditis small bowel follow through short bowel syndrome spinal cord / subcutaneously subcutaneously squamous cell carcinoma serum creatinine seborraeic keratosis systolic ejection murmur Swan-Ganz (catheter) small for gestational age serum gamma- glutamyl transpeptidase SGOT = serum glutamic- oxaloacetic transaminase SGPT = serum glutamic- pyruvic transaminase SIADH = syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone Sig = write on label SIMV = synchronous intermittent mandatory ventilation sing. = singular SK = solar keratosis sl = sublingual © A. L. Neill S s SA SAA S&E SBE SBFT SBS SC sc SCC SCr SEB K SEM SG SGA SGGT = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = T&C TAH T&H TB TBG Td tds TIA TIBC Tid/td TIG TKO TLC TMJ TNTC TO TOPV TPN TSH TT TTP TU TUR TURBT TURP TV TVH Tw Tx = type and cross = total abdominal hysterectomy = type and hold (blood or serum products) = tuberculosis = total binding globulin = tetanus-diphtheria toxoid = three times daily = transient ischemic attack = total iron binding capacity = three times a day = tetanus immune globulin = to keep open = total lung capacity = temporo-mandibular joint = too numerous to count = telephone order = trivalent oral polio vaccine = total parenteral nutrition = thyroid stimulating hormone = thrombin time = thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura = tuberculin units / transurethral = transurethral resection = TUR bladder tumors = transurethral resection of prostate = tidal volume = total vaginal hysterectomy = twice a week = treatment, transplant 8
Slide 12: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms U WO = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = urinalysis uric acid /umbilical artery catheter upper airway obstruction universal blood donor ulcerative colitis /umbilical cord as directed unfractionated heparin upper gastrointestinal upper respiratory infection upper right quadrant upper respiratory tract infection ultrasound urinary tract infection urinary urea nitrogen ultraviolet A light UA UAC UAO UBD UC Ud UFH UGI URI URQ URTI US UTI UUN UVA = written order /weeks old/ wide open. WOP = without pain WOS = wedge of skin W.P. = whirlpool WPW = Wolff-Parkinson-White (syndrome) W-T-D = wet to dry W/U = workup X V VA VAD VC VCT VCUG VDRL VMA VO V/Q VRE VSS VT VV VW VWD VZV = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = verrica / verrucous venous access device vital capacity venous clotting time voiding cysourethrogram Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (test for syphilis) vanillymadelic acid verbal order / voice order ventilation - perfusion vancomycin-resistant enterococcus vital signs stable ventricular tachycardia varicose veins vessel wall von Willebrand's disease varicella zoster virus X2d XI XII XL XM XMM XOM XRT XS XULN = = = = = = = = = = times 2 days. eleven twelve extended release / extra large. crossmatch xeromammography extraocular movements X-ray therapy (radiation therapy) excessive times upper limit of normal Y y YF YLC yo YOB yr ytd = = = = = = = years / yes yellow fever youngest living child years old year of birth year year to date Z W ZDV ZE Z-ESR Zn ZnO ZSB # ~ º = = = = = = zidovudine Zollinger-Ellison (syndrome) zeta erythrocyte sedimentation ate zinc zinc oxide zero stools since birth WB WBC WBR WD WF WIA WID WM WN w/n w/o WNL 9 = whole blood = white blood cell / white blood cell count = whole body radiation = well developed = white female = wounded in action = widow, widower = white male = well nourished = within = without = within normal limits = fracture / number = approximately = no (e.g. FFFTº = no fits, faints or funny turns) 1º = primary 2º = secondary 9/12 = nine months 3/52 = three weeks 5/7 = five days 2/24 = two hours 3/60 = three minutes 3/360 = three seconds 3s = three seconds © A. L. Neill
Slide 13: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Common Histological Stains and their uses Histology stains are a confusion of eponymous terms and methods used in individual laboratories. In many cases individual variations exist in different laboratories and it is advised that contact with the appropriate laboratory will give the medical professional the details they need, concerning their particular specialities and variations on these common stains. Those included here are those stains common to most labs and the principles behind the staining methods. There are many more and this list is by no means complete, also one stain may be used for many purposes eg the routine stain used in all labs. - H&E. More details can be found in the A to Z of Histology / Histopathology, and the A to Z of the Skin and surface anatomy. See www.aspenatlas.com. General Stains Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) This is an all round stain and used on nearly every section in the histology laboratory. The haematoxylin stains the nucleic acids and other acid material blue and the eosin acts as a counter stain to colour most other structures non-specifically red/pink, allowing an overall view of the cellular morphology. It generally not interfere with other stains and can be used in conjunction with them, for example with PAS. PAS (periodic acid-Schiff) This an all-around useful stain for many things. It stains glycogen, mucin, mucoprotein, glycoprotein, as well as fungi. A predigestion step with amylase will remove staining for glycogen. PAS is useful for outlining tissue structures: basement membranes, capsules, blood vessels, etc. It does stain a lot of things and, therefore, can have a high background. It is very sensitive, but not very specific. Structures stained This stain uses carbol-fuchsin to stain the lipid walls of acid fast organisms such as M. tuberculosis. The most commonly used method is the Ziehl-Neelsen method, though there is also Putt’s stain, Kinyoun’s method a modification of which is the Fite-Faraco stain and has a weaker acid for supposedly more delicate M. leprae bacilli. Lipid is often removed in the processing, so this stain can be © A. L. Neill 10 AFB (acid fast bacilli) stain for mycobacterium
Slide 14: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms insensitive particularly when looking in large granulomatous tissue. The most sensitive stain for mycobacteria is the AuramineRhodamine stain which requires a fluorescence microscope for viewing. There are things other than mycobacteria that are “acid fast”. Included are cryptosporidium, isospora, and the hooklets of cysticerci. Amyloid Amyloid is a substance which can be found in all tissues pathologically. Although a fatty substance it is not fat but can be stained using Congo red, or Lieb’s Crystal Violet method . Biogenic Amine stains for Argentaffin cells (Autofluorescence, Diazo, Fontana-Masson, modified Giemsa, Schmorl’s Pascual’s and Weisel’s stains) Cells that produce polypeptide hormones, active amines, or amine precursors (adrenalin = epinephrine, noradrenalin = norepinephrine) can be found individually (Kulchitsky cell of GI tract) or as a group (adrenal medulla). The following is a traditional classification of the staining patterns based upon the ability of the cells to turn soluble silver nitrate to metallic silver - causing a black deposit in tissue sections. Traditionally there are 3 patterns of staining although this is fairly artificial, as they are interchangeable when the fixative is changed. Chromaffin cells have cytoplasmic granules that appear brown when fixed with a dichromate solution as in the adrenal medulla and their tumours pheochromocytomas; Argentaffin cells reduce a silver solution to metallic silver after formalin fixation, as in carcinoid tumours of the gut. Using a pre-reduction step may cause a more intense stain. This is called an argyrophil (silver loving) reaction. Blood smear stains Romanowsky stains eg Giemsa stains, Wright-Giemsa stains All these stains contain mixtures of methylene blue, azure, and eosin compounds. One property of methylene blue and toluidine blue dyes is metachromasia. This means that a tissue component stains a different colour than the dye itself. For example, mast cell granules, cartilage, mucin, and amyloid will stain purple and not blue, which is helpful in identifying these components, while using only the one stain. 11 © A. L. Neill
Slide 15: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Calcium (Ca) Stains Ca bound to an anion, such as phosphate (PO4) or CO3 (carbonate) can be demonstrated with the Von Kossa stain. Ca forms a blue-black lake with haematoxylin to give a blue colour on H&E stain, usually with sharp edges. This stain is most useful when large amounts are present, as in bone. Alizarin red S forms an orange-red lake with Ca. It works best with small amounts of Ca (such as in Michaelis-Gutman bodies). The Alizarin method is also used in analyzers to measure serum calcium photometrically. Azan stain can be used to differentiate osteoid from mineralized bone. The trichrome stain helps to highlight the supporting collagenous stroma in sections from a variety of organs. This helps to determine the pattern of tissue injury. Trichrome will also aid in identifying normal structures, such as connective tissue capsules of organs, the lamina propria of gastrointestinal tract, and the broncho-vascular structures in lung. Sirius red stain is also used for collagen staining. The reticulin stain is useful in parenchymal organs such as liver and spleen to outline the architecture. Delicate reticular fibres, which are argyrophilic, can be seen. A reticulin stain occasionally helps to highlight the growth pattern of neoplasms, by showing the dispersal of the normal fibrous architecture. An elastic tissue stain such as the Verhoff’s van Giesen stain or Orcein-Giemsa stain help to outline arteries, because the elastic lamina of muscular arteries, and the media of the aorta, contain elastic fibres, and if used with the Masson stain for collagen and muscle fibres provides a good contrast. Martius’s scarlet blue stain distinguishes fibrin from true connective tissues and should be used where there is extensive inflammation. Connective tissue stains (collagen, elastin, reticulin fibres and fibrin) Exogenous pigments and minerals (asbestos, carbon, silica) Asbestos is a special type of long-thin silica crystal, usually of the mineral group chrysotile. In tissue, these crystals are highly irritative and highly fibrogenic. The fibres become coated with a protein-ironcalcium matrix, giving them a shish-kebab appearance. These are called “ferruginous bodies” because they are highlighted with an iron © A. L. Neill 12
Slide 16: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms stain, such as Perl’s iron stain, or the Prussian blue reaction. Carbon appears as anthracotic pigment in the lungs. It can be distinguished from melanin by doing a Melanin bleach, which helps to distinguish carbon from melanin. Poorly fixed tissues may contain formalin-heme pigment, which is black and finely granular, but this is widely scattered in the tissues without regard to cellular detail. Formalin-heme pigment is also birefringent on polarization. Silica is present in many minerals and building materials. Most forms are very inert and cannot be stained in tissue but can be demonstrated by white birefringence on polarization. It is most often present in lung, but can make its way into lymph node. Street drugs for injection often are diluted with compounds containing minerals such as silica or talc. These crystals can be found throughout the body, but especially in lymphoreticular tissues. Tattoo pigment is usually black and is inert and non-polarizable. Red tattoo pigment often contains cinnabar (which has mercury in it). there are no specific stains for these materials, and in general, minerals are best demonstrated by microincineration techniques or by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive analysis (SEM-EDA), which is also used in the analysis of gunshot residue, because of its composition of antimony, barium, and lead. The oil red O (ORO) stain can identify neutral lipids and fatty acids in smears and tissues. Fresh smears or cryostat sections of tissue are necessary because fixatives containing alcohols, or routine tissue processing with clearing, will remove lipids. The ORO is a rapid and simple stain. It can be useful in identifying fat emboli in lung tissue or clot sections of peripheral blood. Fat stains Fungi stains (Gomori methenamine silver stain = GMS) Fungi and Pneumocystis carinii., have cell walls which stain black or brown, outlining the organisms clearly. Disadvantages with this stain is the large amount of background staining, so the morphology of the organism needs to be known. Fungi also stains red with the PAS method and blue with H&E. Iron (haemosiderin) stains Haemosiderin (storage iron granules) may be present in areas of old haemorrhage or be deposited in tissues with iron overload (haemosiderosis - physiological, haemochromatosis - pathological). 13 © A. L. Neill
Slide 17: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Perl’s iron stain is the classic method for demonstrating iron in tissues. The section is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to release ferric ions from binding proteins. These ions then react with potassium ferrocyanide to produce an insoluble blue compound (the Prussian blue reaction). Lipochrome (lipofuschin) pigments - Age spots These are the breakdown products within cells from oxidation of lipids and lipoproteins. They are the wear-and-tear pigments found most commonly in heart, liver, CNS, and adrenal cortex (zona reticularis). The less highly oxidized “ceroid” pigment of testis interstitium and seminal vesicle is another form of lipochrome. Lipochrome can be stained by Sudan black B, long Ziehl-Neelson acid fast, and Schmorl’s methods. Lipochrome may also exhibit a strong orange autofluorescence in formalin-fixed, unstained paraffin sections. The Fontana-Masson stain, relies upon the melanin granules to reduce silver nitrate (note, argentaffin, chromaffin, and some lipochrome pigments also will stain black as well). Schmorl’s method uses the reducing properties of melanin to stain granules blue-green, but the most specific method is an enzyme histochemical method, DOPA-oxidase. DOPA substrate is acted upon by DOPA-oxidase in the melanin-producing cells to produce a brownish black deposit. Bleaching techniques remove melanin in order to get a good look at cellular morphology. They make use of a strong oxidizing agent such as potassium permanganate or hydrogen peroxide. Ocular melanin takes hours to bleach, while skin melanin takes minutes. Formaldehyde-induced fluorescence can be used to highlight biogenic amines (chromaffin, argentaffin) and melanin in tissues. Formalin fixation imparts a strong yellow autofluorescence to unstained tissues with these substances. Pseudomelanin of melanosis coli is PAS positive whereas true melanin is not. Pseudomelanin pigment is also found in macrophages. Melanin stains Microorganisms - bacteria stains Gram stain gram positive organisms stain purple and gram negative organisms stain red poorly. In H&E all bacteria appear as blue rods or cocci regardless of gram reaction. Colonies appear as fuzzy blue © A. L. Neill 14
Slide 18: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms clusters. Spirochetes are very difficult to stain. The best method is the Warthin-Starry stain. A Giemsa stain may help demonstrate Donovan bodies and leishmania. Mucin stains There are a variety of mucin stains, all attempting to demonstrate one or more types of mucopolysaccharide substances in tissues. The types of mucopolysaccharides are as follows: • Neutral - glands of the GI tract and in prostate. They stain with PAS. • Acid (simple, or non-sulphated) - are in epithelial cells containing sialic acid. They stain with PAS, Alcian blue, colloidal iron method, and metachromatic dyes. • Acid (simple, mesenchymal) found in tissue stroma and sarcomas - These contain hyaluronic acid. They stain with Alcian blue, colloidal iron, and metachromatic dyes. • Acid (complex, or sulphated, epithelial) - These are found in adenocarcinomas. PAS, Alcian blue, colloidal iron, mucicarmine, and metachromatic stains are positive. • Acid (complex, connective tissue) - found in tissue stroma, cartilage, and bone and include substances such as chondroitin sulphate or keratin sulphate. They stain with Alcian blue. There are a variety of stains for mucin: • • • • Colloidal iron (“AMP”) - stain acid mucopolysaccharides. Alcian blue - stains all mucins using a variety of methods PAS (peroidic acid-Schiff) - stains glycogen as well as mucins Mucicarmine - specifically stains epithelial mucins. The mucin stain with the most specificity is mucicarmine, but it is very insensitive. PAS is most sensitive but least specific Colloidal iron stains are unpredictable. Alcian blue stains are simple, but have a lot of background staining. Uric acid crystals are seen in acid urine. In tissue, urates are present as sodium urate. They are soluble in aqueous solutions and slightly soluble in weak alcoholic solutions. Therefore, tissues must be fixed in 95% or absolute alcohol to prevent leaching of urates. Methenamine silver stains urates black. Sodium urate crystals are also birefringent on polarization. 15 © A. L. Neill Urates
Slide 19: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Common Exogenous materials found in tissues substance aluminium asbestos beryllium carbon fungal spores lead silica silver usual site lungs skin lungs lungs, skin lungs, skin lungs, skin, hair kidney, bone, lungs, mucosal linings lungs, skin nasal passages, respiratory mucosa, skin origin air / mining air / asbestos building materials / mining mining gas emissions Traffic, smoking mould, fungi, gardens paint, mining glass, fibroglass material photography materials, silver, mining © A. L. Neill 16
Slide 20: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms How to use the Pronunciation guide in this glossary Words are written in Bold with a (bracketed guide) listed afterwards in English sounds - the syllables in CAPITALS are the syllables emphasized in the pronunciation of the word. Words with a guide are often listed twice the pronunciation guide is first and the etymology or derivation of the word is then listed next with further explanation if necessary. Please note spelling is both English and American with cross reference to each. With the inclusion of prefixes and suffixes where necessary, their simple pronuciation guide is backeted after their inclusion. It is not listed in the front guide. Guide to Naming muscles Most skeletal muscles are named based on one or more criteria 1 the direction of the muscle fibres eg rectus meaning straight (running parallel to an anatomical line -Rectus Abdominus parallel to the abdominal midline) as opposed to oblique or transverse. 2 location where the muscle os located generally the associated bone eg Temporalis near the Temporal bone 3 size or series ie in a series of closely related muscles is it the largest maximus or the smallest minimus (gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus) or with only 2 the larger, major or the smaller minor eg Pectoralis major and Pectoralis minor. Maybe it is the longest, longus or the shortest, brevis or the first second or third prima, secondo, tertius. 4 number of origins eg Biceps which has 2 origins as opposed to Triceps which has 3. 5 insertion and/or origin where the muscle inserts and originates eg Sternocleidomastoid giving in the name the insertion and the origins of this muscle 6 action muscles are named for their actions in which case there is frequently an opposing muscle named to demonstrate this purpose: flexors - extensors / abductors - adductors / supinators - pronators / depressors - elevators / tensors - rotators. 17 © A. L. Neill
Slide 21: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Table of contents Introduction Acknowledgements and Future Plans Dedication Changes to the Second edition Anatomical, Medical and Clinical Abbreviations and Acronyms in common use Common Histological Stains and their uses Common Exogenous materials found in tissues How to use the Pronunciation guide in this glossary Guide to Naming muscles Table of contents Summary of prefixes, word roots and suffixes Common organ specimens sent to Pathology Laboratories Assembly - Building the Body The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Disassembly -Taking the Body Apart Guide to Surface Anatomy and Surface Markers Guide to Anatomical Planes and Relations Guide to Anatomical Layers Guide to Organ Weights and Measurements Guide to Anatomical Descriptions Guide to Medical Qualifications Abbreviations of common medical qualifications Common Abbreviations and Terminology guide The A to Z project so far… resources and other A to Z publications Feedback form 1 2 2 2 3 10 16 17 17 18 19 43 47 68 158 166 167 169 170 171 172 173 177 196 196 © A. L. Neill 18
Slide 22: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES 19 Summary of prefixes, word roots and suffixes Suffixes -ac /aceous: pertaining to -acousia: condition of hearing -ac: state or quality of -ad: towards Prefixes A-: without / no Ab-: away from Ac- /Ad-: towards /near Acu-: sharp /sudden The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms -adeni: state of glands Af- / Ag-: near /going to Word root abdomin- abdomin, belly acanth- spiny, thorny acar- mite, itch acet- vinegar acetab- saucer acou- hearing acr- extremities actin- ray aden- gland adenoid- glandlike adip- fat aemia- blood aer- air © A. L. Neill Alb-: white aesthesi- feeling, perception aeti- cause ala- wing alg- /algesi- pain -aemia /-emia: blood -aethesia/-esthesia: condition involving sensation -adol: an analgesic -age: rate action or process -agnosia: loss of ability to know -agra: pain or painful seizure
Slide 23: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES © A. L. Neill All-: other different Ambi-: both Ambly-: dull Ametri-: disproportionate Amphi-: both sides, both, double An-: without /lack of -al: pertaining to -ance /-ancy: quality or state -algesia /-algia: sensitivity to pain -arche: beginning -ary: pertaining to Anis-: unequal / dissimilar Anomalo-: unequal, abnormal Ante-: before Anti-: against Anykl-: bent, crooked, looped Apo-: away from, detached The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Asthen-: weakness At-: towards Atel-: imperfect aliment- nourishment alveoli- air sac amm- sand amnio- with foetal membranes amyl- starch andr- man angi- blood vessel an- anus, anal anth- floral anthrop- man, human antr- antrum, sinus aqua- water argyr- silver arrhen- man, male artereo- artery arthr- joint articul- joint surface aster-, astr- star ather- fat atm- gas, atmosphere atri- waiting room -aster: star shaped -asthenia: weakness -ate: to use /act like /subject to -atresia: condition of occlusion 20
Slide 24: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES 21 Prefixes Atreto-: imperfect /imperforate, closed Auto-: self Aux-: growth, increase Word root audi- hearing aur- ear, ear shape auri- gold axi- axis, axial axilla- armpit azot- nitrogen, urea -biosis / -biotic: life -blast: bud forming / immature / embryonic -blepharia: re the eyelid -blepsia/ -blepsy: condition of sight -brachia: to do with the arm -bund: prone to -cace: bad / diseased / deformed Suffixes -atrophia: condition of malnutrition / wasting -aux/-auxe: enlargement The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Ball-: throw Bar-: pressure Basi-: base, foundation Bi- /Bin-/ Bis-: two Brachy-/Brevi-: short Brady-: slow balan- glans penis bar- pressure, weight blenn- mucus blephar- eyelid brachi- arm / upper arm / gill branchi- gill bronchi- air transport in the lung / branch bucc- cheek Cac-: diseased, abnormal calc- heel / lime /calcium calor- heat canth- slit for eyelids capill- small tube or hair © A. L. Neill
Slide 25: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES © A. L. Neill Cat-/ Cath-: down / against -carcinoma : cancer of the epithelial cells -cardia: to do with the heart -cathartic: cleaning Cen-/ Coen-: general capit-/ caput- head caps- capsule carcin- cancer of epithelial origin cardi-/ cardio- heart carp-/ karp- wrist cary-/ kary- nucleus case- cheeselike caus-/ caut- burn / burning caud- tail caul- stem cav- cavity, hole, hollow cel-/ coel- cavity / something coming through a hole e.g, a hernia -cele/ -coele: hernia, tumor or swelling /cavity of the body -centesis: puncture -centric: with a centre -cephalia: to do with the head -cerebral: pertaining to the brain -chesia: pertaining to faeces defecation The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms centr- central cephal-head cer- wax cerat- cornea/ horny tissue cerebell- little brain cerebr-brain 22
