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Slide 1: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN Note: These are my SC notes collected from testmagic.com. The explanations are those of 800Bob, a Gmat instructor, who has got a perfect score. For new explanations, search on testmagic Gmat forum. The explanations are very informative and helpful. I learned a lot from them. I thank 800Bob for such awesome explanations. I hope my notes will help others. All the best. For the farmer who takes care to keep them cool, providing them with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly, Holstein cows are producing an average of 2,275 gallons of milk each per year. A. providing them with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly, Holstein cows are producing B. providing them with high-energy feed, and milked regularly, the Holstein cow produces C. provided with high-energy feed, and milking them regularly, Holstein cows are producing D. provided with high-energy feed, and milked regularly, the Holstein cow produces E. provided with high-energy feed, and milked regularly, Holstein cows will produce Bob’s EXPLANATION: B and D are easily eliminated because "them" does not agree with "cow". A has a number of problems: 1. The modifying phrases "providing them with high-energy feed" and "milking them regularly" are located between two clauses. It is not clear whether they modify the subject "who" (= "farmers") of the preceding clause or the subject "cows" of the following clause. 2. The comma between the two modifying phrases should be omitted. 3. The use of the progressive tense "are producing" is inappropriate to describe a general scientific truth. C is wrong because "provided with high-energy feed" and "milking them regularly" are not parallel and 1
Slide 2: Adhamjon’s SC notes because, like A, it uses the inappropriate progressive form "are producing". UZBEKISTAN E is perfect. The three adjectives "cool", "provided", and "milked" are parallel, short for: "to keep them cool, keep them provided with high-energy feed, and keep them milked regularly". And the future form "will produce" is appropriate for a general scientific truth. A mixture of poems and short fiction, Jean Toomer’s Cane has been called one of the three best novels ever written by Black Americans—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man. A. Black Americans—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man B. Black Americans—including Native Son by Richard Wright and Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison C. a Black American—including Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man D. a Black American—the others being Richard Wright, author of Native Son, and Ralph Ellison, author of Invisible Man E. a Black American—the others being Richard Wright’s Native Son and Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man Bob’s explanation: The best response is E. The only potential problem with E is "the three best novels ever written by a Black American". But it is not wrong here to use the singular "Black American" because each of the three novels was written by just one person. Here are a couple of perfectly correct sentences that do something similar: 2
Slide 3: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN According to the American Dietetic Association, children who eat a healthy breakfast are more likely to have better concentration, problem-solving skills and eye-hand coordination. Those with a college degree had almost twice as much income as those with just a high school diploma. In the first example, each child eats just one breakfast. In the second, each person has just one college degree and just one high school diploma. Here are two correct sentences taken from Official Guides: Three out of four automobile owners in the United States also own a bicycle. (OG10, SC 252) Neanderthals had a vocal tract resembling an ape’s and so were probably without language, a shortcoming that may explain why they were supplanted by our own species. (OG Verbal, SC 59) For the first of these two examples there are a couple of answer choices that change "a bicycle" to "bicycles", but as the official explanation says, "the plural bicycles detracts from clarity by suggesting that multiple bicycles are owned by each person in question." Similarly, for the second of these two examples there are three wrong answer choices that change "a vocal tract" to "vocal tracts". So, in the example in question, choice B is wrong because it suggests that these novels each had multiple authors. It is also wrong because "including" is imprecise, suggesting that Native Son and Invisible Man are Black Americans. You cannot eliminate E just because it includes the word "being". It is true that "being" is often wrong or unnecessary, but to say that it is banned by the GMAT is ridiculous. Climatic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the weather. (A) so gradual as to be indistinguishable (B) so gradual they can be indistinguishable 3
Slide 4: Adhamjon’s SC notes (C) so gradual that they are unable to be distinguished (D) gradual enough not to be distinguishable (E) gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them UZBEKISTAN Bob’s explanation: Use of the passive construction after able to or unable to is discouraged. It is not just awkward, but illogical. To be distinguished from ordinary fluctuations is not an ability that climatic shifts can possess or lack. To take a simpler example, look at this ugly sentence: This math problem is unable to be solved. Better: This math problem cannot be solved. In no other historical sighting did Halley 's comet cause such a worldwide sensation as did its return in 1910-1911. A did its return in 1910-1911 B had its 1910-1911 return C in its return of 1910-1911 D its return of 1910-1911 did E its return in 1910-1911 Bob’s explanation: If you begin the sentence this way, you can see more easily how to finish it: Halley's comet caused such a worldwide sensation in no other historical sighting as ... The comparison is between other historical sightings and that of 1910-1911, so you could finish the sentence this way: Halley's comet caused such a worldwide sensation in no other historical sighting as it did in its return of 1910-1911. Deleting the superfluous words "it did" you get: 4
Slide 5: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN Halley's comet caused such a worldwide sensation in no other historical sighting as in its return of 19101911. So it is perfectly correct to write: In no other historical sighting did Halley's comet cause such a worldwide sensation as in its return of 1910-1911. The correct response is C. According to a recent study of consumer spending on prescription medications, increases in the sales of the 50 drugs that were advertised most heavily accounts for almost half of the $20.8 billion increase in drug spending last year, the remainder of which came from sales of the 9,850 prescription medicines that companies did not advertise or advertised very little. A. heavily accounts for almost half of the $20.8 billion increase in drug spending last year, the remainder of which came B. heavily were what accounted for almost half of the $20.8 billion increase in drug spending last year; the remainder of the increase coming C. heavily accounted for almost half of the $20.8 billion increase in drug spending last year, the remainder of the increase coming D. heavily, accounting for almost half of the $20.8 billion increase in drug spending last year, while the remainder of the increase came E. heavily, which accounted for almost half of the $20.8 billion increase in drug spending last year, with the remainder of it coming Bob’s explanation: I wish to respectfully disagree with a couple of the points made above. 1. "In GMAT we look for the best and not the right answer." 5
Slide 6: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN The idea that sometimes the 5 choices are all bad and that we are to identify the least bad choice is a myth. There is never anything wrong with with correct response. The directions say to choose the "best" answer, not the "correct" answer, because there can be more than one correct way to rephrase the sentence, but only one of the correct ways to do so will be found among the answer choices. 2. "B changes the meaning of the original sentence." There is nothing in the directions to Sentence Correction about finding a choice that does not change the meaning of the original sentence. Indeed, sometimes it is necessary to change the meaning of the original, that is, when the original is illogical. Here, for example, is the orignal sentence of OG number 95: Unlike Schoenberg's 12-tone system that dominated the music of the postwar period, Bartók founded no school and left behind only a handful of disciples. In this form the sentence states that Schoenberg's 12-tone system was unlike Bartók. That's true, but it is obviously not what the writer intended. What matters is not the literal meaning of the original sentence, but the intended meaning. The objective is to find a choice that does not distort the intended meaning. The challenge sometimes is to determine from a poorly written original what the writer really intended. 3. "...there was a run on." Choice C is not a run-on sentence. A run-on is two independent clauses treated as a single sentence. Here what follows the last comma is: the remainder of the increase coming from sales of the 9,850 prescription medicines that companies did not advertise or advertised That's not an independent clause. It could not stand alone: there's no conjugated verb. If you really want to know what grammatical form we have here... It's a nominative absolute. Check out Nominative absolute Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. There is nothing wrong with C, and so C is the best response. Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, while in Germany it is just over 33 percent. 6
Slide 7: Adhamjon’s SC notes A. while in Germany it is just over 33 percent B. compared to Germany, which uses just over 33 percent UZBEKISTAN C. whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany D. whereas just over 33 percent of the energy comes from nuclear power in Germany E. compared with the energy from nuclear power in Germany, where it is just over 33 percent Bob’s explanation: A is wrong because it refers illogically to the subject of the preceding clause 75 percent of the energy produced in France. It makes no sense to say that 75 percent of the energy produced in France is just over 33 percent in Germany. B is wrong because it compares 75 percent of the energy produced in France with Germany. D is wrong because it says that 33 percent of the energy produced in France comes from nuclear power in Germany. How can energy produced in France come from Germany? E is wrong because it is awkward and confusing, and specifically because the reference of the pronoun it is unclear. What is just over 33 percent? If it's nuclear power that's just over 33 percent, then just over 33 percent of what? The correct response is C Minivans carry as many as seven passengers and, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less, get better gas mileage, allow passengers to get in and out more easily, and have a smoother ride. A.Minivans carry as many as seven passengers and, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less, B.Minivans, which carry as many as seven passengers, compared with most sport utility vehicles, they cost less, C.Minivans carry as many as seven passengers, in comparison with most sport utility vehicles, and have a lower cost, they D.Minivans, carrying as many as seven passengers, compared with most sport utility vehicles, cost less, 7