Slide 26: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES 23 Prefixes -cerebral: pertaining to the brain -chesia /chezia: to do with defecation -chondria: condition of worrying about a disease -chromasia: condition of colour Word root cervic-, cervix- neck chal-copper chancr- rotting, growing abnormally, cancer cheil-/ chil- lip Suffixes The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms cheir /chir- hand chol- bile / gall bladder chondro- cartilage chord- cord, string chrom- coloured chron- time chyle- digested food / fats cili- eyelash / eyelid -chylia: condition of digestion Circum-: around, circular / surrounding cilia- hairlike / hair -cide: to kill killer Cirrho-: yellow cine- movement Cis-: on this side / on the same side clast- breaking / an instrument which breaks Cleist- /Clist-: closed cleid- clavicle -clasia /-clasis /-clast /-clastic: crushing or breaking up clin- to bend -cle: little diminutive Co-/ Col-/ Com- / Con- /Cor-: together with col-/coel- colon -cleisis: closure, conclusion © A. L. Neill
Slide 27: Contra-: against PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES © A. L. Neill Cryo-: cold Crypto-: hidden Cyano-: blue colp-/ kolp- vagina con-/ kon- dust / together, with cor-/ coron- heart / crown core- pupil corp- body cost- rib crani- skull cresc- to grow / to expand crur- leg cusp- point cutis- skin cycl- circle /cyclical cry-/kry- frost cyst- bladder / sac of fluid -clonia: re spasms -cnemia: condition of leg below the knee -coccus: berry shaped -comma: a piece of something -crania: re the head -crasia: a condition of / a mixture -cratia: re incontinence -crine: secretion eg glandular -cule/- culum/-culus: diminutive -current: running, flowing -cusis: hearing -cyst/- cystic: bladder / fluid filled sac -cyte: cell / mature cell -cythemia / cythaemia: condition of cells of the blood cyt- cell -dactyl: condition of fingers or toes -demic: relating to a region -dendron: treelike formation De-/Des-/Dis-: remove, undo Demi-: half The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms dacry- tears dactyl- fingers/ toes dem- people dent-/ dont-/odont- tooth, toothlike, teeth 24
Slide 28: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES 25 Prefixes Dextra-: right Di-: two Dia-: through / between / apart Diplo-: double / twin Dis-/ Dys-: difficult / wrong / incorrect Duo-/ Dy-: two Word root der- neck derm-/ dermato- skin desm- bond / bind / ligament digit- finger / toe dors- back dur- hard Suffixes -dermia: skin -desis: binding / fixation -desma: bridging or connecting -dipsia: thirst -dontia: to do with teeth -drome: that which follows a specifc path -dynamia /-dynamy: strength, power -dynia: condtion of pain The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms E-/Ec- / Ecto: outside / external Ectro-: absence / congenital Ef-: move away / go away / outside echin- spikey ec- house Em-/en- /endo-: within inside Ent-: inner within Ep-/ epi-: upon, in addition to, over Equi-: equal Eryth-: red Eso-: within, inside ele-/eole- oil emet- vomiting encephalo- brain entero- gut / intestine / GIT episi- vulva erg- work/ activity -eal: pertaining to -ectasia /- ectasis /- ectasy: expansion stretching -ectomy: excision of / cutting out -ectopia: out of place -edema /oedema: swelling -eidos: shape, form -ellum: small, diminutive -emetic: pertaining to vomit -enchyma: nourishing of cells and structures © A. L. Neill
Slide 29: ergy- action erot- love desire PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES © A. L. Neill Eu-: normal, well Ex-/ exo-/extro-: external, outside, protruding Extra-: in addition to Flav- : yellow Fore- : before, in front of -eous: composed of / like -ergetic/-ergic: effect of activity -ergy: effect or result -escent: become like / emmiting light -esis: action / process or the result of -fast: securely attached confined -febrile: feverish -ferous: bearing -fibroma: benign tumour of fibrous tissue -flect / -flex : to bend -fluent: to flow -form / forme: to have a shape -fuge: to drive away Fund- : to pour / the body of faci- face fasci- band or sheet (of CT) febri- fever ferr- iron fibr- fibrers / to do with fibres fila- threadlike fiss- split / cleft foet-/ fet- to do with foetus for place / opening fract- break fus- spindle The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms galact- milk gam- union gangli- knot gastri- stomach -gamy: marriage, union -gen: that which generates -genesia: condition concerning information 26
Slide 30: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES 27 Prefixes Suffixes -genisis: origin -genia: condition of the jaw -genic: origin , formation -geusia / geustia: to do with taste -glia : to glue, stick, adhesion Ges- : to carry, bear The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Gravis-: heavy Gymno-: naked Word root gemin- twin gen- race /sexual/ reproduction geni- chin genu- knee geny- under the jaw ger-/ geri-/ geront- old / aged gingivi- gum glia- glue / gluelike gloss-/glosso- tongue glyc- sweet / sugar gnath- jaw gn- know / discern gon-/ knee / sexual /semen goni- corner / angle gran- grain-like/ granular gravid- pregnancy gyn/gyno/gynaeco- female -gluten : glue -glossia: to do with the tongue -glycaemia: condition of sugar in the blood -gnathia: condition of the jaw -gnomy: science of judging -gnosia: condition of knowing -gony: birth origin -gyne: female characterisitcs © A. L. Neill Hapl-: single haeme-/heme- blood hallux- big toe
Slide 31: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES © A. L. Neill Hemi-: half Hetero-: different Holo-: entire, whole Homo-/ Homeo-: same / level Hyper-: excessive Hypo-: less than normal -hydat : water -hydria: fluid level in the body hel- horn /corn helc- ulcer, sore heli- sun helic- spiral hepat- liver hidr-/ hidro- sweat hier- sacrum hist/ histo- tissue horm- to stimulate hyal- glasslike, glassy hydr- water, wet / hydrogen hyster -uterus Il- : negative, against Im-/ In- : in, into/onto/ no, non Infra-: below , beneath / inside Inter- : between Intra- : within The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms iatro- to treat icter- jaundice ide- mind idi- distinct / separate ili- pertaining to the flank or lower abdomen ima- below, beneath, the lowest inguin- groin -iatric: to treat / cure -iatrician: physician / healer -iatry: specific type of medical condition -ible: ability, capacity -ic /ical/: pertaining to / similar to -id: state or condition, structural element of teeth 28
Slide 32: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES 29 Prefixes Ithy- : straight Word root ini- back of the head insul- island irid- iris of the eye, rainbow colours isch- suppression / stoppage ischi- hip Suffixes -ism: resulting from practice or theory of -ismus: spasm /contraction -ist: agent, person, practitioner -itic: relating to -ium: diminutive Juxt-: next to jug- yoke jugu- throat / neck juxta- next to -kinesia: condition relating to movement -kinesis: division of cells / activation The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Koilo-: hollow / concave kali- potassium kaps- capsule kary-/cary- nucleus kerato- horny kinesi- movement kolp-/colp- vagina © A. L. Neill Laevo-/levo-: left Leio-/lio-: smooth labi- lip lac- milk lacri- tears -labial: pertaining to the lips -labile: unstable changeable
Slide 33: Lep-: to take or seize Lepto-: thin, narrow / small lal- talk / babble lamina- layer, veneer -lalia: condition involving speech -lemma: sheath, envelope / confining membrane PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES © A. L. Neill lapar- abdominal cavity lapis- stone laryng- voice box/voice -lepsis /-lepsy/ -leptic: seizure -lexia: reading conditions Leuco-/Leuko/Luco-/Luko-: white/ colourless/ pale Liga- bind together Longus-: long Loxus-: oblique -lipsis / lipse: leave / fail / omit -lith /lithiasis: stone / re stones -logia: condition of speech or reason -logology: study or science of -lucent: light admitting -lymph: clear fluid lat/later- side lex- read lien- spleen lim- hunger lingu/lingua- tongue/tonguelike lip- fat lith- stone loc- place luc-/leuc- light /white/ pale lue- syphilis lumb- loin / lower back lumin- light/ cavity / channel luna- moon lyc- wolf The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms 30
Slide 34: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES 31 Prefixes Word root ly- dissolve Macro-/ Makro-: large Magna- : huge Mal-: bad Malac- : soft The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Medi-/ Mes-: middle Meg-/ Megalo-: large, great Meio-/ Mio-: reduced, contraction lys- disintegrate malar- cheek bone mamm- breast man- hand mania- obsession mast-/mastoid-/maz- breast/ breastlike maxilla- upper jaw maz- breast meat- opening /hole mel- cheek / limb / member melan- dark / black -meter: measurement Suffixes -lyse/-lyze/-lysis: to decompose / to breakdown -lytic: production of / decomposition -ma/ -mata: result of an action -malacia: softening -mancy: divination -mania: obsession, compulsion -manic: specified pyschosis -mastia/ -masty /mazia/: re the breast -megaly: enlargement -melia: re the limbs -mentia: re the mind -mere/ -mer / meria: part of / condition of the parts Meli-: sweet/ honey Meta-: subsequent transformation men- periods, menstruation, menses mening- membrane menisci- disc / crescent ment- mind / chin/ mer- part metop- forehead © A. L. Neill
Slide 35: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES © A. L. Neill Micro-: small Mid-: middle Mis-: hatred Multi-: many -metria: re the uterus -metry: re measuring -mimesis: imitation / simulation -mittent: send -mnesia: re the memory -moria: condition of dementia -motor: effects of activity -myelia: re the spinal cord metr- mother, uterus micr- small /abnormally small mit- threadlike mnem- memory morph- form mot- movement muc-/myx- mucus my- muscle myc- fungal myel- bone marrow /spinal cord myl- molar myring- eardrum Necr-: death Neo-: new narc- stupor naris- /nas- nose necr- death nephr- kidney neuro- nerve / brain noci- pain nod- knot -nephric: re the kidney -neural: re nerves structurally -neuria: a condition of nerves The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms 32
Slide 36: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES 33 Prefixes Word root nos- disease not- back nucha- neck, nape of neck Suffixes Ob-/ Oc-: against -odontia: treatment of teeth -oedema: condition of swelling -oid: resembling / form -ol: oil Oes- : inside, internal The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Olig-: scant, few -oma: mass, tumour, lump, swelling -on: unit -opia/-opsia /-opy: condition of vision -orexia: condition of appetite -osmia: sense of smell occipit- back of the head occlus- to close or shut up ocul- eye odont- teeth odyn- pain, distress oedem-/edem- swelling olfact- smell om- shoulder omphal- navel onc- tumour, mass, swelling / bulk / hooked onych-/onyx- nail o-/oo-/ovi- egg/ovum ooph-/ oophor-/othec- ovary ophthalm- eye ops-/opt-/optic- eyesight orb- sphere © A. L. Neill
Slide 37: -otomy: removal of PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES © A. L. Neill Ortho-: straight, correct, normal -osteon/ -osteum: bone -otia /otic: ear orch-/orchid- testis or-/ora- mouth os- mouth/ bone osche- scrotum osm- odour/impulse/osmosis oss-/osteo- bone ot- ear Pachy-: thick Paleo-: ancient old Pali-: repetition recurrence paed-/ped- child palat- roof of the mouth Pan-: everything Par-/ Para-: against / aside / nearby / abnormal Parvi-: small Per-: through Peri-: around / surrounding Pero-: stunted palpebra- eyelid /eyelash palpit- flutter -pachy: thickening -paedic/-pedic: children -path :individual; suffering from a disease / individual treating a disease using a system -pathetic: relating to emotions The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms papilla- nipple part- childbirth path- disease pect-/pector- chest, breast. / thorax ped-/pes- foot petr- stone -pathy: disease of / therapy -pede /-ped: number of feet -paenia/ -penia: deficiency of -pepsia /-peptic: state of digestion -phagia: eating / desire to eat - 34
Slide 38: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES 35 Prefixes Phan- /Phas- visible / speak Phen-: light, bright Word root phac-/phak- lens phag- eater , to eat phalan- fingers / toes phall- penis, penile phas- speech The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Phleg-: inflammation Plan-: flat Plat- /platy-: flat/ broad, wide Pleo-: many Pluri-: many more Poikilo-: irregular / abnormal Polio-: grey phleb- vein, veinous phren- mind physi- natural pil- hair plantar- sole of the foot plas- grow and form pleo- many pleur- walls of the lungs, thorax plic- fold ridge pne-/pneum- breath, air, lungs, gas pod- foot © A. L. Neill pollex- thumb Suffixes -phasia /-phemia: re speech -philia /-philic /-phily: love of, affinity with -phobe /-phobia: resisting / avoiding, fearing, dreading -phoresis: transmission -phoria: tendancy to /emotional state/ visual axes -phragm: separation -phrasia: re speech -phrenia: re the mind -phrenic: re the diaphragm -phyisis: growth, growing -plakia: patches on membrane -plasia: condition / formation -plasty: repair of / involving surgery -plegia /-plegic: paralysis -plex/-plexus: network -plexia /-plexy: condition resulting from a stroke -pnea/-pnoea: beathing, re respiration
Slide 39: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES © A. L. Neill Poly-: many Post-: after -proctia: re the anus -prosopia: re the face -pterygium: re the conjunctiva -ptosis: downward displacement -ptysis: spitting -pubic: frontal part of the pelvis -pulsion: push -pyrexia: re fever -podia: re feet -poeisis: formation / development -pore: passageway Prae-: in front of / young Pre-: before Presby-: old Prim-: first Pro-: before, in front of Pronus-: face down Pseudo-: false Quad-: four poples- posterior part of the knee pont- bridge por- passage / pore/ callus presby- old proct- anus, anal / rectum prosop- face psor- to itch psych- mind pter- wing / feather ptoma- corpse ptyal- saliva ptysis- to cough or spit pub- adult puer-/pueb- child/infantile/ undeveloped pulm- lung pur-/py-/pyron- pus, pyel- renal pelvis / kidney The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms rachi- spine radi- radiation, ray radi-/radicul- root/ tooth / nerve 36
Slide 40: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES 37 Prefixes Re-: return / again / contrary Retro-: behind / go back Rhabdo-: striped Rhod- / Rub-: red -rrhagia/-rhagia: excessive flow/ rupture -rrhea /-rrhoea: flow, discharge -rrhaphy: suturing in place -rrhea: flow Word root rami- branch rect- rectal / straight ren- kidney rhabdo- stick, straight /rod rhachi- spine, vertebral column rhe- flow rhig- stiff / cold rhin- nose /noselike rhiptid- wrinkles rhiz- root rost- beck rot- to turn Suffixes The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Schiz-: split Scirrho-: hard Sclera-: hardening Scolio-: twisted Semi-: half Sicc-: dry sangui- blood sanita- health sapr-/seps- decaying sarc-/sark- muscle / network / flesh scaph- boatlike scat- faeces, dung -scelia: re legs -sclerosis: hardening © A. L. Neill
Slide 41: Sinistro-: left Spano-: few / scant PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES © A. L. Neill -sect: to cut -sepsis: condition of decay -spasm: involuntary contraction -sphygmia: condition of the pulse Spheno-: wedge Spiro-: coil scel- leg schist- split, fissured /cleft schiz- divided scia-/skia- shadow scolec- worm scope- examine scyt- skin sect- to cut sens- perception, feeling seps- decay sept- wall /to separate/ border sial- saliva sider- iron sin- hollow cavity soma-/somatic- body somn- sleep spasm- tighten / straighten, cause rigidity sperm-/spermato- seed sphen- wedge sphym- pulse spin- spine The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms 38
Slide 42: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES 39 Prefixes Suffixes -stage: phase -stalsis: contraction of the alimentary canal -stasis: to stand to stop The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Sten-: narrow, constricted Ster-: solid Strept-/ Stroph-: twisted -stole: condition of organs -stoma: mouth, opening © A. L. Neill Sub-/Suf-/Sup-: under Word root spir- breath splanchn- visceral, intestines splen- spleen spod- waste materials spondyl- vertebrae spinal column spongi- sponge squam- scale stann- tin stas- standing walking stopped steat-/steap-/stear- fat stell- star sterc- faeces stern- shield steth- chest stoma- mouth / opening /covering strab- to squint strati- to layer/ layers stri- line strum- goiter styl- stake pole -stophy: to twist, turn
Slide 43: Super-/Supra-: over above Supinus-: face up Sy-/Sym-/Syn-/Syl-: together, union -synthesis: formation of PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES © A. L. Neill succ- juice sud- sweat syndesm- connective tissue syring- tube -taxia: condition of impairment / an arrangement Tach- /Tachy-: fast tabe- to waste away tact- to touch Taut-: tight same Tect-/Teg-: covering Tors-: twisted taenia-/tenia- a ribbon / a band tal- ankle talip- club footed taph- grave tars- eyelid / edge of foot techn- the art of tect- roof teg- covering tela- weblike tele/tel- end / far away temp- time teno-/tend- rope terat- monster -thecium: sack, container -thelium: layer of tissue The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms 40
Slide 44: PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES 41 Prefixes -therapy: re treatment -thetic: to put, to place -thymia: re the mind and emotions -trichia: re hair -tomy /-tome /-tomic: re incisions, cutting -tonia: re muscle contraction -tresia: perforation Suffixes Thyr-: shield The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Trachy-: rough Trans-: across Trop-: turn / change Word root test- testimony, witness / testicles thec- sheath thel- nipple thely- female thenar- palm of hand /sole of foot therap- treatment, cure thix- touch thora- chest thrix- hair thromb- clot, lump thym- thymus, mind or spirit top- place /to place tox- poison trachel- neck windpipe tract- draw, drag troph- food / to feed typ- model © A. L. Neill Ultra-: beyond ul- gums / scar ungu- nail
Slide 45: Uni-: single, one -verse: to change -vorous: re eating PREFIXES, WORD ROOTS, SUFFIXES © A. L. Neill Volv-: turn Xanth-: yellow Xero-: dry ur-/ urin-/uron- urinary tract uter- uterus vas- vessel / duct ven- vein venter- belly / hollowed part ventr- front vermi- wormlike vesic- bladder / blister vir- virus viscer- internal organs vivi- living xen- different foreign xiphi- swordlike -zoite: simple organism -zyme: re enzymes zyg- yoke / union / pair The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms 42
Slide 46: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Common organ specimens sent to Pathology Laboratories Tissue / Organ (Specimen types) Appendix (appendectomy) Artery (Bx) Non-Tumor Pathology appendicitis mucocele arteritis atheroma aneurysm cystitis diverticulae fistulae tuberculosis schistosomiasis osteoporosis osteomalacia osteomyelitis Paget’s disease cysts fibrocytic disease abscess fat necrosis inflammation squanous metaplasia inflammation dysplasia (CIN) UC Crohn’s disease amyloidosis fistulae amoebiasis diverticular disease endometritis abnormalities of the menstral cycle hyperplasia Tumor Pathology carcinoid tumor 1º or 2º tumor (rare) chemodectoma (eg. carotid body tumor) transitional cell Ca SCC adenocarcinoma Bladder (Bx / cystectomy) Bone / Bone Marrow (Bx) osteochondroma myeloma metastatic tumor (eg breast, bronchus, thyroid, prostate, kidney) adenoma fibroadenoma adenocarcinoma Paget’s disease of the Nipple SCC oat cell Ca SCC SCC CIN genital warts adenomatous polyps adenocarcinoma lymphoma polyps Breast (Bx / mastectomy) Bronchial (Bx) Cervix (cone Bx / punch Bx) Colon / Rectum (Bx / colonectomy) Endometium (Bx / curettings) adenocarcinoma sarcomas polyps © A. L. Neill 43
Slide 47: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Epididymis (Bx) cysts inflammation tuberculosis salpingitis ectopic pregnancy endometriosis adenocarcinoma Fallopian tubes (Bx / salpinectomy) adenocarcinoma Gall bladder cholecystitis (Bx / cholecystecomy) calculi Joints / Tendons / arthritis Synovial membrane crystal synvitis (Bx / curretings) (eg gout) Kidney (Bx / nephrectomy) amyloidosis glomerulonephritis pyelonephritis cysts calculi tuberculosis laryngeal nodules inflammation hepatitis cirrhosis obstructive jaundice sarcoidosis amyloidosis storage disorders pneumonia adenocarcinoma sarcoma adenocarcinoma transitional cell Ca - pelvis Larynx / Vocal Cords (Bx) Liver (Bx / lobectomy) polyps SCC hepatocellular Ca lymphoma 2º tumor (eg. breast, colon, pancreas and stomach) Lung (Bx / pneumonectomy) SCC oat cell Ca adenocarcinoma 2º tumor (eg. bone, breast and brain) Lymph node reaction to inflammation Hodgkin’s lymphoma / (Bx / radical removal tuberculosis non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma of LN group) sarcoidosis 2º tumor (eg. breast, colon, lung, testis) Muscle (skeletal) (Bx) Nasal mucosa (Bx) © A. L. Neill myopathies neuropathic atrophy inflammation rhabdomyosarcoma mucoepidermoid Ca polyps SCC 44
Slide 48: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Oral cavity (Bx) cysts (dental) inflammation polyps salivary gland tumors adenocarcinomas SCC SCC Oesophagus (Bx) Ovary (Bx / oophrectomy) oesophagitis strictures ulceration (peptic) cysts endometriosis benign and malignant tumors of respective tissues epithelium = mucinous cystadenoma stroma = thecoma germ cells = dermoid cyst, dysgerminoma 2º tumor (eg. stomach) adenocarcinoma (exocrine) apudomas (endocrine) adenoma choriocarcinoma hydatiform mole mesothelioma 2º tumor (eg. breast, lungs) adenocarcinoma adenolymphoma (Warthin’s) mucoepidermoid tumor pleomorphic adenoma adenocarcinoma BCC carcinoid tumor CIN - Bowen’sdisease lymphoma melanoma naevi skin tags / polyps SCC warts © A. L. Neill Pancreas (Bx) Parathyoid gland cysts pancreatitis hyperplasia Placenta / umbilical malformations cord infarctions Pleura (Bx) inflammation tuberculosis sarcoidosis Prostate gland hyperplasia (Bx / prostatectomy) prostatitis Salivary gland (Bx) Skin / hairy skin (Bx / punch Bx / curettings / shaves / ellipsoid excision / Mohs sections) calculi sialoadenitis cysts dermatitis reactive changes fungal infections alopecia psoriasis 45
Slide 49: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Small intestine (Bx / resection of the small bowel partial or complete) Spleen (Bx / splenectomy) Crohn’s disease coeliac disease diverticulae infarction amyloidosis hypersplenism syndromes thrombocytopenic purpura traumatic rupture gastritis peptic ulceration hydrocoele orchiditis tuberculosis adenocarcinoma carcinoid tumor lymphoma lymphoma leukaemia Stomach (Bx) Testis (Bx / orchidectomy) adenocarcinoma leimyoma lymphoma lymphoma teratoma Thyroid nodular goitre adenoma (Bx / thyroidectomy) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis adenocarcinoma thyrotoxic hyperplasia leiomyoma (fibroid) medullary carcinoma (+ amyloid) Uterus (Bx / hysterectomy) abnormal cyclical bleeding adenomyosis endometriosis dysplasia inflammation leukoplakia leiomyoma (fibroid) adenocarcinoma (of endometrium) SCC CIN warts Vulva (Bx / excision) © A. L. Neill 46
Slide 50: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Assembly - Building the Body BUILDING THE BODY 47 © A. L. Neill
Slide 51: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms BUILDING THE BODY 48 © A. L. Neill
Slide 52: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Where to begin? BUILDING THE BODY 49 © A. L. Neill
Slide 53: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms What no Brains ? BUILDING THE BODY 50 © A. L. Neill
Slide 54: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Getting a-Head BUILDING THE BODY 51 © A. L. Neill
Slide 55: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Oh ... have a Heart! BUILDING THE BODY 52 © A. L. Neill
Slide 56: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Placing..... BUILDING THE BODY 53 © A. L. Neill
Slide 57: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Listening .... BUILDING THE BODY 54 © A. L. Neill
Slide 58: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms You do have a Heart !! BUILDING THE BODY 55 © A. L. Neill
Slide 59: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Lungs - Right and Left or Left and Right? BUILDING THE BODY 56 © A. L. Neill
Slide 60: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms From Thorax to Chest BUILDING THE BODY 57 © A. L. Neill
Slide 61: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Pretty Gutsy!!! BUILDING THE BODY 58 © A. L. Neill
Slide 62: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms In go the Intestines BUILDING THE BODY 59 © A. L. Neill
Slide 63: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms putting it together BUILDING THE BODY 60 © A. L. Neill
Slide 64: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms BUILDING THE BODY 61 Do you have the Stomach for Anatomy? © A. L. Neill
Slide 65: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A Liver to live!!! BUILDING THE BODY 62 © A. L. Neill
Slide 66: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms What's all this? BUILDING THE BODY 63 © A. L. Neill
Slide 67: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Nearly ready BUILDING THE BODY 64 © A. L. Neill
Slide 68: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms BUILDING THE BODY 65 © A. L. Neill
Slide 69: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms BUILDING THE BODY Model complete. © A. L. Neill 66
Slide 70: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms 67 © A. L. Neill
Slide 71: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A a- without, lack of, no ab- away from , negative abdomen: Lt. abdomen = the belly, the part of the trunk between thorax and the perineum, abduction: Lt. ab = from, and ductum = led, hence, movement from; verb - abduct. (≠adduction) aberrant: Lt. ab = from, and errare = to wander, hence, deviating from normal. Absorption (ahb-SORB-shun) the passage of digested foods from the GIT & into the BS. ac- toward, near to, addition to accessory: adj.Lt. accessum = added, hence, supplementary. acetabulum: Lt. acetum = vinegar (cf. acetic), and abulum = small receptacle, a vinegar cup, the socket for the head of the femur, adj.- acetabular. Acini (AS-ih-nee) clusters of cells in the pancreas that secrete digestive enzymes. sing. acina adj. acinar (AS-in-us) Acoustic (ah-COOS-tic) pertaining to hearing and sounds acoustic: adj.Gk. akoustikos, related to hearing. acromion: Gk. akros = summit (c.f. Acropolis) and omos = shoulder, the tip of the shoulder. Actin (AHK-tihn) the contractile protein that makes up the major portion of thin filaments in muscle fibers. acu- sudden, sharp, severe ad- near, toward adduction: Lt. ad = to, and ductum = led, hence, movement towards; verb - adduct. (≠abduction) adenoid: Gk. aden = a gland, eidos = shape or form. Adenohypophysis: also = the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It is composed of glandular epithelium. The adenohypophysis secretes numerous Hs, several of which affect the activity of other endocrine glands. adhesion: Lt. ad = to, and haesus = stuck Adipose (AHD-ih-pose) a CT whose cells (adipocytes) are highly specialized for lipid storage. adipose: Lt. adeps = fat, hence fatty adrenal: Lt. ad = towards, at, ren = kidney, situated near the kidney (see suprarenal) © A. L. Neill 68 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 72: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z adrenergic: adj. Gk. ergon = work, stimuli which cause the adrenal (suprarenal) gland to produce adrenaline. A term used to specify neurons or pathways which use adrenaline as a transmitter. Adrenal cortex (ah-DREE-nal KOR-teks) the outer region of the adrenal glands, located superior to each kidney. It secretes steroid Hs, including glucocorticoids & mineralocorticoids. Adrenal glands two endocrine glands, each situated superior to a kidney, (also = suprarenal glands). Adrenal medulla the inner region of the adrenal glands, which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (also adrenaline noradrenalin). Adventitia (ahd’-ven-TISH-yah) the outermost covering of an organ or tissue (see Serosa, Tunica Externa). af- near, toward, addition to afferent: adj.Lt. af = to, and ferent = carrying (cf. ferry), hence, carrying to, e.g., axons carrying information from retina to lateral geniculate nucleus are afferents to that nucleus. ag- near, toward, addition to agger nasi: Lt. = eminence of the nose. agonist: Gk. agonistes = rival, hence, a muscle in apparent contest with another, (a prime mover). adj.- anlagonist. Ala (AY-lar) referring to the wing or flattened part of a bone particularly if there are other shapes in the bone which are not wide and flat as in the Sphenoid or the inominate / hip. ala: Lt. wing, hence a wing-like process; pl. - alae. alaeque: Lt. ala = wing (ala of nose), suffix -que = and, hence levator labii superioris alaeque nasi muscles = lifter of the upper lip and ala of nose. alb- white alba: Lt. albus = white albicans: Lt. = becoming white; albus = white albuginea: Lt. albus = white, Gk. gen = form, like boiled white of an egg. alimentary: adj.Lt. alimentum = food, e.g., alimentary canal. all- other, different, abnormal allantois: Gk. allantos = sausage, eidos = like, form. allo- other, different, abnormal, Alpha cell a type of cell in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans that secretes the H glucagon. 69 © A. L. Neill
Slide 73: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A alveolus: Lt. a basin, hence any small hollow. pl. - alveoli, adj.alveolar, after holes in a tissue eg the lung – alveolar bone in B the maxilla. Alveolar duct (awl-VEE-o-lar) a branch of a respiratory bronchiole w/n C the lungs leading to alveoli & alveolar sacs. D Alveolar sac two or more alveoli which share a common opening from an alveolar duct. E Alveolus (awl-VEE-o-lus); a microscopic air sac within the lungs. pl F alveoli ambi- both, about, around G ambiguus: adj.Lt. = doubtful (nucleus ambiguus). H ampulla: Lt. = a two-handed flask, a local dilatation of a tube. amygdaloid: adj.Gk. amygdala = almond, and eidos = shape or I form, amygdaloid is almond-shaped. J amylacea: Gk. amylon = starch, hence, starchy. an- without, lack of, not K an- up, back, again anaesthesia: Gk. an = negative, and aisthesis = sensation, loss of L sensation; Anal canal (A-nawl) the terminal 2 or 3 cm of the rectum. It opens to M the exterior at the anus. N analgesia: Gk. an = negative, and algesis = pain, insensibility to O pain; adj.- analgesic. analogous: Gk. ana = up, apart, towards, and logos = word. A P part with similar function through different morphology e.g., fish gills and mammalian lungs (c.f. homologous). Q anastomosis: Gk. ana = of each, and stoma = mouth, hence the R end-to-end continuity of 2 vessels. Anatomical position the reference position, in which the subject is S standing erect with the feet facing forward, arms are at the sides, & T the palms of the hands are facing forward (the thumbs are to the outside). U Anatomy (ah-NAH-to-mee) the study of the structure of the body. V anatomy: Gk. ana = up, and tome = a cutting, hence cutting up of a body (c.f. dissection). W anconeus: Gk. ancon = elbow, hence the muscle attached to the (lateral surface of the) olecranon. X aneurysm: Gk. angeion = blood vessel (BV), and eurys = wide, a Y pathological dilatation of a BV. angiography: Gk. angeion & graphe = a record; picture of a BV Z injected with radiopaque material. © A. L. Neill 70
Slide 74: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z anhidrosis: (anhydrosis, anidrosis) Gk. an = negative, and hidros = sweat; absence of sweating, typical of skin deprived of its sympathetic innervation. ankle: the region between the leg and the foot. ankyle- bent, crooked Annulus (AN-yoo-lus) the outer fibrous ring of the intervertebral disc annulus: diminutive of Lt. anus = ring, hence little ring.(AS anulus) anomalo- uneven, irregular antagonist: Gk. anti = against, and agonistes = rival, hence a muscle which may oppose an agonist. adj.- agonist. ante- before anteflexion: Lt. ante = before, and flexere = to bend, anterior angulation between the body and cervix of the uterus. anterior: comparative of Lt. ante = before, in front. Anterior (ahn-TER-ee-or) toward the belly or front of the body. (in humans, see also ventral) ≠ posterior Anterior horn a region of the SC grey matter containing the cell bodies of motor neurons. (see also the ventral horn). Anterior root the structure emerging from the SC on its anterior aspect that contains axons of motor neurons. (see also the ventral root). Anterior pituitary gland the portion of the pituitary gland at the base of the brain composed of glandular epithelium. (see also adenohypophysis) antero- anterior, forward anteversion: Lt. ante = before, and versum = turned, hence, the anterior angulation b/n cervix uteri & the vagina. anti- against, combating antrum: Gk. antron - cave, hence a space in a bone or organ. anulus: diminutive of Lt. anus = ring, hence little ring. (AS annulus) Anus (AY-nus) the distal end and outlet of the rectum. anus: Lt. = ring, adj.- anal. Aorta (AY-OR-tah) the main trunk of the systemic circulatory circuit. It originates from the L ventricle. Aortic semilunar valve - one of 4 heart valves, it consists of 3 cusps that are attached to the wall of the aorta near its origin from the L ventricle.= aortic valve. ap- toward , near to ap- away from derived from, separation Aperture (a-PET-tyuu-a) an opening or space b/n bones or w/n a bone. 71 © A. L. Neill
Slide 75: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Apex (A-pehks) - the extremity of a conical or pyramidal structure. The A apex of the heart is the rounded, inferior most tip that points to the L B side. aponeurosis: Gk. apo = from, and neuron = tendon (later applied C to nerve cell and its fibres), used for sheet-like tendons. Adj.D aponeurotic. apophysis: Gk. apo = from, and physis = growth, a bony process E - the articular process of a vertebra; adj.- apophysial. F appendage: Lt. appendere = to hang on, supplement. appendix: Lt. appendere = to hang on, supplement. G apposition: Lt. appositus = placed at, hence, in contact, in H juxtaposition. aqueduct: Lt. aqua = water, and ductus = drawn or led off, a I channel for conducting fluid, e.g. the cerebral aqueduct of the J midbrain, which transmits fluid from the 3rd to the 4th ventricle. K aqueous: Lt. aqua = water hence watery or water-like Arachnoid (a-RAK-noyd) the middle of 3 CT coverings (meninges) of L the brain and the SC. (Pia, Arachnoid & Dura from inner to outer layers) arachnoid: adj.Gk. arachne = spider, and eidos = shape or form, M hence like a spiders web. This middle layer of the three N meninges is spread web-like over the brain. O arch- chief, first, beginning, arcuate: Lt. arcuatum = curved or arched. P arcus: Lt. an arch, Lt. arcuatum = curved or arched area: a part of a surface. Q areola: Lt. small, open space. R Areolar (a-REE-o-lar) a type of CT with sparse protein fibers in the matrix (loose CT). Also the tissue around the nipple S arm: the upper limb, between shoulder and elbow. Arrector pili (ah-REK-tor PI-lee) muscle fibers attached to hair w/n the T skin. U arrector: Lt. adrectus = raised, hence, arrector pili = a hair-raising V muscle. Arteriole (ar-TEER-ee-ol) a small tributary from a larger artery that W delivers blood to a capillary. Artery (AR-ter-ee) a BV that carries blood away from the heart. X artery: Lt. arteria (to take away) arthrodesis: Lt. arthro = joint, desis = to stiffen, hence the fusion of Y a joint or the stiffening of a joint. Z © A. L. Neill 72
Slide 76: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Articular cartilage (ar-TIH-kyoo-lar KAR-ti-lej) the cartilage that covers the end of a bone, where it forms a joint with another bone. Articulation (ar-tik’-yoo-LAY-shun) = joint, which is a point of contact b/n 2 opposing bones. articulation: Lt. artus = joint, hence, articulate - to form a joint. arytenoid: Gk. arytaina = pitcher, and eidos = shape or form, the arytenoid cartilage curves like a spout as- toward , near to Ascending colon (ah-SEN-ding KO-lun) a segment of the large intestine that extends from the caecum to the transverse colon = Right colon. aspect: a view of more than one surface. aspera: Lt. rough. asterion: Gk. asterios = starry. asthen- weak, weakness Astrocyte (AS-tro-site) a neuroglial cell type common in the CNS, particularly the brain. Astrocytes are believed to form a structural framework b/n neurons, BV, and other neuroglial cells by their attachments. They are also capable of impulse transmission. astrocyte: Gk. astron = star, and kytos = cell, hence a starshaped (neuroglial) cell. ataxia,: Gk. a = negative, and taxis = order, hence inability to coordinate the voluntary muscles. atlas: Gk. atlao = I sustain. Atlas was the mythical god who sustained the globe on his shoulders. the 1st vertebra sustains the skull, and its upper surface bears 2 concavities to do this. atresia: Gk. a = negative, and tresis = a hole, an absence or closure of a body orifice or tubular organ atreto- closed, imperforate Atrium (A-tree-um) One of 2 superior chambers of the heart. pl.- atria. atrium: Lt. = entrance hall, adj.- atrial. atrophy: Gk. a = negative, and trophe = food, hence wasting from starvation. auditory: Lt. audire = to hear, hence, pertaining to the ear. auricle: Lt. auricula = a little ear - part of the external ear auricular - ear-shaped auscultate: Lt. ausculto = to listen to auto- self, spontaneous autonomic: adj.Gk. auto = self, and nomos = law, hence selfregulating. 73 © A. L. Neill
Slide 77: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A aux- help, growth, increase Axial (AKS-ee-el) refers to the head and trunk (vertebrae, ribs and B sternum) of the body - axial skeleton including the skull and the C veterbral column axilla: Lt. armpit. D axis: Lt. axis = the central line of a body or part thereof, especially the imaginary line around which rotation takes place adj. axial. E Axon (AKS-on) a long process of a neuron that carries a nerve impulse F away from the cell body. axon: Lt. axis = axis, hence the main process of a neuron G conducting impulses away from the cell body. azygos: adj.Gk. a = negative, and zygos = paired, hence, unpaired. H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z © A. L. Neill 74
Slide 78: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B B bary- low, heavy, deep difficult and CT stroma that underlies epithelium. basi- foundation, base basilar: adj.Lt. basis = base. basilic: adj.Gk. basilikos = royal (king-sized). Basophil (BAS-oh-fil) a type of WBC that is characterized by large cytoplasmic granules that stain blue with basic dyes. Beta (BEE- tah) cell a cell in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans that secretes the H, insulin. bi- twice, two, double (see di) biceps: Lt. bis = double, and caput = head, hence 2-headed, adj.- bicipital. bifid: adj.Lt. bis = double, and findo = to split. bifurcate: Lt. bis = double, and furco = fork, hence to divide into two. bilateral: Lt. bi = two, lateral = side, hence, pertaining to two (both) sides. bin- twice, two, double bipennate: adj, Lt. bis = double, and pinna = feather, hence converging from 2 sides Biopsy (BYE-op-see) removal of a piece of living tissue for examination. blast- undifferentiated, immature Blind spot a region of the retina where no photoreceptive cells are present, due to the exit point of the Optic N. Body cavity a space in the body that is internally lined by a membrane, & contains structures including organs. Bone a CT that contains a hardened matrix of mineral salts and collagen fibers. Its cells include osteocytes, which are embedded within lacunae, and the free-roaming osteoblasts and osteoclasts. border: see margin. Bowman’s capsule (BO-manz CAP-sewl) the part of the kidney nephron that surrounds the glomerulus, (see glomerular capsule). brachiocephalic: Lt. brachium = arm, and Gk. kephale = head, a BV related to the upper limb and head. 75 © A. L. Neill C bar- pressure D Basement membrane (BM) a thin layer of extracellular material E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 79: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Brachial (BRAY-kee-al) arm mainly to do with the upper arm brachium: Lt. = arm, adj.- brachial. brachy- short brady- slow ≠ tachy Brain stem the inferior portion of the brain that consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. branchia: Gk. = gills, adj.- branchial. bregma: Gk. = moist, referring to the site of the anterior fontanelle (ie a little fountain) the site of junction of the coronal and sagittal sutures, where the brain can be felt pulsating in infancy. brevi- short brevis: Lt. = short - cf. brief. Bronchiole (BRONG-kee-ol) a small bronchus - a series of small tubes that arise as branches from tertiary bronchi w/n each lung (bronchi have cartilage in their walls, bronchioles do not) Bronchus (BRONG-kus) any one of the air passageways that carry air between the trachea and the bronchioles. pl. - bronchi. adj. bronchial Brunner’s glands mucous glands located w/n the submucosa of the small intestine. buccal: adj.Lt. bucca = cheek. buccinator: Lt. = trumpeter - this is the muscle which blows air out from the cheek bulbus: Lt. = bulb or onion. bulla: Lt. = bubble. bursa: Gk. = a purse, hence a flattened sac containing a film of fluid. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Bone Cutter © A. L. Neill 76 Z
Slide 80: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C cac- bad, diseased, deformed, ill (kak) Caecum (SEE-kuhm) the proximal end of the large intestine which receives the terminal ileum of the small intestine. AS Cecum caecum: Lt. = blind. (AS cecum) caen- new, recent (seen) calcaneus: Lt. calx = heel, hence the bone of the heel. calcar: Lt. = a spur. calcar avis: Lt. the spur of a bird, hence a spur-like elevation. calcarine: Lt. calcar = spur, hence spur-shaped. calf: the soft tissue swelling at the back of the leg. calix: Lt. = a wine-cup (plural - calices) alternative spelling calyx. callosum: Lt. callum = hard. callous Gk. = hard (AS callus) Callus a disorganized pattern of woven bone formed after a fracture. calotte: calvaria from which the base has been removed Calvaria (KAL-vai-reea) refers to the cranium w/o the facial bones attached. calvaria: Lt. calva = bald head, part of the skull containing the brain - i.e. cranium minus the facial skeleton. calyx: Lt. = a wine-cup (plural - calyces) found in the renal pelvis. canal: Lt. canalis = a water-pipe or canal. Canaliculus (kan’-al-LIK-yew-lus) a small channel w/n compact bone tissue that connects lacunae. pl. canaliculi. diminutive of canal. cancellous: adj.Lt. cancelli = grating or lattice. canine: adj.Lt. canis = dog. canthus: Gk. kanthos - angle b/n ends of rims. Capillary (kah-PIL-lar’-ee) a microscopic BVthat interconnects arterioles with venules. The capillary wall is a single cell layer in thickness, and is the only site of nutrient diffusion b/n the BS and body cells. capillary: Lt. capillaris = hair-like, a very thin BV. capitate: adj.having a caput from Lt. capitis = of a head (q.v.). capitulum: diminutive of caput, Lt. = head. Capsule (KAP-syoo-l) an enclosing membrane capsule: Lt. capsa = box, hence an enclosing sheet. caput: Lt. = head. Capitis - of a head, adj.- capitate = having a head (c.f. decapitate). 77 © A. L. Neill C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 81: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms caput medusae: Lt. caput = head, Medusa = Gk. mythical female with ugly and with snake like hair. Carcinoma (KAR-sin-oh-mah) cancer of epithelial origin carcinoma Lt. carcin = crab -oma = lump cardia: adj.Gk. kardia = heart. adj. cardium pertiaing to the heart adj. cardiac Cardiac muscle (KAR-dee-ahk MUS-ehl) one of 3 types of muscle tissue. It is characterized by striations and involuntary contractions, and makes up the bulk of the heart wall. cardinal: Lt. cardinalis = principal, of primary importance. Carina (KAR-rin-ah) the point of bifurcation of the 2 primary bronchi in the lung carina: Lt. = a keel. carneae: Lt. carnea = fleshy. (kar-nee) carotid: Grk karoo, = to put to sleep; compression of the common or internal carotid artery causes coma. carpus: Gk. = wrist, adj.- carpal. Cartilage (KAWR-tih-lehj) a type of CT characterized by the presence of a matrix containing a dense distribution of proteins and a thickened ground substance. The matrix is mainly secreted by chondroblasts. cartilage: Lt. = gristle; adj.- cartilaginous. caruncle: diminutive of Lt. caro = flesh, hence, a small fleshy elevation. cauda: Lt. = tail, adj.- caudate - having a tail. cauda equina: Lt. = a horse’s tail. caudal: Lt. cauda = tail, hence toward the tail, inferior (in human anatomy). note legs are inferior not caudal caudate: Lt. cauda = tail, hence having a tail. cava: Lt. cavum = cave, hollow. cavernous: Lt. containing caverns or cave-like spaces. Cavity: (KAV-it-ee) an open area or sinus within a bone or formed by 2 or more bones. (in dentistry a pathological hollow in the bone – tooth). cavity: Lt. cavitas = a hollow. cavum: Lt. = cave. cecum: Lt. = blind. (AS caecum) celiac: adj.Gk. koilia = belly. (AS coeliac) Cell the basic living unit of multicellular organisms. Cell body the portion of a neuron containing the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm. (also = the soma). © A. L. Neill 78 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 82: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z celom: Gk. koilos = a hollow (AS coelom) cen- general, common - new, recent (sen) centi- hundredth part, hundred (sen-tee) Central fovea (FO-vee-ah) a small depression in the center of the macula lutea of the retina. It contains cone cells (only), and is the area of optimal visual acuity (clearest vision). Central nervous system (CNS) A major division of the nervous system (NS) that contains the brain & spinal cord (SC). Central vein when pertaining to the liver, the central vein is a vein located in the center of a liver lobule that conveys blood from the hepatocytes to the hepatic vein. Centriole (SEHN-tree-ol) cylindrical structures within the cytoplasm of a cell, consisting of microtubules, which play a role in cell division. central: adj.Lt. centrum = centre. centrum: Lt. = centre. cephal- head Cephalic (KEF–al-ik) pertaining to the head cephalic: adj.Gk. kephale = head. cer- wax (ser) cerat- cornea /horny tissue (kerat) Cerebellum (ser’-eh-BELL-uhm) a functional region of the hindbrain located inferior to the cerebrum. It coordinates muscle movement. cerebellum: diminutive of Lt. cerebrum = brain. Cerebral cortex the outer layer of the cerebrum, which is composed of grey matter. Cerebrum (SER-ee-bruhm) the largest functional region of the brain, it is the convoluted mass that lies superior to all other parts of the brain. It is the main site of integration of sensory & motor impulses. cerebrum: Lt. = brain, adj.- cerebral. cerumen: Lt. cera = wax. cervical: adj.Lt. cervix = neck, pertaining to the neck. Cervix (SER-viks) the narrow, constricted, fibrous part of the uterus that is b/n the vagina & the body of the uterus. cervix: Lt. = neck, adj.- cervical. chancr- canerous, abnormal growth, rotting (kankr-) cheil- lip (cheel-) chiasma: Gk. kiasma = cross. (The Gk. letter chi = c). chiro- hand (kyro-) chol- gall, bile (kohl) cholang- bile vessel or passage (kohl-ange) 79 © A. L. Neill
Slide 83: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A chondra- cartilage (kondra-) chondral: adj.Gk. chondros = cartilage. B Chondrium (KON-dree- um) the cartilage adj. chondria, chondral Chondrocyte (KON-droh-site) a mature cartilage cell. C Chondroitin sulfate (kon-DROI-tin SUL-fate) a semisolid material D forming part of the EC matrix in certain CT. chorda: Lt. = cord. E chori- protective membrane (kor-ee-) Choroid (KO-royd) part of the vascular tunic covering of the eyeball. F It lines most of the internal surface of the sclera, forming the middle G layer of the wall of the eye. Choroid plexus (KO-royd PLEKS-sus) a mass of specialized capillaries H in the ventricles of the brain, from which CSF is produced. I choroid: adj.Gk. chorion = skin and eidos = shape or form, J hence, like a membrane. chrom- coloured (krohm-) K Chromatin (KROH-mah-tin) the mass of genetic material in the nucleus of a cell, consisting mostly of DNA. It is only visible during L interphase. M Chromosome (KRO-mo-som) one of the structures (46 in human cells) within the cell nucleus that contains genetic material. N Chromosomes become visible during cell division. O chron- time (kron-) chyle- digested fats (ky-lee) P chyle: Gk. = juice. also chyli: Gk. = juice. cili- eyelash (sil-ee) Q cilia- hair (sil-ee-ah) R ciliary: adj.Lt. cilia = eyelashes. Cilia (SIL-ee-ah) a hairlike process associated with a cell that is a S modification of the plasma membrane. Its movement generates a flow of fluid (usually mucus) in the extracellular environment. sing. = cilium. T cilium: Lt. = eyelid, hence, an eyelash; adj.- ciliary, or ciliated. pl. U - cilia V cine- movement (sin-ee) cingulum: Lt. girdle or belt, adj.- cingulate. W circum- around , surrounding circumflex: Lt. circum = around, and flexere = to bend, hence, X bend or bent around. Y cirrho- yellow, orange (si-roh) cis-on this side (sis) Z © A. L. Neill 80