Slide 8: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN E.Minivans, which carry as many as seven passengers, compared with most sport utility vehicles the cost is lower, and they Bob’s explanation: D is awkward and confusing in that it has two modifying phrases ("carrying as many as seven passengers" and "compared with most sport utility vehicles") between the subject "minivans" and the first verb "cost". Reading the sentence as choice D phrases it, when I get to "compared" I first think it's the verb. Only when I get to "cost" do I realize that the phrase beginning with "compared" is not the predicate but a second modifier. D is confusing also in that it is not clear in what way minivans are being compared with most SUVs. Is the fact that minivans carry as many as seven passengers one of the differences? There is absolutely nothing wrong with choice A. It tells us two things about minivans: Minivans carry as many as seven passengers. Minivans (compared with most SUVs) cost less, etc. Since these two facts have the same subject, we can put them together, without repeating the subject, and inserting "and" between the verbs: Minivans carry as many as seven passengers and (compared with most SUVs) cost less, etc. It would be wrong to put a comma in front of "and". On the other hand, the comma after "and" makes perfect sense: it's one of a pair of commas setting off the modifying phrase "compared with most SUVs". The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably on a spectrum of genetic relatedness. A. The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably B. That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely that they vary 8
Slide 9: Adhamjon’s SC notes considerably UZBEKISTAN C. With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely considerable variation D. With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it is a fact that highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely a considerable variation E. Because some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly and others look quite dissimilar, this fact highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably EXPLANATION BY BOB: This is a case in which the subject is a whole clause: "that some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar." That is the thing that is doing the highlighting. A IS WRONG: The fact of + noun + gerund..." - unidiomatic. "The fact that + noun + verb..." - better. "That + noun + verb...." - best. Example: "The fact of the GMAT being hard cannot be denied." - unidiomatic and ugly. "The fact that the GMAT is hard cannot be denied." - OK, but wordy. "That the GMAT is hard cannot be denied." - best Malaria ravages more people than any disease, yet there are only a dozen laboratories in the world which are devoted to its study. (A) than any disease, yet there are only a dozen laboratories in the world which (B) than any disease, but there are only a dozen laboratories in the world which 9
Slide 10: Adhamjon’s SC notes (C) than does any disease, but only a dozen laboratories in the world (D) as any other disease, but only a dozen laboratories in the world (E) than any other disease, yet only a dozen laboratories in the world UZBEKISTAN EXPLANATION BY BOB: in this case the word "other" is enough to make it clear that the point of comparison is "malaria." In correct choice E: "Malaria ravages more people than any other disease..." there can be no ambiguity. "People" are not a disease. It would not be wrong to write: "Malaria ravages more people than does any other disease..." but it is wrong to omit "other." Leaching, the recovery of copper from the drainage water of mines, as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established as early as the eighteenth century, but until about 25 years ago miners did not realize that bacteria take an active part in the process. A. as a method of the extraction of minerals, it was well established B. as a method of the extraction of minerals well established C. was a well-established method of mineral extraction D. was a well-established method of extracting mineral that was E. had been a method of mineral extraction, well established EXPLANATION BY BOB: There is no way the answer to number 1 can be A. It contains a double subject: "Leaching... it was..." In number 1, the past perfect is not necessary. The temporal relationship is made perfectly clear by the words "but until about 25 years ago." Another example: "Until the 1960s New York was the most 10
Slide 11: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN populous state in the Union, but in the 1970s and ’80s the state began to experience an economic decline." No need to write: "had been the most populous state." In any case, the past perfect makes no sense the way it is used in E in that it suggests that leaching is no longer a method of mineral extraction. Past perfect would not be wrong, but it would have to be written something like: "had been a well-established method of mineral extraction." The answer is C. According to United States census data, while there was about one-third of mothers with young children working outside the home in 1975, in 2000, almost two-thirds of those mothers were employed outside the home. A.while there was about one-third of mothers with young children working outside the home in 1975, in 2000, almost two-thirds of those mothers were employed outside the home. B.there were about one-third of mothers with young children who worked outside the home in 1975; in 2000, almost two-thirds of those mothers were employed outside the home in 1975 about one-third of mothers with young children worked outside the home; in 2000, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home even though in 1975 there were about one-third of mothers with young children who worked outside the home, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home in 2000 with about one-third of mothers with young children working outside the home in 1975, almost two-thirds of such mothers were employed outside the home in 2000 11