Slide 84: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z cisterna: Lt. = a cistern. claustrum: Lt. clausum = closed, hence a barrier. clavicle: diminutive of Lt. clavis = key - old Roman keys were S- shaped. cleid- clavicle (klyde-) cleido: Gk., cleis = key, a combining form denoting relationship to the clavicle. cleist- closed (klyst-) clinoid: adj.Gk. kline = bed, eidos = shape or form, hence, like a bed-post. clist- closed clivus: Lt. = slope (c.f. declivity). co- with, together (koh) coccyx: Gk. kokkyx = cuckoo, whose bill the coccyx resembles. Cochlea (KOK-lee-ah) the portion of the inner ear which contains the receptors of hearing -the organ of Corti. cochlea: Lt. = snail, hence the spiral cochlea, adj.- cochlear. coeliac: adj.Gk. koilia = belly. (AS celiac) coen- general , common col-with, together coli: Lt. = of the colon. Collagen (KOL-a-jen) a protein that is an abundant component of CT. collateral: adj.Lt. con = together, and latus = side, hence, alongside. colli: genetive (possessive case) of collum, Lt. = neck colliculus: diminutive of Lt. collis = hill. collum: Lt. = neck (cf. collar). Colon (KOH-lun) the large intestine, containing the ascending, transverse, descending & sigmoid sections. colon: Gk. kolon = large intestine. colp- vaginal (kohlp) columna: Lt. = column, or pillar. com- together, with comitans: adj.Lt. = accompanying. commissure: Lt. con = together, and missum = sent, fibres which cross b/n symmetrical parts. communicans: adj.Lt. = communicating. Compact bone one of 2 types of bone tissue, it is characterized by a dense EC matrix filled with mineral salts and collagen arranged in lamellae that surround a central osteonic (Haversian) canal. (=dense bone). 81 © A. L. Neill
Slide 85: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms con- together, with (Kon) concha: Lt. = shell. pl. conchae pertaining to shell shapes as in the ear and nose Condyle (KON-dile) a rounded enlargement or process possessing an articular surface condyle: Gk. kondylos = knuckle. Cone cell a photoreceptor in the retina of the eye that is involved in colour vision and high visual acuity. conjunctiva: Lt. con = with, and junctus = joined (cf. junction), Connective tissue (kon-EK-tiv Tishh-ew) (CT) one of the 4 basic types of tissue in the body. It is characterized by an abundance of EC material with relatively few cells, and functions in the support and binding of body structures. conoid: Gk. konoeides = resembling a cone, cone shape constrictor: Lt. con = together, and strictum = drawn tight, hence, producing narrowing. contour: Gk. tornos = lathe, hence a line which turns - an outline. contra- opposite against contralateral: Lt. contra = against, latus = side, the opposite side (≠ ipsilateral) conus: Lt. = cone, conus medullaris - the lower end of the spinal cord. coracoid: adj. = like a crow’s beak. Cornea (KOR-nee-ah) the transparent, anterior portion of the fibrous tunic covering the eye, derived from 2 germinal layers.. cornea: Lt. cornu = horn, hence, the dense transparent tissue forming the front of the eyeball. corniculate: Lt. = shaped like a small horn. cornu: Lt. = horn. corona: Lt. = crown. adj.- coronary or coronal; hence a coronal plane is parallel to the main arch of a crown which passes from ear to ear (c.f. coronal suture). Corona radiata (koh-RO-nah ra-dee-AR-tah) several layers of follicle cells that form a protective mantle around the secondary oocyte. Coronal (kor-RO-nal) plane a plane that extends vertically to divide the body into anterior & posterior portions. also = the frontal plane. coronary: adj.Lt. = crown, hence, encircling like a crown. coronoid: adj.shaped like a crown. corp- body (korp) corpus: Lt. = body, pl.- corpora. pertaining to the body or the main part of the organ © A. L. Neill 82 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 86: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A Corpus luteum (KOR-puhs LOO-tee-uhm) a structure w/n the ovary B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z that forms from a ruptured Graafian follicle and functions as an endocrine gland by secreting female hormones. Corpuscle (KOR-puhs-ehl) used to describe a small body contained w/n a sac, as in red corpuscle (RBC) small package of haemoglobin (see also renal corpuscle) corpuscle: Lt. = a little body. corrugator: Lt. con = together, and ruga = wrinkle, hence a muscle that produces wrinkles. Cortex (KOR-tehks) the outer portion of an organ. (≠ medulla) cortex: Lt. = bark, adj.cortical. cost- rib (kost) costa: Lt. = rib. adj.- costal. coxa: Lt. = hip, hence os coxae = the hip bone. Cranium (KRAYN-ee-um) consists of all the bones of the skull with the exception of the mandible cranium: Gk. kranion = skull. adj. cranium cremaster: Gk. = suspender, hence the muscle which suspends the testis. Crenation (kre-NAY-shun) the shrinkage of a cell caused by contact with an hypotonic solution. Crest (KR-est) a narrow ridge cribriform: adj.Lt. cribrum = sieve, hence, sieve-like. cricoid: adj.ring-like, circular. crista: Lt. = crest, crista galli = the (median) crest of a cock. Cristae sensory organs of dynamic equilibrium, which are located w/n the ampullae of the inner ear. Crown the part of a tooth that is exposed, and covered with enamel. cruciate: adj.Lt. crux = cross, hence, crossed like the letter X. crur- leg (kroo-r) crus: Lt. = leg, plural - crura. cryo- cold freezing crypt- hidden, covered occult cubital: adj.Lt. cubitus = elbow. cuboid: adj.Gk. kuboides = cube-shaped. culmen: Lt. = summit (c.f. culminate). cuneate: adj.Lt. = a wedge. cuneiform: adj.Lt. cuneus = wedge, hence wedge-shaped. cuneus: Lt. = a wedge, adj.- cuneate. Cupula a gelatinous mass located w/n the ampullae of the inner ear. 83 © A. L. Neill
Slide 87: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms It shifts in response to changes in the position of the head. This shift generates an impulse, which is interpreted in the brain as dynamic equilibrium cupola: Lt. = little dome. / cupula: Lt. = little dome. (AS cupula ) cusp: Lt. cuspis = a pointed elevation. cutis- skin (kew-tis) cutaneous: adj.Lt. cutis = skin. Cutaneous (kew-TAY-nee-us) membrane one of the 3 types of epithelial membranes found in the body, it is also known as the skin. Cuticle (cew-Tic-le) a narrow region of stratum corneum at the proximal end of a nail (=eponychium) cymbo- boat shaped (sim-boh) cyrt- bent, curved cyst- sac bladder (sist-) cyst: Gk. kystis = bladder, adj.- cystic. cyt-cell (siteCytokinesis (SI-to-ky-nee-sis) the division of the cytoplasm as a part of the process in mitosis resulting in 2 equal daughter cells. Cytoplasm (SI-to-plazm) the material of a cell located w/n the plasma membrane & outside the nuclear membrane, containing the cellular organelles. Cytosol (SI-toh-sol) the thickened fluid of the cytoplasm. It lies outside the cellular organelle membranes. Cytoskeleton (si’-to-SKEHL-eh-ton) the complex supportive network of microtubules & microfilaments in the cytoplasm. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z © A. L. Neill 84
Slide 88: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B D dartos: Gk. = flayed or skinned. de- remove, undoing, reversal, depriving, freeing from dec- ten, tenth (dess) declive: Lt. declivitas = slope (cf. clivus). decussation: Lt. decussatus = crossed like the letter X. Deep a directional term meaning away from the surface of the body. (≠ superficial) Deep fascia (FASH-ee-ah) a sheet of CT covering the external surface of a muscle (also = the epimysium). deferens: adj.Lt. = carrying down. deglutition: Lt. deglutire = to swallow, hence the act of swallowing. dehiscence: Lt. de = away, hiscere = to gape, hence, a separation, a splitting away (as in wounds). deka- multiple of ten deltoid: adj. Gk. delta (D), the capital letter has a triangular shape (c.f. the delta of the Nile) dem- people, population (dem) demi- half (dem-ee) Dendrite (DEN-dryt) a cytoplasmic extension from the cell body of a neuron which carries a nerve impulse towards the cell body. dendrite: or dendron, Gk. = a tree, hence like the branches of a tree. dens: Lt. = tooth (c.f. dentist), adj.- dental. Dense irregular connective tissue a CT that contains an EC matrix densely populated with collagen fibers, which extend in irregular directions - found in the dermis of skin. Dense regular connective tissue a CT that contains a matrix densely populated with collagen fibers, which extend in parallel directions. It is the main component of tendons and ligaments. dent- teeth dentate: Lt. dens = tooth, hence, having a toothed margin. denticulate: Lt. dens = tooth, hence, having small tooth-like projections. Dentin (DEN-teen) the bonelike material forming the bulk of a tooth. dentine: from Lt. dens = tooth; the substance of the tooth surrounding the pulp. © A. L. Neill C dactyl- digit, finger, toe (dak-til) D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 85
Slide 89: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Deoxyribonucleic acid (dee-ohk’-see-ry-bo-nyoo-KLAY-ik AH-sihd) A (DNA) a nucleic acid in the shape of a double helix that contains the B genetic information necessary for protein synthesis. C depress: Lt. de = prefix implying descent, and pressum = pressed, hence to press down depression = downward movement or a concavity on a surface. D Depressor (DEE-press-ohr) muscle which pushes down (≠ levator) E dermatome: Gk. derma = skin, tome = a cutting or division, a F segment of skin supplied by a single spinal ganglion. derm- skin G Dermis (DER-mis) the layer of the skin lying deep to the epidermis H and composed of dense irregular CT. dermis: Gk. = skin, adj.- dermal. I Descending colon (dee-SEN-ding KO-lun) the segment of the large intestine b/n the transverse colon & the sigmoid colon. (= Left colon). J detrusor: Lt. detrusio = thrust away. K desmo- ligament deuter- secondary, second L di- two, twice, double, reversal, separation, apart from M dia- through across, between, apart, complete diaphragm: Gk. dia = across, and phragma = wall, hence, a N partition, adj-diaphragmatic (see phrenic). O Diaphysis (di-AH-fih-sihs) the shaft of a long bone. diaphysis: Gk. dia = apart, and physis = growth, hence the body P of a long bone b/n the growing regions near the ends. diastole: Gk. dia = apart, and stellein = sending, hence sending Q the walls of the heart apart, i.e. relaxation or dilatation. adj.R diastolic. diencephalon: Gk. dia = between, & enkephalos = brain, in S general the structures surrounding the 3rd ventricle. T adj.- diencephalic. digastric: adj.Gk. dia = double, & gaster = belly, hence, 2-bellied U (as in muscles). V digit: Lt. digitus = a finger or toe, usually excepting the pollex (thumb) or hallux (big toe), adj.- digital. W diplo- double, twin diplopia: Gk. diploos = double, and opsis = vision, hence double X vision. Y diploë: Gk. = fold, the cancellous bone b/n the inner and outer tables of the skull, adj.- diploic. Z © A. L. Neill 86
Slide 90: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A dis-apart from, two, twice, double , reversal, separation, B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z difficult, wrong discus: Lt. = disc. Dissection (DYE-sek-shon) to cut up to carve in a systematic way dissection: Lt. disssecare = to cut up, from dis = apart, sectum = cut (c.f. anatomy). Distal (DIS-tahl) away from the middle of the body or the axis or core of the body proximal distal: adj. Lt. di = apart, and stans = standing, hence, standing apart, implying farther from a given point. Distal convoluted tubule a segment of the renal tubule (of the kidney nephron) that extends from the loop of Henle to the collecting duct. Its pathway is very twisted. diverticulum: Lt. = by-road, hence a blind tubular process or sac. Dorsal (DOR-sal) a directional term indicating toward the back side, or posterior. dorsal: adj.Lt. dorsum = back. Dorsal root the sensory branch of a spinal nerve which connects with the SC. dorsum: Lt. = back. ductus: Lt. = duct. Ductus deferens (DUK-tuhs DEF-er-ehnz) the tube that conducts sperm from the epididymis in the testes to the ejaculatory duct. (also = vas deferens, and seminal duct). duo- two Duodenum (dew-OH-den-uhm) the first segment of the small intestine extending from the pyloric valve to the jejunum. duodenum: Lt. duodenarius = twelve, because it is 12 fingerbreadths long. dura: adj.Lt. = hard (cf. durable); dura mater, the tough covering membrane of the CNS. dy- two dynam- power energy (dye-nam) Dynamic equilibrium the sensation of rapid movements, mostly of the head. dysphagia: Gk. dys = difficult, and phagein = to eat, hence, difficulty in swallowing. dys- difficult painful abnormal 87 © A. L. Neill
Slide 91: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms E e- outside, external, out, protrude, over, away, less ec- outside, out, to protrude over, away, less / house Eccrine (EHK-rihn) a type of sweat gland that functions in the maintenance of body temperature. ecto- outer, out of place echin- spine or thornlike processes (ee-kine) Ectoderm (EHK-toh-derm) one of 3 primary germ layers in the developing embryo. It gives rise to the NS & to the epidermis and its derivatives. ectoderm: Gk. ektos = outside, and derm = skin, hence, the outermost germ layer of the embryo. - ectomy to cut out, excise surgically ectopic: Gk. ek = out, and topos = place, hence out of place. edge: border or margin of a surface. ef- outside out to protrude over away less efferent: adj.Lt. ex = out, and ferens = carrying, hence, conducting from. Efferent arteriole (EHF-er-ehnt ar-TEER-ee-ole) an arteriole that transports blood away from the glomerulus of a nephron (in the kidney). Efferent ductules (DUK-tew-lz) small coiled tubes that transport sperm from the rete testis to the epididymis. ejaculatory: Lt. ex = out, and jacere = to throw, hence throwing out. Elastic cartilage a type of cartilage (CT) that contains large numbers of elastic fibers in a more opaque matrix- present in the external ear, & parts of the larynx. Elasticity (ee-lahs-TIH-sih-tee) the physiological property of tissue to return to its original shape after extension or contraction. elbow: the junction between arm and forearm. elevate: Lt. elevatus = raised up, hence, to raise up, and elevation = a raised part ≠ depress. em- within inside into in on emboliformis: adj.Gk. embolus = wedge or blocking matter. Embryo (EHM-bree-oh) in the human - the developing organism during the first 8 weeks of life after fertilization. embryo: Gk. en = within, and bryein = to swell or grow, the early stage of intrauterine development. © A. L. Neill 88 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 92: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A emet- vomiting B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z eminence: Lt. eminens = projecting, hence, a projection (usually smooth). emissary: adj.Lt. e = out, and emissum = sent out; emissary vein, one connecting intra- with extra-cranial venous channels. en- within inside in on Enamel (ee-NAM-ehl) the hardened outer covering on the crown of a tooth. encephalon: Gk. en = within, and kephalos = head, hence, the brain. endo- within inside into on endocardium: Gk. endo = within, and kardia = heart, the endothelial lining of the chambers of the heart. endocranium: Gk. endo = within, and kranion = skull, the outer endostial layer of the dura mater. Endocardium (ehn-doh-CARD-ih-um) the innermost layer of cells in the heart chambers (see endothelium) Endochondral ossification (ehn-do-KOHN-dral OS’-if-iKA-shun) where bone tissue develops by replacing hyaline cartilage. endocranium : Gk. = within, the skull adj. endocranial endocrine: Gk. endo = within, : krinein = to separate, organs that ductlessly secrete products into the BS. Endocrine gland (EHN-do-krihn gland) one of two main categories of glands, here the cellular products are secreted into the extracellular space and transported by the BS. (also = ductless glands). Endocytosis (ehn’-do-sih-TO-sihs) the active process of bulk transport of material into a cell. It includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Endoderm (EN-do-derm) one of the 3 primary germ layers in an embryo, it begins as the inner layer, later forms the organs of the alimentary canal (GIT) & the respiratory tract. endoderm: Gk. endo = within, and derm = skin, hence, the germ layer of the embryo that gives rise to the organs of the GIT, respiratory system and the lining of the BVs. endolymph: Gk. endo = within, and Lt. lympha = clear water, hence the fluid within the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear. Endometrium (EN-do MEE-tree-uhm) the innermost layer of the uterine wall. The endometrium undergoes changes in response to female hormones, resulting in a 28-day cycle involving menstruation during which much of the endometrium is sloughed off to be rebuilt again. 89 © A. L. Neill
Slide 93: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms endometrium: Gk. endo = within, and metra = uterus, hence the mucosal lining of the uterine cavity. Endomysium (ehn’-do-MY-see-uhm) the deepest layer of CT associated with muscle. It surrounds individual muscle fibers. Endoneurium (ehn’-do-NEW-ree-uhm) the deepest layer of CT associated with a nerve. It surrounds individual nerve fibers (myelinated axons of neurons). Endoplasmic reticulum (ehn’-do-PLAZ-mik reh-TIHK-yew-lum) (ER) a cytoplasmic organelle that consists of a series of tubules with a hollow center. It functions in the transport of cellular products (smooth ER), and as a site for protein synthesis (if ribosomes are attached, called rough ER) (see also Sarcoplasmic reticulum specially adapted for muscle fibres). Endosteum (ehn-DOS-tee-uhm) a membrane lining the medullary cavity w/n a bone & containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Endothelium (ehn’-do-THEE-lee-uhm) a layer of simple squamous epithelium lining the inside of BVs & the heart chambers (see endocardium). endothelium: Gk. endo = within, & thele = the nipple; squamous epithelium lining the heart and BVs. ent- within, inner enter- to do with the gut, intestines Eosinophil (ee’-oh-SIHN-oh-fihl) a type of granulated WBC characterized by a cytoplasm which absorbs the eosin stain. ependyma: Gk. = an upper garment. It may refer to a vest or singlet, ie. an under-garment, hence, the lining membrane of the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the SC. ep- upon, in addition to, beside among, on the outside, over Ependymal (eh-PEN-di-mal) cells a type of neuroglial cells in the brain that line the ventricles. (also = ependymocytes). epi-upon, in addition to, beside, among, on the outside, over epicanthus: Gk. epi = upon, and kanthos = corner, hence, the fold of skin over the inner angle of the upper eyelid, a normal characteristic in certain races, & a congenital anomaly in others. Epicardium (epi-KAR-dee-um) the thin outer layer of the heart wall. (also = visceral pericardium) epicardium: Gk. epi = upon, and kardia = heart, visceral layer of serous pericardium covering the heart. epicondyle: Gk. epi = upon, and kondylos = knuckle, a prominence on a condyle of the humerus/femur. © A. L. Neill 90 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 94: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z epicranial: adj.Gk. epi = upon, & kranion = skull, epicranial aponeurosis (galea) joining frontalis to occipitalis muscles. Epidermis (epi-DERM-ihs) the superficial layer of skin composed of stratified squamous epithelium. epidermis: Gk. epi = upon, and derm = skin, hence, the most external layer of the skin. Epididymis (epi-DID-imus) an organ in the male reproductive system that consists of a coiled tube located within the scrotum. epididymis: Gk. epi = upon, and didymos = testis, hence, the organ perched posterosuperior to the testis. epidural: adj.Gk. epi = upon, Lt. dura = tough, hence, external to dura mater. epigastrium: Gk. epi = upon, and gaster = belly, hence, the upper median zone of the abdomen. Epiglottis (epi-GLOHT-ihs) a part of the larynx that consists of a leafshaped piece of hyaline cartilage which forms a movable lid over the opening into the trachea, called the glottis. epiglottis: Gk. epi = upon, and glottis = larynx, hence the uppermost part of the larynx. Epimysium (epi’-MI-see-uhm) the outer layer of CT associated with muscle, it surrounds the whole muscle. (see deep fascia). epimysium: Gk. epi = upon, and mys = muscle; the CT surrounding an entire muscle. Epineurium (epi-NEW-ree-uhm) the outermost layer of CT associated with a nerve. It surrounds the whole nerve. Epiphyseal (epi-FIS-EE-al) line a line of calcified bone visible in a section through bone that is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate. Epiphyseal plate a region of cartilage b/n the epiphysis & diaphysis producing growth in the length of a bone. Epiphysis (ep-IF-ih-sihs) the end of a long bone that contains spongy bone tissue, surrounded by compact bone epiphysis: Gk. epi = upon, and physis = growth, the end of a long bone beyond the cartilaginous growth disc, adj.- epiphysial. epiploic: adj.Gk. epiploon = a net, which the greater omentum resembles (+ entrapped fat globules). episi- to do with the vulva (ep-ee-zee) Epithelial (epi-THEE-lee-al) tissue one of 3 primary tissue types, it is characterized by a close arrangement of cells with little intercellular material. (also = epithelium). 91 © A. L. Neill
Slide 95: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A epithelium: Gk. epi = upon, & thele = the nipple;cell layer lining the body’s internal & external surfaces. epithelium of the B gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. C Eponychium (ehp’-o-NIHK-ee-uhm) a narrow region of stratum corneum at the proximal end of a nail. (= cuticle). D equi- equal erector: Lt. erectus = straight or upright. E erg- work F -ergy action erigentes: pl., Lt. erigere = to erect. G erythr- red H Erythrocyte (eh-RITH-ro-site) a synonym for red blood cell. eso- within I Esophagus (eh-SOHF-ah-guhs) a tubular segment of the alimentary J canal b/n the pharynx & the stomach. (AS Oesophagus) ethmoid: adj.Gk. ethmos = sieve, and eidos = shape or form, K hence, like a sieve; an unpaired skull bone. eu- good, normal, well, easily L eury- broad, wide M eversion: Lt. e = out, and versum = turned, hence turned outwards. N ex- to protrude, outside, out, over, away, less Excretion (ehk-SKREE-shuhn) the process by which metabolic waste O materials are removed from a cell, a tissue, or an entire body. P exo- outside, outer layer, out of Exocrine (EHK-so-krihn) gland, one of two main categories of glands, Q here the cellular products are released into ducts then transported to a R body surface or into a body cavity. Exocytosis (ehk’-so-sih-TO-sihs) the active cellular process by which S materials are transported out of a cell and into the extracellular T environment. exophthalmos: Gk. exo = out, and ophthalmos = eye, hence, U prominent eyeball. extend: Lt. extendo = extend/stretch out, extension = extended or V straightened; ≠ flexed or bent. W external: adj. Lt. externus = outward, hence, further from the inside. External auditory canal the epidermal-lined tube of the external X ear, extending from the auricle to the tympanic membrane. It passes Y through the hole in the temporal bone called the external auditory meatus. Z © A. L. Neill 92
Slide 96: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A External ear the outer part of the ear, which consists of the B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z appendage known as the auricle, the external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane (see Pinna). extra- outside of out over beyond, in addition to, Extracellular environment (EKS-trah-CEHL-yew-lar en-VI-ROHmehnt) the body space outside the plasma membrane of cells. Extracellular fluid (ECF) the fluid outside the plasma membrane of cells, including interstitial fluid and blood plasma. extraperitoneal: adj.Lt. extra = outside, Gk. peri = around and teinein = stretched, outside the serous membrane stretched around the inside of the abdominal wall and around the viscera. extrapyramidal: Lt. extra = outside, and pyramidal (q.v.), hence descending nerve tracts that do not traverse the pyramids of the medulla. extrinsic: Lt. extrinsecus = from without, hence (usually) a muscle (usually) originating outside the part on which it acts. 93 © A. L. Neill
Slide 97: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms F fabella: diminutive of Lt. faba = a bean, a sesamoid bone found in the lateral head of gastrocnemius. Facet (FAS-set) a small joint surface or smooth boney surface facet: Lt. facies = face, a small smooth bony surface, ± coated with articular/joint cartilage, the site of a tendinous attachment (c.f. a facet on a diamond). faci- to do with the face (fasi) facilitate: Lt. facilis = easy, hence, to make easy. falciform: adj.Lt. falx = a sickle, and forma = form, hence, shaped like a sickle. Falx (FALKs) as in sickle-shaped or curved used in the brain mainly, adj. falciform (FALS-ee-form) falx: Lt. = sickle, hence, the sickle-shaped falx cerebri and falx cerebelli, adj.- falciform. fasci- band, conncteion (fashi-) Fascia (FASH-ee-ah) a sheet or band of dense CT that structurally supports organs and tissues. Deep fascia surrounds muscle tightly, and superficial fascia separates the skin and muscle layers often loose, variable . fascia: Lt. = band or bandage, hence the fibrous wrapping of muscles - deep fascia, or the subcutaneous layer of fatty CT superficial fascia, adj. fascial. Fascicle (FAS-ih-kul) A bundle of skeletal muscle fibers (cells) that forms a part of a muscle. fasciculus: diminutive of Lt. fascis = bundle, hence, a bundle of nerve or muscle fibres. Fat a lipid compound formed from one molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids. It is the body’s most concentrated form of energy, and also serves to insulate from external temperature changes. It is stored w/n cells comprising adipose tissue. fauces: Lt. = throat, adj.- faucial. febri- fever femur: Lt. = thigh, adj.- femoral. pl. femora fenestra: Lt. = window. Fetus (FEE-tuhs) the early developmental stage from 8 weeks after fertilization to birth. (AS Foetus) fetus: the developing mammal in utero; in Man, after the 2nd month in utero, adj.- foetal or fetal. © A. L. Neill 94 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 98: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z fibre: Lt. fibra = a fibre, adj. Lt. fibrosus = fibrous. fibril: diminutive of Lt. fibra = a fibre. Fibrin (FI-brihn) an insoluble protein in the blood, formed from fibrinogen & required for blood clotting. Fibrinogen (fi-BRIHN-o-jehn) a large plasma protein, the precursor of fibrin. It is converted to fibrin by thrombin. Fibroblast (FI-bro-blahst) a large cell in CT that manufactures much of the extracellular material. Fibrocartilage a type of cartilage (CT), which is distinguished from other cartilages by the small size and numbers of chondrocytes and lacunae, differential staining, and close resemblance to dense regular CT. It is found in the intervertebral discs particularly the outer ring. Fibrous tunic the outer wall of the eyeball that is composed of dense CT, it contains the sclera & the cornea. fibula: Lt. = brooch, which the tibia and fibula resemble, the fibula is the movable pin fila- threadlike thread filament: Lt. filamentum = a delicate fibre, adj.- filamentous. filum: Lt. = a thread. Filum terminale - a thread of pia continuous with the lower end of the SC. fimbria: Lt. = a fringe, fimbria hippocampi, a scalloped band of fibres alongside the hippocampus. Fissure (FISH-er) a narrow gap or slit or furrow fissure: Lt. = a cleft. fixator: Lt. fixus = fixed, hence, a muscle which fixes a part. flaccid: adj.Lt. flaccidus = weak or slack. flavum: adj.Lt. flavus = yellow. flex: Lt. flexum = bent, flexor, a muscle which bends a part of the body, & flexion = the act of flexing insert the unequals sign extension. Flagellum (flaw-JEHL-uhm) a single, long extension of a cell composed of protein filaments to provide mobility. In human cells, it is found only in sperm cells. flav- yellow flexure: Lt. flexura = a bending. flocculus: diminutive of Lt. floccus, a tuft. resembling a picture of a little cloud, with a woolly top and a flat base, as in flocculus cerebelli. Foetus (FEE-tuhs) the early developmental stage from 8 weeks after fertilization to birth. (AS Fetus) 95 © A. L. Neill
Slide 99: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms foetus: the developing mammal in utero; in man, after the 2nd month in utero, adj.- foetal AS fetal. folia: plural of Lt. folium = leaf. follicle: Lt. folliculus = a little bag, adj.- follicular. fontanelle: French diminutive of Lt. fons = fountain, associated with the palpable pulsation of the brain in the anterior fontanelle of an infant. Foramen (FOR-ay-men) a natural hole or passage in a bone usually for the transmission of BVs or Ns foramen: Lt. = hole. pl. foramina forceps: Lt. = tongs. fore- front or before forearm: the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist. fornix: Lt. = arch (hence fornication, because the Roman prostitutes plied their profession beneath the arches of the bridges over the river Tiber). Fossa (FOS-ah) a pit, depression or concavity on a bone or formed by several bones fossa: Lt. = a ditch or trench, hence a concavity in bone, or an organ, or on a lining surface. fovea: Lt. = a pit (usually smaller than a fossa). Fovea centralis (FO-vee-aw cehn-TRAL-ihs) the region of the retina consisting of cone cells only (no rod cells), it is the area of highest visual acuity (sharpness of vision) a small depression on the retina. foveola: diminutive of fovea. fract- break frenulum: diminutive of frenum. frenum: Lt. = bridle or curb. frontal: adj. Lt. frontis = of the forehead, or coronal. Frontal plane a plane that extends in a verticle direction dividing the human body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions. (also = the coronal plane). Fundus a large, expanded compartment w/n the stomach serving as a temporary storage area for ingested food material. fundus: Lt. = bottom or base. (note that the fundus of the stomach & uterus are at the top, and the fundus of the eye & of the bladder are posterior!). adj.fundiform funiculus: diminutive of Lt. funis = cord (used usually for bundles of nerve fibres). fus- spindle (fewze-) fusiform: adj.Lt. fusus = spindle, hence, spindle-shaped. © A. L. Neill 96 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 100: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B G the liver that stores bile. galli: genetive (possessive case) of Lt. = cock, hence, crista galli, the cock’s comb. gallus: Lt. = cock, hence, crista galli, the cock’s comb. Gamete (ga-MEET) a sex cell. It may be male (sperm cell) or female (oocyte). gamma: the 3rd letter of the Gk. alphabet, used in sequence alpha, beta, gamma, delta, etc. Ganglion (GANG-lee-ohn) a cluster of neuron cell bodies located outside the CNS. ganglion: Gk. = swelling, referring to a peripheral collection of nerve cells, adj.- ganglionic. Gastric (GAHS-trihk) gland any one of several types of glands in the stomach mucosa that contributes to the gastric juice. gastric: Gk. gaster = belly or stomach adj. gastro. Gastro (GAS-troh) pertaining to the stomach Gastrocnemius (GAS-troc-neem-uhs) the muscle belly in the calf gastrocnemius: Gk. gaster = belly, and kneme = leg, hence, the bulging muscle of the calf. gelatus = frozen. gelatin: Lt. gelatina = congeal material derived from partial hydrolysis of skin collagen. gemellus: Lt. diminutive of geminus = twin. genial: adj.Gk. geneion = chin. geniculate: Lt. geniculare = to flex the knee, hence, a bent knee. geniculum: Lt. geniculare = (jen-ew) the knee. genital: adj.Lt. genitalis = reproductive, hence, genitalia, the sexual organs. genu: Lt. = knee. Germinal (JER-mih-nal) epithelium a layer of epithelial cells covering the ovaries. Gestation (jehs-TA-shuhn) the period of development prior to birth. gestation: Gk. ges = carry giganto- huge gingiva: Lt. = gum (of tooth). girdle: a ring of bones which may be complete or incomplete hence the pelvic girdle is complete and the pectoral girdle is not 97 © A. L. Neill C Gallbladder (GAWL-blahd-er) a small saclike organ located beneath D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 101: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms glabella: diminutive of Lt. glaber = bald, i.e. smooth, bony prominence between the eyebrows. gladiolus: diminutive of L. gladius = a sword, i.e. a small sword, applied to the body of the sternum. Gland a specialization of epithelial tissue to secrete substances. It may consist of a single cell or a multicellular arrangement. gland: Lt. glans = an acorn, adj.- glandular; a secreting organ. glandula: diminutive of Lt. glans = acorn, hence a little gland. Glandular epithelium epithelial tissue whose primary function is secretion; it is the prominent tissue forming endocrine & exocrine glands. glans: Lt. = acorn. glans penis at the end of the penis - looks like an acorn glenoid: adj.Gk. glene = socket, and eidos = shape or form. glia: Gk. = glue, hence, an adhesive CT. globus: Lt. = a globe. Glomerulus (glo-MEHR-oo-luhs) one of many specialized capillary networks located in the kidney cortex, each of which is encapsulated by a Bowman’s capsule. It is part of the kidney nephron, & is the site of kidney filtration. glomerulus: Lt. glomerare = to roll up, from glomus = a ball of thread (c.f. conglomeration). or knot glossal: adj.Gk. glossa = tongue. glottic: adj.Gk. = larynx. glottis: Gk. = larynx, hence, the boundaries of rima glottidis. Gluteal (GLOO-tee-al ) to do with the rump buttock behind adj. gluteus (GLOO-tee-us) gluteal: adj.Gk. gloutos = rump or buttock. gluteus: Gk. gluteos = rump or buttock. 1of 3 muscles of the buttock, adj. - gluteal. gnath- jaw (na-th) Goblet cell a unicellular gland often in the shape of a goblet that secretes mucus. (also = a mucus cell). Golgi apparatus (GOL-jee ahp’-ah-RAHT-uhs) a cellular organelle characterized by a series of flattened, hollow cisternae. It serves as a site of anabolic activities. Gonad (GO-nahd) an organ that produces gametes and sex H. In the male it is the testes, and in the female it is the ovaries. gon- sexual goni- corner © A. L. Neill 98 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 102: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A gony- knee B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z gonad: Gk. = reproduction, hence a gland producing gametes ovary or testis, adj. - gonadal. Graafian follicle: a mature ovarian follicle that contains a single oocyte. The Graafian follicle secretes the female hormone estrogen. Following ovulation, it changes form to become the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. gracile: adj. Lt. gracilis = slender. granul- grain (gran-ewl) granulation: diminutive of Lt. granum = a grain, hence a little grain gravid: adj. Lt. gravida = pregnant. gravis- heavy Grey matter Nerve tissue in the brain and SC that contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, & nonmyelinated axons, and therefore appears grey or non-white in colour. griseum: adj. Lt. griseus = bluish or pearly grey. gubernaculum: Lt. something which governs or directs, like a rudder (c.f. gubernatorial). Gustation (guhs-TA-shuhn) the sense of taste. gustatory: adj. Lt. gustatio = taste, hence, pertaining to the sense of taste. Gustatory organ: a special sensory organ that contains chemoreceptors providing the sense of taste, or gustation. (also = taste buds) They are mainly located on the tongue & embedded w/n papillae. Gyrus (g-eye-rus) the elevation of neural tissue in the brain, opposite of sulcus the depression in the brain b/n each gyri. gyrus: Gk. gyros = circle, hence a coil of brain cortex. pl. gyri gymno- nakedness gyn- female (g-eye-n) Compact bone 99 © A. L. Neill
Slide 103: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms H habenula: diminutive of Lt. habena = rein. Haeme = blood (AS Heme) Haematocrit (hee-MAT-o-krit) the percentage of RBCs in a sample of blood, which is determined by centrifuging the sample and measuring the RBC volume relative to other blood components. Haematopoiesis (heem’-ah-to-poy-EE-sihs) The production of blood cells in the red bone marrow. (= haemopoiesis. AS hematopoiesis) Haemoglobin (HEE-mo-glo-bihn) a complex protein in RBCs involved in the transport of oxygen & carbon dioxide. (AS hemoglobin) Haemolysis (hee-MOL-ih-sihs) the bursting of a RBC resulting from disruption of the plasma membrane by toxins, freezing or thawing, or exposure to a hypotonic solution. (AS hemolysis) Haemostasis (hee’-mo-STA-sihs) the stoppage of bleeding. haemorrhoid: Gk. haema = blood, and rheo = to flow, hence likely to bleed, hence haemorrhoids are the extrusion of gut BVs through the anus. These have little or no muscle and so bleeding can be profuse. Hair a threadlike outgrowth of the skin that is composed of columns of keratinized cells. Hair follicle a cluster of epithelial tissue surrounding the root of a hair where the hair originates. hallux- big toe (hal-uhcs) hallux: Lt. hallex = great toe (hallucis = of the great toe). hamate: adj. Lt. hamus = a hook, hence, hooked. hamstrings: the tendons of the muscles of the ham - ie. of the back of the thigh - felt behind the knee when the leg is flexed against resistance (semimembranosus, semitendinosus and biceps femoris). hamulus: diminutive of Lt. hamus = hook. hapl- single haustra: Lt. = saccules. Haversian system (see osteon) smallest functioning unit of bone. Heart the hollow muscular organ within the thoracic cavity that propels blood through the circulatory network. hecl- ulcer (hels) helicine: Gk. helix = a coil, spiral. helix: Gk. = coil. hemi- half (hem-ee) © A. L. Neill 100 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 104: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z hemianopia: Gk. hemi = half, an = negative, opsis = vision, hence loss of half of the field of vision. hemianopsia: Gk. hemi = half, an = negative, opsis = vision, hence loss of half of the field of vision. hemiparesis: Gk. hemi = half, paresis = paralysis, used usually to denote weakness rather than paralysis. hemiplegia: Gk. hemi = half, plegia = stroke, hence, paralysis of one half of the body. hemisphere: Gk. hemi = half, sphaira = ball, hence, half of a sphere. hepar: Gk. = liver, adj.- hepatic. Hepatic (heh-PAT-ik) pertaining to the liver. hepatic: adj.Gk. hepar = the liver. Hepatocytes (heh-PAT-OH-cites) Liver cells. hernia: Lt. = a protrusion, adj.- hernial. heter- other, different, abnormal ≠ homo hex- six hiatus: Lt. = a gap (like that between some people’s ears). hidr- sweat hier- to do with the sacrum hilum: Lt. = the point of attachment of a seed, hence the part of an organ where the vessels and nerves are attached; adj.-hilar. hindbrain: the part of the brain below tentorium cerebelli, ie medulla oblongata + pons + cerebellum. hip: the lateral prominence of the hip bone and greater trochanter. hippocampus: Gk. hippokampos = a sea-horse, the curled shape of the hippocampus in coronal section hist- tissues Histology (HIHS-toh-lo-jee) the microscopic study of tissues. histology Lt. = pictures, ology = the study of, hence the study of pictures Horizontal plane a plane that extends perpendicular to the length of the body dividing it into superior and inferior portions. (also = transverse plane). holo- entire homo- same (hoh-moh) homeo- same, common, like (hoh-me-oh) homologous: adj. Gk. homos = same, & logos = word, parts with similar morphologys but different functions. 101 © A. L. Neill
Slide 105: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms horizontal: adj.- parallel to the horizon. horm- to urge, to stimulate Hormone (HOR-mone) a substance secreted by endocrine tissue that changes the physiological activity of the target cell. horn: a projection, often pointed. humer- to do with the arm, upper arm (hew-mer) humerus: Lt. = the arm-bone. humour: Lt. humor = liquid, hence the aqueous & vitreous humour of the eyeball. hyal- glass hyaline: adj.Gk. hyalos = glassy. Hyaline cartilage (HY-al-ine) a type of CT that contains chondrocytes embedded w/n lacunae, both of which are surrounded by a dense, semitranslucent matrix of collagen fibers & glycosaminoglycans. Hyaline cartilage is found in: tracheal and bronchial walls, the costal cartilages, the nose, the endos of all syovial joints and the larynx. hydr- water hydrocephalus: Gk. hydor = water, koilos = head. (c.f. cephalic). hygr- water hymen: Gk. = membrane; across the virginal vagina. hyoid: adj.Gk. = U-shaped. hyper - excessive ≠ hypo hyperacusis: Gk. hyper = over, and akousis = hearing, hence excessive sensitivity to sound. hypoglossal: adj. Gk. hypo = under, and glossa = tongue. Hyperplasia (HI’-per-PLAY-zee-ah) an increased production & growth of cells beyond normal limits. Hypertonic (HI’-pehr-TOHN-ihk) the state of a solution having a greater concentration of dissolved particles than the solution it is compared to (≠ hypotonic). Hypertrophy (hi’-PEHR-tro-fee) the abnormal enlargement or growth of a cell, tissue, or organ. ≠ hypo- deficient below under≠ hyper Hypodermis (hi’-po-DEHRM-ihs) the area of the body b/n the dermis of the skin and skeletal muscle hypophysis: Gk. hypo = down, physis = growth, hence, a downgrowth (from the brain). However, this is not the whole truth. Part of this gland is an upgrowth from the pharynx, adj.hypophysial. (=pituitary) Hyposecretion (hi’-po-see-KREE-shuhn) the diminished secretion of a product by a gland. © A. L. Neill 102 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 106: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A Hypothalamus (hi’-po-THAHL-aw-muhs) the small, inferior portion of B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z the diencephalon in the brain. It functions mainly in the control of involuntary activities, including endocrine gland regulation, sleep, thirst, and hunger. hypothalamus: Gk. hypo = under, and thalamus (q.v.), refers to part of diencephalon. Hypotonic (hi’-po-TON-ik) the state of a solution having a lower concentration of dissolved particles that the solution it is compared to (≠ hypertonic). hyster- uterine (hister-) hystero: Gk hyster to do with the uterus thought to be the seat of all female emotion, hence adj.- hysterical pertains to female emaotions- over exhibitionistic emotion, noun. hysteria. 103 © A. L. Neill
Slide 107: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms I iatr- to treat (ee-at-rah) icter- jaundice (ikter) ile- pertaining to the ileum Ileum (IHL-ee-uhm) the distal segment of the small intestine. ileum: Gk. eilein = twisted. adj.- ileal. ili- pertaining to the flank or the leg ilium: Lt. the bone of the flank, adj.- iliac. im- in, into, on, onto, not, non ima: adj. Lt. = lowest, hence artery thyroidea ima lowest artery to the thyroid . impar: Lt. = unpaired. in- in, into, on, onto, not, non In vitro (ihn VEE-tro) outside the body, such as in a culture bottle. In vivo (ihn VEE-vo) inside the living body. incisor: Lt. incisum = cut up. incisura: Lt. = notch. incus: Lt. = anvil, hence the anvil-shaped ossicle of the middle ear. index: Lt. = a pointer, hence, the fore-finger. adj. indicis indusium: Lt. = tunic. infero- low, lower Inferior (ihn-FER-ee-or) a directional term describing a location further from the head than something else. inferior: adj.Lt. = lower down, hence, farther from the head end. infra- below, beneath infra: Lt. = below. Infundibulum (ihn’-fuhn-DIB-yoo-lum) the narrow connection b/n the hypothalamus of the brain & the pituitary gland, also, the funnelshaped distal end of the uterine tube which opens near an ovary. infundibulum: Lt. = funnel and the fluid opening in the Left ventricle. inguin- pertaining to the groin inguinal: adj.Lt. inguen = groin. inhibition: Lt. inhibitus = restrained, hence, reduction of the excitability of a synapse. innervate: Lt. in = into, and nervus = nerve, hence, to supply a nerve to a part. © A. L. Neill 104 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 108: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z innominate: Lain in = not, and nomen = name, hence, without a name, hence innominate bone = unnamed bone generally referring to the hip. insert: Lt. insertio = to join into, implant, hence, to attach; noun insertion. inspection: Lt. inspectus = examined, hence, visual examination. insul- island insula: Lt. = island. Integumentary (ihn-tehg’-yoo-MEHN-tar-ee) pertaining to the skin & its accessory organs. integument: Lt. in = on, tegmen = roof, hence the skin coat. inter- between intercalated: adj. Lt. inter = between, and calatum = inserted, hence interposed. Intercalated disk (ihn-ter’-kaw-LA-ted dihsk) a transverse thickening of a cardiac muscle cell’s sarcolemma at its boundary with an adjacent cell. It aids in the conduction of an impulse from one cardiac cell to another. Intercellular (ihn’-tehr-SEHL-yoo-lar) the area b/n cells. interdigitate: Lt. inter = between, and digitus = a digit, hence, to interlock - like fingers. Internal (ihn-TER-nawl) a directional term describing a location deep to the surface of the skin relative to something else. internal: adj.Lt. internus = inward, hence, nearer the inside. interstitial: adj.Lt. inter = between, and sistum = set, hence, set between. Interstitial cells (ihn’-ter-STIH-shuhl) cells in the testes located b/n seminiferous tubules that secrete testosterone. (= cells of Leydig). Interstitial fluid (ihn’-tehr-STIH-shuhl FLOO-ihd) the portion of extracellular fluid which fills the tissue spaces b/n cells. (= tissue fluid and intercellular fluid). Intervertebral disk (ihn’-tehr-VEHR-teh-brahl disk) a cartilaginous joint consisting of a pad of fibrocartilage located b/n two adjacent vertebrae. Intestinal gland (ihn-TEHS-tihn-awl glahnd) a tubular gland in the mucosa of the small intestine which secretes digestive enzymes. (= crypt of Leiberkuhn). intestine: Lt. intestinum = the digestive tube beyond the stomach. intima: Lt. = innermost. intra- within 105 © A. L. Neill
Slide 109: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms intra: Lt. = within. Intracellular (ihn’-traw-SEHL-yoo-lar) the space w/n a cell ≠ intercellular fluid ≠ extracellular fluid. Intracellular fluid (ICF) the fluid w/n cells. intrafusal: adj. Lt. intra = within, fusus = spindle. Intramembranous ossification (ihn’-trah-MEHM-braw-nuhs ohs’ih-fih-KA-shuhn) the development of bone from foetal CT membranes. intrinsic: adj. Lt. = on the inside. introitus: Lt. intro = within, and ire = to go, ie an orifice or point of entry to a cavity or space. inversion: Lt. = in, and vertere = to turn, hence to turn inward, inside out, upside down. ipsi- same ipsilateral: Lt. ipsi = self, the same, and latus = side, hence on the same side ≠ contralateral. Iris (I-rihs) a part of the vascular tunic of the eye. It is located on the anterior side of the eyeball & is composed of smooth muscle fibers that regulate the amount of light entering the eye. The iris is the coloured part of the eye surrounding the pupil. iris: Lt. = a rainbow. isch- suppression, blocking ischi- hip ischium: Gk. ischion = socket, because the ischium contributes more than either the ilium or pubis to the acetabulum. Islet of Langerhans (I-leht of LANG-er-hawnz) one of numerous clusters of endocrine cells w/n the pancreas. iso- equal similar iso: Gk. = equal. Isotonic solution a solution that contains an equal amount of solutes relative to another. isthmus: Gk. isthmos - a narrow passage. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z © A. L. Neill 106
Slide 110: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B J jejunum: Lt. jejunus = empty, adj.- jejunal. move. (also = articulation). joint: the meeting of 2 or more bones or cartilages, at which movement is possible. jug- yoke (jug) jugu- throat (jug-ew) jugular: adj.Lt. jugulum = neck. Jugum (JOO-gum) referring to the bridge b/n 2 bones generally symmetrical with a Right and Left side (pl. juga) jugum: Lt. = yoke (cf. conjugal). juxta- near to juxta: Lt. = near. next to Juxtaglomerular apparatus (juhks’-tah-glo-MER-yoo-lawr ahp’-ahRAHT-uhs) a structure located in a kidney nephron which is composed of cells from the distal convoluted tubule & the afferent arteriole. It secretes renin in response to a decrease in BP. C Jejunum (jeh-JEW-nuhm) the middle segment of the small intestine. D Joint (joynt) a point of contact b/n two opposing bones, which may E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 107 © A. L. Neill