Slide 12: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN OA is C. 800BOB: a variety of" "a number of" "a total of" ...plural "the variety of" "the number of" "the total of" ...singular A variety of ideas were presented. The variety of ideas was mind-boggling. BOB: Here are three correct sentences from 1000 SC's in which "that" refers to a noun earlier than the immediately preceding one: Out of America’s fascination with all things antique has grown a market for bygone styles of furniture and fixtures that is bringing back the chaise lounge, the overstuffed sofa, and the claw-footed bathtub. Dr. Sayre’s lecture recounted several little-known episodes in the relations between nations that illustrate what is wrong with alliances and treaties that do not have popular support. In good years, the patchwork of green fields that surrounds the San Joaquin Valley town bustles with farm workers, many of whom are in the area just for the season. 12
Slide 13: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN EXPLANATION BY BOB: Relative pronoun (that, who, which) agree with the immediately preceding noun. Subject and object pronouns (it, they, them) agree with the subject of the preceding clause or sentence I asked someone who is far far better than I am at determining the correct rules and grammar in general what his thoughts were on this subject and he (he's someone who had a perfect score on the exam) said, "In general, a participial phrase set off from the rest of the sentence with commas is understood to modify the subject of the sentence" It is misleading and oversimplistic to say that "which" must always be preceded by a comma. The rule is that a nonrestrictive clause should be set off with commas, but a nonrestrictive clause does not always begin with "which," and the presence of "which" does not always signal a nonrestrictive clause. First of all, if the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition, whether the clause is restrictive or nonrestrictive, you cannot use "that"; you must use "which." Here are a couple of correct sentences from the OG that use "which" after a preposition in a restrictive clause: El Nino, the periodic abnormal warming of the sea surface off Peru, is a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine to allow the warm water that has accumulated in the western Pacific to flow back to the east. As U.S. nuclear attack submarines prowl their familiar haunts deep within the oceans of the world these days, they increasingly are engaged in missions far different from the tasks for which they were built and for which their crews were trained over the last forty years Chicago, where industrial growth in the nineteenth century was more rapid than any other American city, was plauged by labour troubles like the Pullman Strikes of 1894. A) where industrial growth in the nineteenth century was more rapid than any other American city 13
Slide 14: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN B) which had industrial growth in the nineteenth century more rapid than that of other American cities C) which had growth industurally more rapid than any other American city in the ninteenth century D) whose industrial growth in the nineteenth century was more rapid than any other American city E) whose industrial growth in the nineteenth century was more rapid than of any other American city EXPLANATION BY BOB: Something's wrong here. All choices are wrong. Most other choices have comparison problems. A: says that Chicago's growth was "more rapid than any other American city." Needs to be "more rapid than that of any other American city." B: "had industrial growth... more rapid than that of other American cities." Here "that of" makes no sense. If you're going to start the comparison with "had," you need to finish with a verb, as in "than other American cities had." C: Adverb "industrially" in "had growth industrially more rapid" seems to modify "more rapid" instead of "had growth." D: like A, needs "that of." E: Maybe this is supposed to be the correct answer and it's just mistyped. I see "of" where I want to see "that of." You can say either: which had industrial growth more rapid than other American cities had or: whose industrial growth was more rapid than that of other American cities But B confuses the two. "That of other American cities" needs to be compared with some sort of possessive form, such as "the industrial growth of which" or "whose industrial growth." 14
Slide 15: Adhamjon’s SC notes Maybe an analogous but simpler example will help. You can say either: The area of Russia is greater than that of India. or: Russia has a greater area than India has. But it's imprecise to say: Russia has a greater area than that of India. UZBEKISTAN BOB: before Australia was Australia, it was the antipodes MEANS It means: before the country that is now know as Australia got that name. This is not such a strange expression. Try googling on "before America was America" or "before England was England" and you'll get hundreds of hits. Although all the proceedings of the Communist party conference held in Moscow were not carried live, Soviet audiences have seen a great deal of coverage. (A) all the proceedings of the Communist party conference held in Moscow were not carried live (B) all the Communist party conference's Moscow proceedings were not carried live (C) all the Communist party conference Moscow proceedings have not been carried alive (D) not all the Communist party conference Moscow proceedings have been carried alive (E) not all the proceedings of the Communist party conference held in Moscow were carried live What is wrong with th given sentence? The OA is E 15