Slide 111: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms K kary- nucleus kel- tumour kerato- horny, hard, skin, cornea Keratin (KER-ah-tihn) a waterproofing protein present in the epidermis, nails, and hair. keratin: Gk. keras = horn. kine- move kinocilium: Gk. kineo = to move (cf. kinetic), and cilium Lt. = eyelash, hence protoplasmic thread of hair process in cupula of crista ampullaris of a semicircular duct. knee: the junction of the thigh and the leg. (see genu = knee) koilo- hollow concave kolp- vagina koniocortex: Gk. konis = dust, and Lt. cortex = bark, hence, sensory cortex containing mostly granular layers. kyphosis: Gk. kyphos = bent or bowed forward. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z © A. L. Neill 108
Slide 112: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B L labium: Lt. = lip (plural labia), adj.- labial. labrum: Lt. = rim. labyrinth: Gk. labyrinthos = maze, adj.- labyrinthine. lacerum: Lt. lacer = mangled, hence, lacerated, tornforamen lacerum is often torn in head injuries. lacri- tear (lak-ree) lacrimal: adj. Lt. lacrima = a tear (drop). lactation: Lt. lactans = suckling. Hence, the act of secreting milk. Lacteal =lactiferous ducts, specialized lymphatic ducts in the small intestine to absorb large fat molecules. When they do so they turn pale or milky. lacteal: adj. Lt. lac = milk, hence, resembling milk. lactic: adj. Lt. lac = milk. lactiferous: adj. Lt. lac = milk, and ferre = to carry. Lacuna (lah-KOO-nah) a chamber w/n bone or cartilage matrix which houses a cell (an osteocyte or chondrocyte). pl. - lacunae. lacuna: Lt. lacus = lake, hence, a small pond or gap, adj.lacunar. lal- talking lambda: Gk. letter representing a capital ‘L’ and written as an inverted V. adj. lambdoid (L-shaped) Lamella (lah-MEHL-a) concentric ring of hardened bone matrix found in compact bone. pl. lamellae lamella: diminutive of Lt. lamina = plate; hence, a small plate. Lamina (lah-MIN-a) plate as in the lamina of the vertebra a plate of bone connecting the vertical and transverse spines pl. laminae (lahMIN-ee) laminectomy = removal of the lamina to give access to the SC and its perforating nerves. lamina: Lt. = plate, either a layer of NT, like the laminae of the lateral geniculate body, or a CT membrane, like lamina cribrosa sclerae, or of bone, as in vertebral laminae;laminectomy = lamina + Gk. ektome = excision - excision of the vertebral laminae, adj.- aminar. lanugo: Lt. lana = wool, the fine downy hair on the skin of the foetus, or cheeks or malnutrition. lapar- abdominal cavity lapis- stone © A. L. Neill C labi- lip D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 109
Slide 113: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Large intestine the final segment of the alimentary canal consisting of a large tube that forms the faeces, which is expelled by the process of defecation. Larynx (LAR-ihnks) a box-like cartilaginous organ in the respiratory tract located b/n the pharynx & the trachea. larynx: Gk. = voice-box, adj.- laryngeal. lata: Lt. latus = side. Lateral (LA-tehr-awl) a directional term describing a structure that is located further from the vertical midline of the body relative to another. lateral: adj. Lt. latus = side, hence, nearer the side. latissimus: superlative of adj.Lt. latus = wide, hence, latissimus dorsi muscle, the widest muscle of the back; earlier name was anitersor - wiper of the anus. leg: the lower limb b/n the knee & the ankle. leio- smooth lemniscus: Gk. lemniskos = a band or ribbon (applied to nerve fibres). Lens an oval, transparent structure located b/n the posterior iris & the vitreous humor of the eyeball. It is connected to the vascular tunic by suspensory ligaments -it is a cataract if it becomes opaque. lens: Lt. = lentil - transparent body with surfaces curved to redirect light adj. lentiform or lenticular. lentiform: adj.Lt. lens = lentil, and forma = shape, hence, lentilshaped. lepto- thi, delicate small mild leptomeninx: Gk. lepto = delicate, & meninx = membrane. generally refers to pia & arachnoid meninges leuco- white, colourless, pale (AS leuko) leuko- white, colourless, pale (AS leuco) Leucocyte (LOO-ko-site) a white blood cell. (AS leukocyte). Leukocyte (LOO-ko-site) a white blood cell. (AS leucocyte). levator- to lift up ≠ depressor levator: Lt. = elevator. ≠ depressor lien- spleen (leen) lien: Lt. = spleen, adj.- lienal. levo- left liga- bind Ligament (LIHG-ar-ment) a band or cord of dense CT that extends from one bone to another to provide a joint with structural stability. ligament: Lt. ligamentum = bandage, usually tying parts to each other, adj.- ligamentous. © A. L. Neill 110 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 114: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z limbic: adj. Lt. limbus = a margin, usually curved. limbus: Lt. = a margin, usually curved, hence, limbus of cornea, its circular junction with the sclera, adj. - limbic; the brain limbic lobe is made up of structures which encircle the junction of the diencephalon and telencephalon. limen: Lt. = a threshold, hence, subliminal - below threshold. linea- line (lin-ee-ah) linea: Lt. = line. lingu- tongue lingua: Lt. = tongue, adj. lingual. Lingual (LIHN-gwal) pertaining to the tongue. For example, the lingual frenulum connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth. lingula: diminutive of lingua, hence, a little tongue, adj.- lingular. lio- smooth lip- fat Lipid (LIH-pihd) an organic compound that is usually insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. It includes fats, phospholipids, and steroids. Lipoprotein (lih’-po-PRO-teen) a protein-lipid complex produced by the liver that transports cholesterol and triglycerides through the BS. Low density lipoproteins (LDLs) are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis, whereas high density lipoproteins (HDLs) are associated with a reduced risk. lith- stone Liver a large digestive organ in the superior right corner of the abdominopelvic cavity that functions mainly in the interconversion of energy-storage molecules, detoxification of blood, and production of bile. Lobules when pertaining to the liver, the lobules are cuboidal subdivisions of the liver that contain rows upon rows of hepatocytes. lobule: diminutive of lobus. lobulus: Lt. diminutive of lobus, hence, a lobule. lobus: Gk. lobos = lobe, adj.- lobar. loc- location place locus: Lt. a place (cf. location, locate, dislocate). loin: Lt. lumbus - the part of the back b/n the ribs and the hip bone. longus- long longissimus: superlative of Lt. longus = long, hence, the longest. longitudinal: adj.Lt. longitudo = length, hence, lengthwise. 111 © A. L. Neill
Slide 115: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms longus: adj.Lt. = long, hence, longissimus (superlative) = the longest. Loose connective tissue a type of CT consisting of loosely-packed protein fibers of collagen and elastin in a semifluid matrix, which are produced by fibroblasts. (also = areolar tissue). It is the most widespread of all CT. luc- light (loo-s) lucidum: Lt. lucidus = clear. lue- syphilis lumb- loin lumbar: Lt. lumbus = loin adj.- see loin. lumbrical: Lt. lumbricus = worm, hence worm-shaped muscles of the palm. Lumen (LOO-mehn) the potential space w/n a tubular structure. i.e. the hole in the tube lumen: Lt. = opening, hence the space within a tube. lunate: adj. Lt. luna = moon, hence, crescentic. Lung one of two large organs in the thoracic cavity which is responsible for the exchange of respiratory gases. luteum: adj. Lt. = yellow. ly- dissolved Lymph (lihmf) the slow-moving fluid w/n lymphatic vessels of the lymphatic system. lymph: Lt. lympha - clear spring water. adj. - lymphoid, lymphatic Lymph node a small, oval organ located w/n the lymphatic vessel network. Lymph nodules a compact cluster of lymphocytes w/n a lymph node. lymphatic: a vessel carrying lymph. Lymphatic tissue a specialized type of CT containing an abundance of lymphocytes. (= lymphoid tissue). Lymphatic vessel a hollow tubular structure similar to a vein that transports lymph in a direction leading toward the heart. Lymphocyte (LIHM-fo-site) a type of WBC lacking large granules in the cytoplasm it plays a central role in immunity. lys- disintegrate Lysosome (LI-so-sohm) a cellular organelle that contains digestive enzymes. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z © A. L. Neill 112
Slide 116: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B M macroscopic: adj.Gk. makros = large, and skopein = to examine; hence, large enough to be seen with the naked eye, e.g., pertaining to gross anatomy. Macrophage (MAK-ro-fahrj) a large phagocytic cell originating from a monocyte. macula: Lt. = spot (cf. immaculate - spotless); adj.- macular. Macula lutea (MAK-yoo-law LOO-tee-ah) a yellow-colored depression in the retina of the eye. magna- large, great makro- big mal- abnormal bad malac- soft malar- cheek bone magna: Lt. = great. Major (MAY-jaw) bigger of the 2 things malleolus: diminutive of Lt. malleus = hammer, adj.- malleolar. Malleus (MAL-ee-uhs) the lateral ear bone that contacts the tympanic membrane; = the hammer. malleus: Lt. = a hammer. mamma: Lt. = breast; adj.- mammary. Mammary (MAM-ar-ree) gland a modified sweat gland in the breast that serves as the gland of milk secretion for nourishment of the young. mammilla: diminutive of mamma; adj.- mammillary. mandible: Lt. mandere = to chew; hence, the movable lower jaw; adj.- mandibular. manubrium: Lt. = handle; adj.- manubrial. man- hand manus: Lt. = hand (cf. manual). Marrow (MAR-oh) the soft, highly vascularized tissue w/n bone. It includes yellow marrow, consisting of adipose tissue, and red marrow, which consists of blood- forming tissue (also = haeopoietic tissue). margin: the edge or border of a surface; adj.- marginal. masseter: Gk. = chewer; adj.- masseteric. mast- pertaining to the breast C macro- big D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 113 © A. L. Neill
Slide 117: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Mast cell (MAH-st) a basophil that has migrated out of the BS to the extracellualr tissue generally found in loose CT. It secretes heparin (an anticoagulant) and seratonin (promotes inflammation) and the immune response . mastication: Lt. masticere = to chew. mastoid: adj.Gk. mastos = breast or teat, and eidos = shape or form. (mass-toyd) Matrix (MAY-trihks) the intercellular material in CT. matrix: Lt. = a female animal used for breading, womb; refers to ground substance of CT, and nail bed. maxilla: Lt. = jaw-bone; now used only for the upper jaw; adj.maxillary. maz- breast meat- opening Meatus (mee-AY-tus) canal opening passage meatus: Lt. = passage; adj.- meatal. medi- middle, intermediate Medial (MEE-dee-al) a directional term describing a part lying nearer to the vertical midline of the body relative to another part. medial: adj.Lt. medius = middle; hence, nearer the median plane. median: Lt. medianus = in the middle. Mediastinum (mee’-dee-ah-STIH-nuhm) the region in the thoracic cavity b/n the two peural cavities. It consists of the heart, part of the oesophagus, part of the trachea, and the major vessels of the heart. mediastinum: Lt. medius = middle, and stans = standing; a median vertical partition, adj - mediastinal. medius: Lt. = middle. Medulla (meh-DUL-ah) an inner, or deeper, part of an organ. e.g. the medulla of the kidneys, the medulla of the adrenal gland & the lymph node. ≠ cortex medulla: Lt. = marrow; applied to part of an organ deep to its cortex; & to the SC & adjoining part of brain stem adj - medullary Medulla oblongata (meh-DUHL-ah ob’-long-GAR-tah) the inferior part of the brain stem. Medullary cavity (mehd-UL-lar-ee KAV-ih-tee) the potential space w/n the shaft of a long bone. In the adult this contains yellow marrow. meg- large megalo- large meio- reduce, contract mel- limb, cheek © A. L. Neill 114 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 118: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A melan- black B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Melanin (MEHL-ah-nihn) a dark pigment released into some parts of the body like the skin. Melanocyte (MEHL-ahn-o-site’) a cell normally located deep to the epidermis in the skin that secretes melanin. Melanoma (mehl-an-OH-mah) a highly metastatic malignancy arising from melanocytes in the skin. (also = malignant melanoma). Melatonin (mehl’-ah-TO-nihn) a H secreted by the pineal gland. It may play a role in circadian rhythms. Membrane (MEHM-bran) a thin sheet of tissue that lines or covers body structures. It may contain a thin layer of epithelial tissue and CT, or only CT. membrane: Lt. membrana = a thin sheet; adj.- membranous. Membranous bone a type of embryonic osseous tissue representing early skeletal development in a late embryo. men- menses meninges: pl. of Gk. meninx = a membrane; adj.- meningeal. meniscus: Lt. menis - a small crescent. ment- mind, chin mental: adj.- Lt. mentum = chin; or Lt. mens = mind. mer- part, segment mes- middle mesencephalon: Gk. mesos = middle, and enkephalos = brain; adj.- mesencephalic. mesenchyme: Gk. mesos = middle, & chymos = juice; the embryonic CT of the mesoderm. mesentery: Gk. mesos = middle, and enteron = intestine; the peritoneal fold which tethers the centrally placed small intestine; adj. - mesenteric. Mesoderm (MEEZ-oh-derm) the middle of the three primary germ layers in a developing embryo that forms the muscles, the heart and BVs, & the CT. mesoderm: Gk. mesos = middle, and derma = skin; the middle germ layer of the embryo. Mesothelium (mehz’-oh-THEE-lee-uhm) a simple squamous epithelium lining parts of the body’s ventral cavity. mesosalpinx: Gk. mesos = middle, and salpinx = tube; the intermediate part of the broad ligament. meta- subsequent, transformation, between, changing after metacarpus: Gk. meta = after, and karpus = wrist; adj.metacarpal. 115 © A. L. Neill
Slide 119: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms metaphysis: Gk. meta = after, and physis = growth; hence, b/n the 2 ends of a long bone. alongside the epiphysial or growth cartilage; adj.- metaphysial. metatarsus: Gk. meta = after, and tarsos = ankle; hence, the bones beyond the tarsus, adj. - metatarsal. metopic: adj.Gk. metopon = forehead. micro- small Microfilament (mi’-kro-FIHL-ah-mehnt) a rod-shaped component of cytoplasm composed of protein. It provides mobility for the cell. Microglia (mi’-kro-GLEE-aw) a type of neuroglia in the brain characterized by its small size & phagocytic function. Microtubule (mi’-kro-ew-yool) a tube-shaped component of cytoplasm composed of protein providing support and shape for the cell. Microvilli (mi’-kro-VIHL-i) microscopic extensions of the cell membrane filled with cytoplasm that serve to increase the absorptive surface area of the cell. micturition: Lt. micturare = to desire to pass urine. mid- middle Midbrain (MID-brayn) the superior part of the brain stem, located b/n the diencephalon and the pons. It serves as a relay center for impulses. (also = the mesencephalon). Middle ear the area of the ear b/n the tympanic membrane of the outer ear & the bony labyrinth of the inner ear. It is an epithelial-lined space housing the 3 ear ossicles. (also = the tympanic cavity). Midsagittal (MID-sahj-ih-tahl) a plane that extends vertically through the body, dividing it into unequal right and left portions. milli- thousandth minimus- smallest minimus: Lt. = smallest. minor- smaller of 2 things mio- reduced contraction miosis: Gk. meiosis = lessening; hence, pupillary constriction; adj.- miotic. Mitochondrion (mite’-o’-KOHN-dree-ohn) a cellular organelle that consists of a double layer of plasma membrane where many of the catabolic activities of the cell take place. Mitosis (mi-TO-sihs) the division of a cell’s nucleus into two daughter nuclei, each of which contains the same genetic composition as the original parent. When mitosis is followed by cytokinesis, equal division of the whole cell results. © A. L. Neill 116 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 120: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A Mixed nerve a nerve that contains axons from sensory and motor B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z neurons. mnem- memory (mem) modality: Lt. modus = mode; hence, a form of sensation - e.g. touch, pain, sight. modiolus: Lt. a cylindrical borer with a serrated edge; hence, like a screw; the central stem of the bony cochlea. molar: adj.Lt. mola = mill. Monocyte (MON-oh-site) a large, agranular WBC that is phagocytic. If the cell moves from the BS to the extracellular tissue, it is called a macrophage. mons: Lt. = mountain; mons pubis, the soft tissue bulge over the female pubes. morph- shape morphology: Gk. morphos = form, and logos = word or relation; hence, study of pattern of structure; adj.- morphological. Motor end plate the portion of the sarcolemma of a muscle fiber that is in close association with a motor neuron. Motor nerve a nerve that contains axons from motor neurons, and thereby transmits impulses away from the CNS. Mucosa (myoo-KO-saw) an epithelial membrane that lines a body cavity or organ & contains cells that secrete mucus. (= mucous membrane). Mucous (MYOO-kuhs) cell a unicellular gland that secretes mucus. (= a goblet cell). Mucus (MYOO-kuhs) a thick fluid secretion from mucous cells, containing mostly water & polysaccharides. multi- many (mul-tee) multifidus: Lt. multus = much, and findere = to split. Muscle (MUSS-l) an organ composed of skeletal muscle tissue & its associated CT that functions mainly in the production of movement of the skeleton. muscle: Lt. musculus, diminutive of Gk. mus = mouse, the body and head of which represent the main belly of a muscle, and the tail, the tendon. Muscle fibre a synonym for muscle cell. Muscle tissue one of the 4 primary types of tissue in the body, characterized by its ability to contract. Muscularis (muhs’-kyoo-LAHR-ihs) a layer of smooth muscle tissue w/n the wall of an organ. 117 © A. L. Neill
Slide 121: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms mycet- fungal (my-seet-) mydriasis: Gk. = dilatation of the pupil. myel- bone marrow , spinal cord myelin: Gk. myelos = marrow; hence, white fatty sheath of an axis cylinder; adj. -.myelinated. Myelin sheath (MI-eh-lihn sheth) a white, segmented insulative cover over the axons of many peripheral neurons that is produced by Schwann cells. A neuron axon that is covered by the myelin sheath is said to be myelinated. myenteric: Gk. mys = muscle, and enteron = intestine, pertaining to the muscle of the gut. myl- molar mylohyoid: Gk. mylo = molar, and hyoeides = U-shaped. Myocardium (mi’-o-KAHR-dee-uhm) the primary layer of the heart wall, composed of cardiac muscle tissue. myocardium: Gk. mys = muscle, and kardia = heart, adj.- myocardial. Myofibril (mi’-o-FI-brihl) a rod-shaped component of a muscle fibre, which extends the length of the fibre and is composed of thin and thick filaments of protein. Myometrium (mi’-o-MEE-tree-uhm) the smooth muscle layer in the wall of the uterus. myotome: Gk. mys = muscle, and tome = a cutting; a group of muscles innervated by spinal segment. myx- mucoid (mix) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Head Clamp © A. L. Neill 118 Z
Slide 122: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B N and develops at the distal end of the fingers and toes. nares: plural, Lt. naris = nostril. nas- nose (nays-) naris- nose (na-ris-) naris: Lt. = nostril, plural - nares. nasal: adj. Lt. nasus = nose; hence, pertaining to the nose. natal: adj. Lt. natus = born; hence, pertaining of birth. navicular: Lt. navicula = a little ship; the tarsal bone is concave posteriorly, resembling a boat. necro- death Necrosis (neh-KRO-sihs) death of a cell, a group of cells, or a tissue due to disease. neo-: Gk. prefix - neos = new. neonatal: adj.Gk. neos = new, and Lt. natos = born; hence, newborn. neopallium: Gk. neos = new, and Lt. pallium = cloak; hence, the cerebral cortex which developed more recently than the archipallium or olfactory cortex. nephro- renal kidney Nephron (NEH-frohn) the smallest functioning unit of the kidney each of which filters, reasborbs and secretes the non-protein fluid of the blood. Nerve an organ of the NS composed of a bundle of neurons, axons and dendrites invested & surrounded by CT and BVs, which functions in the conduction of an impulse from one area of the body to another. nerve: Lt. nervus = tendon; now a peripheral fibre bundle which conducts impulses to/from the CNS Nerve bundle also known as a nerve fasciculus, it is a cord of individual myelinated axons surrounded by perineurium. Numerous bundles compose a single nerve. Nerve impulse a wave of negative charges (depolarization) that propagates along the outer surface of the plasma membrane of a conductive cell, such as a neuron. (also = an action potential). C Nail a thin, hard plate of mostly keratin, derived from the epidermis D narc- stupor E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 119 © A. L. Neill
Slide 123: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Nervous tissue a tissue that consists of two generalized cell types, neurons and neuroglia. Neurons are specialized to initiate action potentials and conduct them at high speeds. Neuroglia provide numerous supportive functions, they are the CT cells of the CNS. Nerve trunk a combination of nerves that are secured together by epineurium to form a thickened cord of NT. neur- nerve neural: adj.Gk. neuron = nerve adj. neurium. Neurilemma (noo’-rih-LEHM-ah) the outer layer of a myelin sheath associated with a nerve fiber that contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm of a Schwann cell. Neurocranium (new-ROH-kray-NEE-uhm) the part of the skull which houses the brain. Neuroglia (new’-ROHG-lee-ah) supportive cells of the NS that are most prevalent in the brain and spinal cord. (sing. = pl. ) neuroglia: Gk. neuron = nerve, and glia = glue; the CT of the CNS adj. neuroglial. Neurohypophysis: also = the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It is composed of NT and is connected to the hypothalamus of the brain by the narrow stalk, the infundibulum. The neurohypophysis receives two hormones released by neurons in the hypothalamus, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). neurohypophysis: or posterior lobe of hypophysis - Gk. hypo = down, and physis = growth; hence, the posterior part of the hypophysis evaginated downwards from the diencephalon, and its stalk. neurolemma: Gk. neuron = nerve, and lemma = peel or rind; hence, the covering layer of a nerve. Neuromuscular junction (new’-ro-MUHS-kyoo-lawr JUHNK-shuhn) the area of contact b/n the terminal end of a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of a skeletal muscle fiber. Neuron (NEW-ron) a cell of NT characterized by its specialization to conduct impulses (conductivity). neuron: Gk. = nerve; refers to the nerve cell body, with its axon and dendrites; adj- neuronal. Neurosecretory (new’-roh-seh-KREE-tor-ee) cells Neurons that extend from the hypothalamus to the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and secrete the hormones oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH). © A. L. Neill 120 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 124: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A Neurotransmitter (new’-ro-TRANS-miht-ah) a molecule that B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z transmits or inhibits the transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another across a synapse. neutro- neutral Neutrophil (NEW-tro-fihl) a type of granular, phagocytic WBC characterized by a cytoplasm that stains pink/purple in a neutral stain i.e. does not preferentially take up either acid or base of the stain. nigra: Lt. niger = black, dark. noci- pain (noh-see) node: Lt. nodus = knot. Node of Ranvier (rahn’-vee-A) a gap in the myelin sheath covering a nerve fiber. It accelerates the rate of impulse conduction. nodule: diminutive of Lt. nodus = knot, hence, a little knot. norma: Lt. = pattern or rule, or aspect; adj. normal - according to rule. notch: an indentation in the margin of a structure in organs (e.g. liver, frontal bone). notochord: Gk. notos = back, and chorde = cord; hence, the primitive axial skeleton around which the vertebrae develop, parts persisting in the nuclei pulposi. nucha- nape of the neck (new-kah-) nucha: French nuque = nape or back of the neck; adj.- nuchal. Nucleolus (new-KLEE-o-luhs) a spherical body w/n the nucleus of a cell, not bound by a plasma membrane. It functions in the storage of ribosomal RNA. Nucleus (NOO-klee-uhs) the largest structure in a cell. It contains the genetic material to determine protein structure and function, the DNA, and is enveloped by a double-layered plasma membrane. (also, the dense core of an atom containing protons and neutrons). nucleus: Lt. = kernel or nut; may refer to the vital centre of a cell body, or to a cluster of neuron cells in the CNS; adj.- nuclear. nystagmus: Gk. = drowsiness, to nod, hence, involuntary, rapid, rhythmic eye movements. 121 © A. L. Neill