Slide 16: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN EXPLANATION BY BOB: A and E do not mean the same thing. A, which says that "all the proceedings were not carried live," means that no proceeding was carried live. Though not grammatically incorrect, A is awkward and clearly not what the writer intended, since "audiences have seen a great deal of coverage." There is a difference between "All X are not Y" and "Not all X are Y." Consider the following: 1. All of us are not going. 2. Not all of us are going. In the first example, no one is going. In the second, some, but not all, are going. The construction used in A is a mistake commonly made by native speakers. Here are a few examples I found on the Internet: 1. "Althen is quick to acknowledge that all Americans are not white and middle-class." Wrong. Should be: "...not all Americans are white and middle-class," or "...Americans are not all white and middle-class." 2. "All prime numbers are not odd." Wrong. Should be: "Not all prime numbers are odd", or "Prime numbers are not all odd." 3. "All languages are not based on the English alphabet." Wrong. Should be: "Not all languages are based on the English alphabet," or "Languages are not all based on the English alphabet." In a period of time when women typically have had a narrow range of choices, Mary Baker Eddy became a distinguished writer and the founder, architect, and builder of a growing church. 16
Slide 17: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN (A) In a period of time when women typically have (B) During a time in which typically women have (C) Typically, during a time when women (D) At a time when women typically (E) Typically in a time in which women EXPLANATION BY BOB: and B are wordy, but the real reason to eliminate them is "have." The present perfect is wrong when describing an event that happened and was completed in the past. C and E are wrong because "typically" is misplaced. Quote: Originally Posted by zombie_in As per rules whenever we use "which" it should have comma(,) in front of it Not true. You don't put a comma in front of "which" when it follows a preposition. "In which" is perfectly fine. California remains the state in which most Americans wish they could live. A historical novel is a novel in which the story is set among historical events. Would you really put a comma in front of which? California remains the state in, which most Americans wish they could live. (sic) A historical novel is a novel in, which the story is set among historical events. (sic Believed to originate from a small area on their foreheads, elephants emit low-frequency sounds that may be used as a secret language to communicate with other members of the herd. (A) Believed to originate from a small area on their foreheads, elephants emit low-frequency sounds that may be used 17
Slide 18: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN (B) Elephants emit low-frequency sounds that are believed to originate from a small area on their foreheads, and they may use this (C) Elephants emit low-frequency sounds, believed to originate from a small area on their foreheads, that they may use (D) Originating, it is believed, from a small area on their foreheads; elephants emit low-frequency sounds they may use (E) Originating, it is believed, from a small area on their foreheads, low-frequency sounds are emitted by elephants that may be used isnt 'they' in choice B refers to subject 'elephant' ........ EXPLANATION BY BOB: Problem with B is "this," which is supposed to refer to "sounds." Best response is C. Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electro-magnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun's poles or equator. (A) are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on (B) are visible as dark spots that never have been sighted on the surface of the Sun (C) appear on the surface of the Sun as dark spots although never sighted at (D) appear as dark spots on the surface of the Sun, although never having been sighted at (E) appear as dark spots on the Suns surface, which have never been sighted on EXPLANATION: If you want "although never sighted" to modify "sunspots," you would need to move it to the beginning of the sentence. Placed at the end, "although" needs to be followed by a subject and conjugated verb. "At" versus "on" is a red herring -- they're both OK. It is counterproductive to disagree with the OG. The people who write the test say the answer is A. It's not 18
Slide 19: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN a typographical error. They offer a detailed explanation for why A is right and C is wrong. If one wants to get a high score on the GMAT, one needs to learn to think the way the test makers think. In the most common procedure for harvesting forage crops such as alfalfa, as much as 20 percent of the leaf and small-stem material, which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell to the ground. (A) which is the most nutritious of all the parts of the plant, shattered and fell (B) the most nutritious of all parts of the plant, shatter and fall (C) the parts of the plant which were most nutritious, will shatter and fall (D) the most nutritious parts of the plant, shatters and falls (E) parts of the plant which are the most nutritious, have shattered and fallen OA D EXPLANATION BY BOB: There are two ways to look at the subject "20 percent of the leaf and small-stem material." One way is to think it means 20 percent of two different things: "leaf" and "small-stem material." This way doesn't work because you can't say "20 percent of the leaf." "Leaf" is a countable noun. It would have to be "20 percent of the leaves." The other way is to think it means 20 percent of the material. The material consists of leaves and small stems, and so it can be called "leaf and small-stem material." This way works. So for me, the subject is singular. The present tense also works for me. So I would choose D. But I have a problem with D. If "leaf and small-stem material" is singular, then I think it would be better for the following appositive to be singular also: "the most nutritious part of the plant." All in all, not a good question. Clearly not GMAT-quality. 19