Slide 125: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms O ob- against, in front of obex: Lt. = barrier; hence, the coronal fold of ependyma over the lower angle of the 4th ventricle. Oblique (OH-bleek) slanting or deviated oblique: adj.Lt. obliquus; slanting, or deviating from the perpendicular or the horizontal. oblongata: Lt. oblongus = oblong; medulla oblongata. obturator: Lt. obturatus = stopped up; hence, a structure which closes a hole. oc- against infront of occiput: Lt. ob = prominent and caput = head; the prominent convexity of the back of the head; occlusion: Lt. occlusum = closed up; apposition of reciprocal teeth; blocking of any tubular structure; oculomotor: Lt. oculus = eye, and movere = to move, hence, pertaining to moving the eye. ocul- eye (ok-ewl) oculus: Lt. = eye. oedem- swelling odontoid: Gk. odous = tooth, and eidos = form, shape, hence, tooth-like. oesophagus: Gk. = gullet (passage from pharynx to stomach); adj.- oesophageal. Olecranon (OH-lek-ran-on) to do with the elbow olecranon: Gk. olene = ulna, and kranion = upper part of head; the upper end of the ulna. olfactory: adj. Lt. olfacto = smell. olig- scant, deficent, few, little olive: Lt. oliva - the oval fruit of the olive tree; oval eminence on medulla oblongata; adj - olivary. om- shoulder omentum: Lt. = apron; adj.- omental. omohyoid: Gk. omos = shoulder; hence, a muscle attached to the scapula and hyoid. onc- cancer Oncogene (OHN-ko-jeen) a gene that can transform the cell into an oocyte © A. L. Neill 122 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 126: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A onycho- to do with finger and toenails (onee-koh) B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Oocyte (O-ah-site) A gamete produced within an ovary. (also = ovum or egg). operculum: Lt. = lid or cover; operculum insulae, the cerebral cortex covering & hiding the insula ophthalmic: adj.Gk. ophthalmos = eye. opponens: Lt. = placing against, opposing. oppose: Lt. oppositum = put against; hence, to resist or place in contact with optic: adj. Gk. optos = seen; hence, pertaining to sight. Optic disk the area on the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye and contains no rod or cone cells. (also = the blind spot). or- ora- mouth ora: Lt. ora = margin or edge. ora serrata: Lt. ora = margin, and serra = saw; the serrated anterior edge of the retina. oral: Lt. oris = a mouth, hence, pertaining to the mouth. orbit: Lt. orbis = circle; the name given to the bony socket in which the eyeball rotates; adj - orbital. Organ (OR-gan) an organized combination of two or more different types of tissues which performs a general function. Organ of Corti (KOR-ti) the structure within the inner ear that contains receptor cells sensitive to sound vibrations. Organelle (or-gan-EHL) a component of a cell that has a consistent, similar structure in other cells and performs a particular function. orifice: Lt. orificium = opening. ortho- straight straightening (or-thoh) ortho Gk. orthos = straight combining form meaning straight, normal, correct os, oris: Lt. os = mouth; pl. - ora, adj. - oral. os, ossis: Lt. os = bone; pl. - ossa, adj. - osseous. -osis condition of Osseous (OS-ee-uhs) pertaining to bone. ossicle: Lt. ossiculus, diminutive of os = bone. ossify: Lt. os = bone, and facio = make; to form bone; and ossification, the process of forming bone Osteoblast (OS-tee-o-blahst’) a type of bone cell characterized by its mobility, its ability to divide and to produce bone matrix. Osteoclast (OS-tee-o-klahst’) a type of bone cell characterized by its ability to dissolve bone matrix. Osteocyte (OS-tee-o-site’) a type of bone cell characterized by its 123 © A. L. Neill
Slide 127: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms immobile location within a lacunus and by a reduced ability to produce bone matrix. osteology: Gk. osteon = bone, logy = a field of study. Osteon (OS-tee-on) an organized arrangement of bone tissue in adult compact bone such that the bone matrix concentrically surrounds a central canal containing a BV. (also = an Haversian system). Osteonic canal the central canal in an osteon that contains a BV. (also = Haversian canal). -osteum pertaining to bone (os-tee-um) osteum: Lt. pertaining to bone ostium: Lt. = a door, an opening, an orifice. ot- ear otic: adj.Gk. otos = ear. Otoliths small calcium carbonate crystals located w/n the maculae of the inner ear’s utricle and saccule. The otoliths move in response to head movements, shifting their mass which distorts the hair cell processes. As a result, nerve impulses are generated to the brain for interpretation as head movements for static equilibrium. otolith: Gk. otos = ear, and lithos = stone; hence, calcareous particles in the utricle and saccule of the membranous labyrinth. Ovary (OH-vahr-ee) the female gonad, or primary reproductive organ that produces gametes and female sex hormones ovary: Lt. ovum = egg; hence, the organ containing ova (the largest cells in the female). ovum: Lt. = egg, plural - ova. oxy- sharp A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z © A. L. Neill 124
Slide 128: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B P located in the dermis that responds to touch (pressure). paed- child palate: Lt. palatum = palate, adj.- palatal or paLt.e. paleo: Gk. palaios = old; hence, paleocerebellum, the earliest stage in the evolution of the cerebellum. pali- recurrence pallidus: adj.Lt. = pale. pallium: Lt. = cloak:, the cerebral cortex forming the outer covering of the cerebral hemisphere. palma: Lt. palma = palm; adj, palmar - Lt. palmaris. palpate: Lt. palpare = to touch, and palpatus = touched; to examine by feeling, and palpation. palpebra: Lt. = eyelid, pampiniform: adj. Lt. pampinus = tendril, and forma = shape. pan- general overall Pancreas (PAN-kree-as) a soft, oblong organ located posterior to the stomach in the abdominal cavity. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes and hormones that regulate blood sugar. pancreas: Gk. = sweetbread, derived from Gk. pan = all, and kreas = flesh; adj. pancreatic. panniculus: diminutive of Lt. pannus = cloth. Papilla (paw-PIHL-ah) a small finger-shaped projection. papilla: Lt. = nipple or teat; adj.- papillary. par- beside para- against, aside, abnormal, unequal paradidymis: Gk. para = beside of near, and didymis = twinned or paired, refers to testes; the collection of convoluted tubules in the spermatic cord, above the head of the epididymis. paraesthesia: Gk. para = beside, and aisthesia = sensation; abnormal sensation, eg burning or pricking. paralysis: Gk. para = beside, near, lyein = to loosen; loss or impairment of muscle function. parametrium: Gk. para = beside, & metra = womb; CT within the broad ligament alongside the uterus. paraplegia: Gk. para = beside, and plege = a stroke; paralysis of the lower limbs. 125 © A. L. Neill C Pacinian corpuscle (pa-SIHN-ee-an KOR-puhs-ehl) a receptor D pachy- thick (pak-ee) E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 129: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms pararenal: adj. Gk para = beside, Lt. ren = kidney; beside the kidney, eg, pararenal fat, the fatty capsule of the kidney Parasagittal (pahr’-ah-SAHJ-ih-tahl) A plane that extends vertically through the body dividing it into unequal right and left portions. parasternal: adj. Gk. para = beside, and sternon = chest; the parasternal line is a vertical line midway b/n the sternal edge & the midclavicular line. Parasympathetic division (pahr’-ah-sihmp-ah-THEH-tihk dih-VISHzhuhn) the component of the ANS that stimulates activities which conserve body energy and direct BF to the GIT &/or the sexual organs. The nerves synapse "beside" the organs they affect. parasympathetic: adj. Gk para = beside, syn = with, and pathos = feeling; part of the autonomic NS which is complementary to the sympathetic NS Parathyroid (pahr’-ah-THI-royd) gland One of 4 or 5 pea-shaped glands located embedded into the posterior side of the thyroid gland. parathyroid: adj. Gk. para = beside, (thyroid); beside the thyroid gland. Parenchyma (par’-EN-kihm-ah) the functioning elements of an organ as opposed to the structural or supporting elements (also ≠ stroma) parenchyma: Gk para = beside or near, en = in, and chein = to pour; designating the functional elements of an organ, as opposed to the framework or stroma. paresis: Gk. = relaxation, but has come to mean partial paralysis. Parietal (pa-RI-eh-tal) pertaining to the outer wall of a cavity or organ e.i. parietal layer of the pericardium outer of the 2 layers of the pericardium ≠ visceral. parietal: adj. Lt. parietalis, pertaining to paries = wall. Parietal cell a cell in the stomach mucosa that secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor. Parietal pericardium (peh-ree-KARD-ee-um) the outer serous membrane covering the heart.(also = the pericardial sac). Parietal pleura (PLEW-rah) the outer serous membrane associated with each lung. It is attached to the inner thoracic wall. Parotid (pah-ROHT-ihd) glands a pair of salivary glands, each of which is located between the skin of the cheek and the masseter muscle on a side of the face. parotid: adj. Gk. para = beside, and otos = of the ear; hence, beside the ear. parous: adj. Lt. pario = I bear (children); adj. applied to women who have borne children ≠ nulliparous, © A. L. Neill 126 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 130: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z pars: Lt. = part. part- childbirth patella: Lt. a small pan; adj.- patellar. path- disease Pathology (pahth-OH-loh-jee) the study or science of diseases. pecten: Lt. = comb. pectinate: adj. from Lt. pecten = a comb; applied to structures having the appearance of parallel teeth arising from a straight back (eg. musculi pectinati) pectineal: adj. pectineus: Lt., pecten = a comb; hence the muscle attaching to the pecten (pectineal line) of the pubic bone. pectoral: adj. Lt. pectoris = of the front of the chest. pectoralis: adj. Lt. pectoris = of the front of the chest. pedicle: diminutive of Lt. pedis = of the foot. pedis: Lt. = of the foot. peduncle: variation of pedicle. pellucidum: adj. Lt. per = through, and lucere - to shine; translucent. pelvis: Lt. = basin, adj.- pelvic. Penis (PEE-nihs) the external reproductive organ of the male through which most of the urethra extends. penis: Lt. = tail, the male organ of copulation (cf. appendix, appendage). pennate: Lt. penna = feather; hence, a muscle whose fibres approach the tendon from one direction is unipennate; from two, bipennate, and from more than two, multipennate. pennatus: (pinnate) - adj. Lt. penna = feather; hence, a muscle whose fibres approach the tendon from one direction is unipennate; from two, bipennate, and from >2, multipennate. per- through / excessive peri- around, about / beyond perianal: adj.Gk. peri = around, and Lt. anus = lower opening of alimentary canal. Pericardial (pear’-ih-KAR-dee-ahl) cavity a narrow space b/n the outer wall of the heart (the visceral pericardium) & the parietal pericardium. It contains pericardial fluid. Pericardium (pear’-ih-KAR-dee-uhm) the serous membrane associated with the heart, composed of two layers, an inner visceral pericardium and an outer parietal pericardium. pericardium: Gk. peri = around, and kardia = heart; hence, the membranes enclosing the heart. 127 © A. L. Neill
Slide 131: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Perichondrium (pear’-ih-KOHN-dree-uhm) a layer of dense CT that envelopes cartilage. perichondrium: Gk. peri = around, and chondros = cartilage; hence, the membrane covering cartilage. pericranium: Gk. peri = around, and kranion = skull; hence, the external periosteum of the skull. perilymph: Gk. peri = around, and lympha - Lt. = clear water; the fluid in the bony labyrinth surrounding the membranous labyrinth (and continuous with the CSF). Perimysium (pear’-ih-MI-see-uhm) an extension of the epimysium of muscle that invaginates inward to divide a muscle into bundles. perineum: Gk. the caudal aspect of the trunk b/n the thighs, or, the region of the trunk below the pelvis Perineurium (pear’-ih-NYEW-ree-uhm) an extension of the epineurium of a nerve that invaginates inward to wrap around bundles of nerve fibers. pelvic diaphragm; adj.- perineal. periodontal: adj.Gk. peri = around, and odont = tooth. Periodontal ligament (pear’-ee-o-DON-tal LIG-ah-ment) a CT membrane that surrounds a tooth and connects it to the bone of the jaw. Periosteum (pear’-ee-OS-tee-uhm) the CT covering around a bone that is important in bone growth, nutrition, and repair. periosteum: Gk. peri = around, and osteon = bone; the membrane around a bone. Peripheral (per-IH-fehr-ahl) nervous system (PNS) The division of the NS consisting of nerves and ganglia located between the CNS and the body surfaces. peripheral: adj.Gk. peri = around and phero = carry; away from the centre (c.f. periphery). peristalsis: Gk. peri = around, and stellein - to constrict; a circular constriction passing as a wave along a muscular tube; adj.peristaltic. Peritoneal (pear’-ih-to-NEE-awl) cavity the space between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum. It contains a small amount of fluid. Peritoneum (per’-ih-to-NEE-uhm) the extensive serous membrane associated with the abdominopelvic cavity. peritoneum: Gk. periteino = to stretch around; the membrane stretched around the internal surface of the walls and the external aspect of some of the contents of the abdomen; adj.- peritoneal. © A. L. Neill 128 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 132: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A pero- stunted, malformed B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Peroxisomes (pehr-OHX-ih-sohmz) small, spherical cellular organelles similar to lysosomes that play catabolic roles in the cell. peroneal: adj.Gk. perone = clasp, brooch - see fibula. pes: Lt. = foot. petr- rock, stone petrosal: adj.Lt. petrosus = rocky. / petrous: adj.Lt. petrosus = rocky. Peyer’s patches (PA-yehrz PAH-chuhz) clusters of lymphatic tissue (farj-) containing numerous WBC that are located in the wall of the small intestine. phag- eater Phagocytosis (fayg’-o-sih-TO-sihs) a type of cytosis in which bulk solid materials may be transported into a cell. It is performed by WBCs for the removal of harmful particles and cells from the body. Large groups of WBCs may coalese to form Giant cells to engulf large particles such as cotton fibres. phalang- fingers or toes (falanj-) phalanx: Lt. = row of soldiers; one of the small bones of a digit, pl- phalanges, adj.- phalangeal. phallus: Gk. phallos = penis. phan- appear visible phao- brown, dusky Pharynx (FAHR-ihnks) a tube that extends from the level of the internal nares to its union with the larynx, which transports air, food, and liquid. pharynx: Gk. = throat; adj.- pharyngeal. phas- appear visible, speak utter phen- light bright manifest philtrum: Gk. philtron - the median sulcus of the upper lip. phleb- vein (fleb-) phleg- inflammation phon- voice phonation: Gk. phone = sound or voice; the production of either. phren- mind , diaphragm phrenic: Gk. phren = diaphragm or mind; hence, diaphragmatic (cf. schizophrenic). physi- natural (fizz-ee) pia: Lt. = faithful, the membrane which faithfully follows the contour of the brain and SC. = soft 129 © A. L. Neill
Slide 133: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Pia mater (PE-ah MA-tehr) The innermost of the three meninges surrounding the brain and SC. pilomotor: Lt. pilus = a hair, and movere = to move; the action of the arrectores pilorum muscles. pilus: Lt. = a hair. Pineal (pie-NEE-ahl) gland a small endocrine gland located at the posterior end of the diencephalon, forming a part of the roof of the third ventricle. (also = the epithalamus). pineal: adj. Lt. pinea = a pine cone; hence, the pineal gland which is cone-shaped. Pinocytosis (pihn’-o-sih-TO-sihs) a type of exocytosis in which bulk amounts of fluid are transported into the cell. piriform: adj. Lt. pirum = a pear; hence, pear-shaped. pisiform: adj. Lt. pisum = a pea; hence, pea-shaped. pituitary: Lt. pituita = mucous or phlegm, the gland was thought to produce mucous which was discharged through the nose. Pituitary (pih-TEW-ih-tahr-ee) gland a small, functionally important endocrine gland located inferior to the hypothalamus and attached to it by way of a short stalk. (also = the hypophysis). placenta: Lt. = a flat, round cake. placode: Gk. plax = plate or flat, and eidos = shape or form. plan- flat level, to wander plat- broad flat plane: Lt. planus = flat; hence, a real or imaginary flat surface. planta: Lt. the sole of the foot; adj.- plantar or plantaris. plantar: adj. Lt. planta = the sole of the foot. Plasma (PLAHZ-mah) the extracellular fluid that forms a portion of blood. Plasma membrane a microscopic barrier associated with cells composed mainly of a phospholipid bilayer and protein. The outer plasma membrane of a cell is also called the cell membrane. Platelet (PLA-teh-leht) a formed element of blood that is active in blood clot formation. platysma: Gk. = flat object; the flat, subcutaneous muscle extending from below the clavicle to the mouth. pleo- many (plee-oh-) pleur- lungs, respiratory Pleura (PLEW-rah) the serous membrane associated with the lungs. It consists of an inner visceral layer and an outer parietal layer. pleura: Gk. = a rib. Later used to name the serous membrane lining the chest walls and the lungs. © A. L. Neill 130 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 134: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A Pleural cavity a narrow space between the visceral and parietal B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z pleurae that contains pleural fluid. Plexus (PLEHKS-uhs) a network of interconnecting nerves, veins, or lymphatic vessels. plexus: Lt. = a network or plait. plica: Lt. plicare = to fold; hence, a fold. pluri- several pne- air, breathe (new) pneumon: Gk. pneuma = air. pod- foot Podocyte (PO-doh-site) a fenestrated cell forming the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule in the kidneys. poikilo- irregular polio- grey (poh-lih-oh) pollex- thumb pollex: Lt. = thumb. pollicis: genitive (possessive case) of Lt. pollex = thumb; hence of the thumb. poly- many Pons (pohnz) a part of the brain located between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata. pons: Lt. = bridge; adj.- pontine; part of the brain stem. pont- bridge popliteus: Lt. poples = the ham or thigh, and sometimes, the knee; adj.popliteal, referring to the fossa behind the knee or its contents. por- passageway porta: Lt. = a gate, also Lt. portare = to carry; hence, the portal system carries venous blood from the alimentary tract to the porta hepatis; adj.- portal. porus: Lt. a pore or foramen; hence, the openings of the acoustic meatuses. post- after behind postero- posterior part Posterior (po-STEER-ee-or) a directional term describing the location of a part being toward the back or rear side relative to another part. In humans it is also known as dorsal. posterior: adj. Lt. post = behind (in place or time). Posterior horn a region of the SC grey matter containing sensory neuron cell bodies.(also = the ventral horn). 131 © A. L. Neill
Slide 135: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Posterior root the structure merging with the SC on its posterior aspect that contains sensory nerves. (also = the dorsal root). Posterior pituitary gland the part of the pituitary gland at the base of the brain consisting of the axons of neurons originating in the hypothalamus and supporting tissue. posture: Lt. positus = placed; hence, the position of the body as a whole at a given moment, e.g. erect, recumbent, prone, supine, sitting, kneeling. prae- in front of before pre- in front of before precuneus: Lt. pre = before, and cuneus = wedge; the parietal lobule anterior to the cuneus. prepuce: Lt. praeputium = foreskin (of penis or clitoris). presby- old prim- first Primary germ layer One of 3 layers of cells that differentiate during the embryonic stage to give rise to all tissues in the body. They are the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. princeps: Lt. primus = chief, and capere = to take; hence chief or principal. procerus: Lt. = slender, elongated; hence, the vertical slip of muscle between the medial part of frontalis and the root of the nose. pro- in front of Process (PROH-sehs) general term used to describe any marked projection or prominence process/processus: Lt. = going forwards, indicating growing out, ie. an outgrowth, usually bone eg, the zygomatic process of the temporal. proct- anus rectum profundus: Lt. pro = before, and fundus = bottom; hence profundus = deep. prominens: Lt. = projecting. promontory: Lt. promontorium = a headland, ie. part of land jutting into the sea - a bony prominence. pronate: Lt. pronatus = bent forwards; to pronate = to turn the hand so that the palm faces downwards or posteriorly supinate. prone: Lt. pronatus = bent forwards; recumbent face-down posture. © A. L. Neill 132 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 136: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A pronus- face down B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z proprioceptive: Lt. proprius = one’s own, and captum = taken; sensory impulses received by the joints and muscles within one’s own body. pros- forward anterior prosection: Lt. pro = before, and sectum = cut. A dissection to demonstrate anatomic structures. prosector: Lt. pro = before, and sectum = cut. One who prepares an anatomical dissection prosencephalon: Lt. pro = in front, and Gk. enkephalos = brain; part of the brain rostral to the midbrain. Prostate (PROH-stat) gland a walnut-shaped gland surrounding the urethra as it emerges from the urinary bladder in males. Its secretions contribute to semen. prostate: Gk. pro = before, & Lt. = statum = stood; something which stands before – e.g. the prostate gland stands before the urinary bladder. protract: Lt. protractus = drawn out; hence, to put forwards (e.g., shoulder or mandible). Protraction - the act of protracting. protrude: Lt. protrudo = thrust forwards, e.g. the tongue; protrusion - the act of protruding. protuberance: Lt. protubero = I bulge out; hence, a bulging bony feature (see tuber). Proximal (PROHKS-ih-mal) a directional term indicating a body part that is located nearer to the origin or point of attachment to the trunk than another; opposite of distal. proximal: adj .Lt. proxime = nearest; hence, nearer to the root of a limb. pseudo- false (syoo-doh) Pseudopod (SOO-do-pohd) a streaming extension of plasma membrane-bound cytoplasm from a mobile cell. Pseudostratified (sew’-do-STRAHT-ih-fide) pertaining to a single layer of epithelial cells which appears multi-layered when viewed in a prepared slide. pseudostratified Lt. pseudo = false stratified = multi-layered psor- itching (saw-) psoas: Gk. = loin. pter- wing (ter-) pterion: Gk. pteron = wing; the region where the tip of the greater wing of the sphenoid meets or is close to the parietal, separating 133 © A. L. Neill
Slide 137: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms the frontal from the squamous temporal; alternatively the region where these 4 bones meet. pterygoid: adj.Gk. pteryx = wing, and eidos = shape; hence, wing-shaped. ptosis: Gk. = fall; hence, drooping of an eyelid, or descent of an internal organ. puberty: Lt. puber = adult; hence, the time when hair appears in the pubic region - i.e.,near the pubis - as a secondary sexual characteristic. pubes: Lt. = adult or signs of manhood, hence the lower abdominal secondary sexual hair. pudendal: adj.Lt. pudendus = shameful; hence, pertaining to the external genitalia. pulmonary: adj.Lt. pulmo = lung. pulp: Lt. pulpa = a soft part of the body or tooth. Pulp cavity the space w/n a tooth that is filled with pulp, which consists of CT containing BVs & Ns. pulposus: Lt. pulpa = a soft part of the body or tooth, hence pulpy or soft. pulvinar: Lt. pulvinus = rounded cushion; the posterior end of the thalamus. punctum: Lt. = a sharp point; hence a very small point or orifice. pupil: Lt. pupilla = the central black orifice in the iris; adj.pupillary. Pupil (PYOO-pihl) the small hole through the centre of the iris in the eye through which light passes. Purkinje cells Large, highly branched neurons in the cerebellar cortex that receive input from many thousands of synapses. purpur- purple putamen: Lt. = peel, husk or shell of fruit or seed (the external part of the lentiform nucleus). pyelogram: Gk. pyelos = basin, and gramma = diagram; hence, radiograph of the renal pelvis (and usually of the ureter) after filling with contrast medium. pylorus: Gk. = gate-keeper; hence, the part of the pyloric canal containing the sphincter, which guards the opening into the duodenum; adj.- pyloric. pyramid: Gk. pyramis = a pyramid (solid with 3- or more-sided base, and flat sides Pyramidal cells neurons w/n the cerebral cortex of the brain which inititate somatic motor impulses. © A. L. Neill 134 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 138: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B Q quadrangular: Lt. quadri = four and angulus = angle; hence square or rectangular. quadratus: Lt. = square or rectangular. quadriceps: Lt. quadri = four, and caput = head; hence, a 4headed muscle. quadrigeminus: Lt. quadri = four, and gemini = paired or twinned; hence four-fold. C quad- four D E F G H I R radi- root, spine, radiation radiation: Lt. radiatus = radiant; hence, divergence from a common centre (c.f. radius). radicle: diminutive of Lt. radix = root; hence a small root, adj.radicular. radius: Lt. = spoke of a wheel, which rotates around the hub; hence, the lateral bone of the forearm, which rotates (though around an almost vertical axis); adj.- radial. radix: Lt. = root. ramify: Lt. ramus = a branch; and facere = to make; hence, to branch. rami- branch (ray-mee) ramus: Lt. = branch; hence, a branch of a nerve, bone or blood vessel. raphe: Gk. a seam; hence, the line of junction of the edges of 2 muscles or areas of skin. re- return, back again Receptor (ree-SEHP-tor) a structure that is capable of responding to a stimulus by initiating a nerve impulse. recess: Lt. recessus = a secluded area or pocket;a small cavity set apart from a main cavity. rectum: adj.Lt. rectus = straight. (The rectum was named in animals where it is straight - not so in Man). rectus: Lt. rectus = straight. recurrent: Lt. re = back, and currere = to run; hence a structure which bends, then runs back to its source. 135 © A. L. Neill J rachi- spine vertebral column K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 139: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms Red bone marrow a CT located within spongy bone which contains the stem cells & their differentiated forms involved in blood cell formation. Red pulp: part of the interior areas of the spleen (the other is white pulp). Red pulp serves as a storage area for erythrocytes (RBCs), and consists of venous sinuses and cords of CT known as splenic cords. This is contractile in rodents and allows for the release of blood in shock conditions. reflex: an involuntary response - muscular or secretory - to a stimulus mediated by the CNS. Region (REE-jon) an area often of the abdomen defined by anatomical surface markers, used to enter the abdomen or to locate p;ain or an abnormality smaller than a zone or zona. ren- kidney Renal (REE-nawl) pertaining to the kidneys. renal: adj.Lt. ren = kidney. Renal corpuscle (REE-nal KOR-puhs-ehl) the portion of a kidney nephron consisting of the Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus (see Corpuscle). Renal cortex the outer part of a kidney, which contains renal corpuscles and segments of renal tubules. Renal medulla the inner part of a kidney. It contains renal tubules and BVs. W/n the renal medulla are the renal pyramids, which are striated pyramid-shaped areas formed by the congregation of renal tubules. Renal pelvis (REE-nal PEHL-vihs) a membrane-lined basin w/n the renal sinus of each kidney. Renal pyramid (REE-nal PEER-a-mihd) One of about 8 to 10 coneshaped structures in each kideny extending from the medulla to the cortex, which contain the renal tubules. Renal sinus (REE-nal SI-nuhs) a potential space w/n each kidney extending from the hilum to the medulla. It contains the renal pelvis. Renal tubule (REE-nal TEW-byewl) part of a nephron of the kidney consisting of a simple epithelial lined tube extending from Bowman’s capsule to a collecting duct. There are 3 parts to each tubule: the proximal convoluted tubule, the Loop of Henle (= renal loop) and the distal convoluted tubule. The functions of reabsorption, secretion concentration or dilution occur across the walls. Respiratory membrane the barrier in the lungs which must be crossed by gas molecules during gas exchange. It consists of the alveolar epithelium, a BM, and the endothelium of a capillary. © A. L. Neill 136 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 140: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z rete: Lt. = a net; hence, a network of veins or tubules. reticular: adj.Lt. reticulum = small net; hence having a network. reticulum: diminutive of Lt. rete = net; adj.- reticular. Retina (REHT-ih-nah) the light-sensitive inner layer of the eye containing rod and cone cells. retina: derivation uncertain - the innermost of the 3 layers of the eyeball. retinaculum: Lt. = a tether; hence, a thickened band of deep fascia which retains tendons or the patella. retract: Lt. re = back, and tractum = pulled; to pull something back, and retraction - the act of retracting. retro- located behind retro: prefix - Lt. = backwards. retroflexion: Lt. retro = backwards, and flexion = bent; the position of being bent backwards, applied to the angulation of the body of the uterus on the cervix. retroversion: Lt. retro = backwards, and version = turned; the position of being turned backwards, applied to the angulation of the cervix uteri on the vagina. rhabdo- striated striped rhe- flow rhin- nose rhinencephalon: Gk. rhinion = nostril, & enkephalos = brain; the brain tissue concerned with smell rhombencephalon: Gk. rhombos = rhomboid, & enkephalos = brain; hence, the hind-brain: consisting of the medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum, which enclose the rhomboid fossa (floor of 4th ventricle). rhod- red rhomboid: adj. Gk. rhombus = a figure with 4 equal sides, not at right angles, the shape of a rhombus. Ribosome (RYE-boh-zome) a microscopic, spherical structure w/n the cytoplasm of a cell composed of RNA and protein. It serves as an attachment site for messenger RNA during protein synthesis. rima: Lt. = chink; hence, e.g., rima palpebrarum = the chink b/n the free edges of the eyelids. risorius: Lt. risor = scoffer; risorius is the “smiling” muscle drawing the corners of the mouth laterally. Rod cell a photoreceptor cell in the retina of the eye that detects very low levels of light. 137 © A. L. Neill
Slide 141: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms rostral: adj. Lt. rostrum = beak, implying nearness to the corpus callosum. rostrum: Lt. beak, a platform or beak-like structure; adj.- rostral. rotate: Lt. rota = wheel; hence, to turn, and rotation, the act of turning. rotundum: Lt. rotnudus = round. rub- red rubro: prefix, Lt. rubrum = red. ruga: Lt. = a wrinkle. rugose: adj. Lt. ruga = a wrinkle, hence, wrinkled. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z © A. L. Neill 138
Slide 142: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S sac: Lt. saccus = a sack. saccule: Lt. sacculus, diminutive of saccus. sacrum: Lt. sacer = sacred (probably considered so because of its size). Sagittal (SAJ-ih-tal) a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left portions, & includes the midsagittal/median sagittal plane (dividing into equal halves) and the parasagittal plane (dividing into unequal portions). sagittal: adj. Lt. sagitta = arrow, because the sagittal suture is notched posteriorly, like an arrow, by the lambdoid sutures. Salivary (SAHL-ih-vahr-ee) gland one of several exocrine glands in the facial region that secrete saliva into the mouth to initiate the digestive process. salivary: adj. Lt. saliva = spit. salping- tube salpinx: Gk. = trumpet; the uterine or auditory tubes, each of which is trumpet-shaped. saphenous: adj. Gk. saphenes = obviously visible. The saphenous veins become obvious when varicose. Sarcolemma (sar’-ko-LEHM-ah) the plasma membrane covering the outer surface of a muscle fiber. Sarcomere (SAR-ko-meer) a contractile microscopic subunit of striated muscle (skeletal and cardiac muscle). Sarcoplasm (SAHR-ko-plahzm) the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (sahr’-koh-PLAHZ-mihk reh-TIHK-yewluhm) a cellular organelle found only in muscle cells that stores calcium ions, and is similar in structure to the endoplasmic reticulum found in other cells. (see also endoplasmic reticulum). sartorius: Lt. = tailor:, sartorius muscles, when contracted produce the tailor’s posture; squatting. scalene: adj. Gk. skalenos = uneven, hence a triangle with unequal sides, a description of the scalenus anterior and scalenus medius muscles. scaphoid: adj. Gk. skaphe = skiff, and eidos = shape or form; hence the carpal bone which is hollowed out on its distal surface for the head of the capitate; also the fossa occupied by tensor veli palatine muscle. 139 © A. L. Neill S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 143: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms scapula: Gk. skapto = I dig, - because of the resemblance to a spade. scel- leg schiz- split Schwann cell a type of neuroglial cell that forms myelin sheaths around axons of peripheral nerves. Sciatic (SY-at-ic) nerve, largest nerve in the body lies on the ischium and is very visible hence the name- sciatic pain resulting from damage to the sciatic nerve or parts of it sciatic: adj.Gk. ischion = hip-joint. Ischiadikos meant pertaining to the ischium or hip - later changed to ischium. (the ischium earns its name because it forms > 2/5 of the acetabulum, whereas the ilium contributes < 2/5, and the pubis only 1/5). The sciatic nerve lies on the ischium. scirrho- hard sclero- hard Sclera (SKLEH-raw) the posterior part of the outer, fibrous tunic covering the eyeball; the white of the eye. sclera: Gk. skleros = hard; hence the tough, outer layer of the eyeball; adj.- scleral. scolio- twisted scoliosis: Gk. skolios = crooked or curve, and -osis = condition, hence, the lateral curvature of the spine. scrotum: possibly derived from Lt. scorteus = leather; adj.scrotal. Sebaceous (seh-BAY-shuhs) gland an exocrine gland located in the dermis that secretes an oily substance called sebum. It is usually associated with a hair follicle. second- second following secrete: Lt. secretus = separated; hence, to produce a chemical substance by glandular activity - adj.secretory; noun, secretion. Secretion (seh-KREE-shuhn) a substance produced and released by a cell that serves a useful benefit. sella: Lt. = saddle; adj.- sellar, sella turcica = Turkish saddle. semen: Lt. = seed; adj.- seminal (seminal vesicle). semi- half partial semilunaris: adj.Lt. semi = half, and luna = moon; hence, having a half-moon shape. Semicircular canal (seh’-mi-SEHR-kyoo-lawr caw-NAHL) one of three looping canals in each temporal bone that form a part of the inner ear. It contains perilymph fluid and the receptors for equilibrium. © A. L. Neill 140 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 144: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z semimembranosus: adj. Lt. semi = half, and membrana = membrane; hence, the hamstring muscle of which the upper half is membranous. Seminal vesicle (SEHM-ih-nawl VEHS-ih-kehl) one of a pair of convoluted glands of the male reproductive system located posterior to the urinary bladder that secretes part of the semen. seminiferous: Lt. semen = seed and ferre = to carry, to bear: the sperm-producing tubules in the testes. Seminiferous tubule (sehm’-i-NIHF-ehr-uhs TEW-byewl) a microscopic, tightly packed tube w/n each testis where the sperm cells develop. semitendinosus: adj. Lt. semi = half, and tendo = I stretch; - the hamstring muscle (the lower half is tendinous). seps- decay septum: Lt. saeptum = fenced in; hence, a dividing fence or partition-generally of CT. Serosa (sehr-O-sah) any serous membrane. (also, the outer membranous layer of a visceral organ containing blood and nerve supply as well as lymphatic drainage), similar to the capsule of an organ. serous: Lt. = like serum, serum-like. Serous membrane (SEHR-uhs MEHM-brane) an epithelial membrane that lines a body cavity or covers an organ, and secretes small amounts of fluid. serratus: adj. Lt. = notched like the edge of a saw (serrate). sesamoid: adj. Gk. sesamodes, eidos = shape or form; like grains of sesame, ie. small bone in tendon at site of friction. sialogram: Gk. sialon = saliva, and gramma = a diagram; hence, a radiograph of a salivary duct. sicc- dry sigmoid: adj. Gk. sigma, the form used at the end of a word having an S-shape; hence, S-shaped. sinister: adj. Lt. = left-sided. Sigmoid colon (SIHG-moyd KOH-luhn) the distal segment of the colon located b/n the descending colon & the rectum. Simple (SIHM-pehl) pertaining to a single-layered arangement of epithelial cells. Sinoatrial node (sin’-oh-AY-tree-awl nohd) (SA node) a cluster of specialized cardiac muscle cells in the wall of the right atrium that initiate each cardiac cycle (also = the sinuatrial node, or pacemaker). 141 © A. L. Neill
Slide 145: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms sinistro-left Sinus (SI-nuhs) a space w/n a bone lined with mucous membrane, such as the frontal and maxillary sinuses in the head. (also, a modified BV usually vein with an enlarged lumen for blood storage and containing no or little muscle in its wall). sinus: Lt. = a hollow or space which may contain air, venous or arterial blood, lymph or serous fluid; adj.sinusoid. Sinusoids an extensive network of vessels that may be found in the liver, pancreas, spleen, and adrenal cortex, which are similar in structure to capillaries only “leakier”. Skeletal muscle tissue one of 3 types of muscle tissue in the body characterized by the presence of visible organized striations and under conscious control over its contraction. It attaches to bones to form the muscles of the body. Skull (sk-UHL) this a term for all the bones of the head Small intestine the organ of the alimentary canal located b/n the stomach and the large intestine that functions in the final digestion, filtration and absorption of nutrients. Smooth muscle one of 3 types of muscle tissue in the body characterized by the lack of visible striations, with automatic and autonomic contractile function. It forms part of the walls of hollow organs and BVs. sole: the lower surface of the foot - see soleus. soleus: adj. Lt. solea = flatfish or sandal; soleus muscle does not enter the sole of the foot, but resembles the fish. solitarius: Lt. = solitary, alone. Soma (SOH-mah) pertaining to the body or the main part of an organ or a cell soma: Gk. = the body. somatic: adj.Gk. soma = the body; hence, pertaining to the body frame but not to its viscera. Somatic nervous system the component of the PNS that conveys impulses associated with conscious sensory and motor activities. somite: Gk. soma = body, hence an embryonic body segment. somn- sleep spano- few scanty spasm: Gk. spasmos = an involuntary contraction of a muscle; adj.- spastic, or spasmodic. sperma: Gk. = seed or semen, adj.spermatic. © A. L. Neill 142 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 146: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A Spermatozoa: = sperm cells. They are the formed male gametes B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z produced by meiosis from cells w/n the walls of seminiferous tubules of the testes. Individual spermatozoa are capable of locomotion due to the presence of a single flagellum. Spermatic cord (spehr-MAH-tihk kord) a narrow bundle of tissue in the male reproductive system extending from the epididymis to the inguinal canal, consisting of the ductus deferens, cremaster muscle, BVs, lymphatics, nerves, and CT. sphen- wedge (sven) sphenoid: adj. Gk. sphen = wedge, and eidos = shape or form; hence the unpaired bone which is wedged into the base of the skull b/n the unpaired frontal and occipital. sphincter- tightening associated with a ring of muscle (sfinkter) sphincter: Gk. sphinkter = a tight binder; ie a circular muscle which closes an orifice; adj.- sphincteric. Spinal cord a long, narrow organ of the CNS that extends through the vertebral canal & connects the PNS with the brain. Spinal nerve one of 31 pairs of nerves that extend b/n the SC and another part of the body. spine: Lt. spina = a thorn; a sharp process, or a lay term for the vertebral column; adj.spinous, spinal. spir- coiled, respiration, breath sphygm- pressure, pulse splanchnic: adj. Gk. splanchnon = a viscus or internal organ; hence pertaining to viscera. Splanchocranium (spl-ANK-noh-KRAY-nee-uhm) that part of the skull containing the facial bones. Spleen a soft, glandular organ that is part of the lymphatic system and is located in the upper left region of the abdomen behind the stomach. spleen: Lt. splen = the spleen; hence; adj.- splenic (Lt. - lien). Spongy bone One of2 types of bone tissue, characterized by the presence of spaces filled with red marrow b/n thin bone spicules called trabeculae. squama: Lt. = a scale (as of fish or reptile); adj.- squamous. Squamous (SKWA-muhs) flat, scalelike, square-like. squamous: adj.Lt. squama = a scale (as of fish or reptile), hence scale-like. stapes: Lt. = stirrup; adj.- stapedial, stapedius. stas- stopped 143 © A. L. Neill
Slide 147: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A Static equilibrium the sensation of body position. steat- fat B stellate: adj. Lt. stella = star. C steno- narrow stereo- three dimension depth firm solid D stereocilia: Gk. stereos = solid, and cilium = eyelash, hence nonmotile microvilli. E sternebra: Gk. sternon = chest or breast, and -bra = from vertebra, the segments of the sternum (these fuse in later life). F sternum: Gk. sternon = chest or breast; adj.sternal. G steth- chest H stoma: Gk. = a mouth. Stomach (STOH-muhk) a large, hollow organ in the alimentary canal I located b/n the oesophagus and small intestine that plays a prominent J role in digestion. stomach: Gk. stomachos = gullet or oesophagus, later applied to K the wider part of the digestive tract just below the diaphragm; adj.- gastric. L Stomach mucosa the innermost layer of the stomach wall. It is a mucous membrane that contains numerous gastric glands embedded M throughout. N strab- squint strabismus: Gk. strabismos = squinting; hence, inability to focus O both eyes on a given point. P Stratified (STRAH-tif-ide) pertaining to a multiple-layered arrangement of epithelial cells. Q stratum: Lt. = a covering sheet, or layer. R strepto- twisted stri- striped line streak (stry-) S stria: Lt. = furrow, applied to a streak or stripe. striatum: adj.Lt. striatus = furrowed; hence, corpus striatum, the T caudate and lentiform nuclei connected by grey strands which U traverse the internal capsule, giving the strands a striated V appearance. Stroma (STROH-mah) supporting bed of cells, CT or matrix upon W which or w/n which the structures are placed eg the parenchyma stroma: Gk. = bed or mattress, the supporting framework of an X organ, distinct from its parenchyma. Y stroph- twisted styloid: adj.Gk. stylos = an instrument for writing, and eidos = Z shape or form; a pencil-like structure. © A. L. Neill 144
Slide 148: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A sub- under less than partial B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z subclavian: Lt. sub = under or below, and clavis = a key, hence under the clavicle. Subcutaneous layer (suhb’-kyoo-TA-nee-uhs LA-yehr) the layer of loose CT and adipose tissue deep to the dermis of the skin. (also = hypodermis, and superficial fascia). subiculum: diminutive of Lt. subix = a support. sublimis: Lt. = superficial. Sublingual (suhb-LING-wal) glands a pair of salivary glands located in the floor of the mouth deep to the mucous membrane. Submandibular (sub’-man-DIB-yoo-lah) glands a pair of salivary glands located along the inner surface of the jaw in the floor of the mouth. (also = submaxillary glands). Submucosa (sub’-myoo-KOH-sah) a layer of CT located external to a mucous membrane. substantia: Lt. = a substance. succus: Lt. = juice (succus entericus, the secretion of the small intestine). sud- sweat Sudoriferous (syoo’-dor-IF-er-us) gland an exocrine gland located in the skin that secretes sweat. (also = sweat gland). sudomotor: Lt. sudor = sweat, and movere = to move, hence stimuLt.g the sweat glands. suf- under sulcus: Lt. = a groove. super- over superciliary: adj.Lt. super = above, and cilia = eyelid; hence, pertaining to the eyebrow. superficial: adj.Lt. super = above, and facies = surface; hence, nearer the surface. Superficial (soo’-pehr-FIHSH-ahl) A directional term indicating the location of a part that is toward or nearer to the body surface relative to another ≠ deep. Superior (soo-PEER-ee-or) A directional term indicating the location of a part that is nearer to the head region than another. Also called craniad or cephalad. superior: adj.comparative of Lt. superus = above. supinus- face up supination: the act of turning the back of the hand to face posteriorly; verb - supinate ≠ pronate. 145 © A. L. Neill
Slide 149: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms supine: adj.Lt. supinus, recumbent on the back, also, the hand position of the dorsum posteriorly. supra- above over supra: Lt. prefix = superior to. suprarenal: Lt. supra = above, over, superior to, and ren = the kidney. sural: adj.Lt. sura = the calf. sustentaculum: Lt. = a support, which sustains; e.g. sustentaculum tali - the ledge on the calcaneus supporting part of the talus. Suture (SEW-tjah) the saw-like edge of a cranial bone that serves as a joint b/n bones of the skull ; the stitching of 2 opposing edges of tissue. suture: Lt. sutura = a seam; the fibrous joints b/n cranial bones. Sweat gland an exocrine gland located in the skin that secretes sweat. (also = sudoriferous gland). sym- together union association sympathetic: Gk. syn = with, and pathos = feeling; hence, the peripheral part of the ANS arising from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord and communicates with other nerves. Sympathetic division (simp’-ah-THEH-tihk dih-VIH-zhuhn) a division of the ANS that functions mainly in stimulating emergency responses (fight or flight). symphysis: Gk. syn = with, and physis = growth; a joint - bone + fibrocartilage + bone generally used for joints in the median plane, often fuse later in life (the symphysis of the mandible is exceptional, the 2 halves fusing before 2 yo). syn- together, union, association Synapse (sihn-AHPS) the junction b/n the axon of one neuron & the dendrite or cell body of another neuron. synapse: Gk. syn = with, and aptein = to join; the zone an impulse passes from one neuron to another. Synaptic cleft (sihn-AHP-tihk clehft) a part of the synapse that consists of the space b/n neurons or neuron and muscle fiber across which the neurotransmitter must diffuse. Synaptic end bulb the expanded distal end of a neuron’s axon containing numerous synaptic vesicles & mitochondria. Synaptic terminals the terminal ends of axons where the synapse begins b/n adjacent neurons. Synaptic vesicles microscopic sacs w/n synaptic end bulbs of axons that store neurotransmitter. © A. L. Neill 146 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Slide 150: The A to Z of Anatomical Histological and Medical terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R synchondrosis: Gk. syn = with, and chondros = cartilage; a joint bone + cartilage + bone syncytium: Gk. syn = with, and kytos = cell, a multinucleate mass of protoplasm formed by cells merging as in Giant cells and skeletal muscle cells. syndesmosis: Gk. syn = with, and desmos = a band; joint - bone + fibrous tissue + bone syndrome: Gk. syn = with, and dromos = running; ie. a group of signs and symptoms, characteristic of a certain pathology. synergist: Gk. syn = with, and ergon = work; a muscle cooperating with others to produce a certain movement. synovia: Gk. syn = with, & ovum = egg; the fluid in freely moving joints which resembles egg-white adj. synovial Synovial fluid the liquid secretion of epithelial cells in the synovial membrane lining a synovial (freely moving) joint, which serves as a lubricant and shock absorber. Synovial joint (sihn-OH-vee-awl joynt) a type of joint characterized by the presence of a membrane-lined cavity, called the synovial cavity, b/n opposing bones. systole: Gk. = contraction; hence the contraction of cardiac muscle. S T U V W X Y Z 147 © A. L. Neill