Slide 20: Adhamjon’s SC notes Pronoun 'they' UZBEKISTAN 1. While depressed property values can hurt some large investors, they are potentially devastating for home-owners, whose equity—in many cases representing a life’s savings—can plunge or even disappear. (A) they are potentially devastating for homeowners, whose (B) they can potentially devastate homeowners in that their (C) for homeowners they are potentially devastating, because their (D) for homeowners, it is potentially devastating in that their（A） (E) it can potentially devastate homeowners, whose Why is (A) correct? the use of 'they' can either represent 'proporty values' or 'large investors'. Please let me know. EXPLANATION BY BOB: Plural pronouns do not necessarily refer to the nearest plural noun, and singular pronouns do not necessarily refer to the nearest singular noun. If that were true, there would be no such thing as ambiguous pronoun reference. In the OG alone there are dozens of SC items in which the correct answer choice includes a pronoun whose antecedent is not the nearest available noun. In addition to the item quoted above (SC 159), here are just six more: 97. Iguanas have been an important food source in Latin America since prehistoric times, and they are still prized as game animals by the campesinos.... The pronoun “they” refers to “iguanas,” not to the nearest plural noun “times.” 20
Slide 21: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN 103. Students in the metropolitan school district are so lacking in math skills that it will be difficult to absorb them into a city economy.... The pronoun “them” refers to “students,” not to the nearest plural noun “skills.” 152. ...a microbe never before seen on Earth that might escape from the laboratory and kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it. The pronoun “it” refers to “microbe,” not to the nearest singular noun “laboratory.” 153. A recording system was so secretly installed and operated in the Kennedy Oval Office that even Theodore C. Sorensen, the White House counsel, did not know it existed. The pronoun “it” refers to “system,” not to the nearest singular noun “Office.” 180. Quasars are so distant that their light has taken billions of years to reach the Earth; consequently, we see them as they were during the formation of the universe. The pronouns “them” and “they” refer to “quasars,” not to the nearest plural noun “years.” 251. The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than when.... The pronoun “its” refers to “gyrfalcon,” not to the nearest singular noun “extinction.” The rule is not so simply stated as "a pronoun will refer to the nearest available noun." In fact, as all the above examples show, if a pronoun agrees in number with the subject of the preceding clause, then that subject will normally be the antecedent, even if there is another noun of the same number closer to the pronoun. According to GMAT which is correct This is me. or This is I. EXPLANATION BY BOB: I can't recall ever seeing either the word "me" or the word "I" in a GMAT Sentence Correction item. 21
Slide 22: Adhamjon’s SC notes Strictly speaking, you should use the subject pronoun after forms of the verb "be." UZBEKISTAN It is I. It was they who arrived first. "Hello. May I speak to Bob?" "This is he." If you were I... This is because "be" is not a transitive verb. A pronoun after "be" is a complement, not a direct or indirect object, and so grammatically speaking it is incorrect to use an object pronoun. But only grammar pedants like me speak this way. Normal people say, "It's me!" In any case, don't worry. This is never tested on the GMAT. In large doses, analgesics that work in the brain as antagonists to certain chemicals have caused psychological disturbances in patients, which may limit their potential to relieve severe pain. (A) which may limit their potential to relieve (B) which may limit their potential for relieving (C) which may limit such analgesics’ potential to relieve (D) an effect that may limit their potential to relieve (E) an effect that may limit the potential of such analgesics for relieving I have a question on this problem, I was able to get till D & E and then picked D thinking that 'their' refers to analgesics because as told by Bob, pronoun refers to subject of previous clause, which is "analgesics" . Also E looks to me lengthy plz advise where i'm going wrong...thanx!! EXPLANATION BY BOB: I say E. 22
Slide 23: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN This is an interesting item. I'm not sure it's a real GMAT item, but I still think it's a useful one for illustrating the dangers of following a rule of grammar too literally. Those of us with extremely analytical minds would like to think that the rules of grammar can be expressed with precision. We must face the fact, however, that language is not strictly logical. I stand by the guideline that a pronoun will tend to refer to the subject of the preceding phrase if the pronoun and subject agree in number. (We have seen many, many examples where the pronoun does not automatically refer to the nearest noun.) So in this case it would seem that "their" in choice D refers grammatically and logically to "analgesics." The problem with D, however, is that there are just too many other plural nouns between "analgesics" and "their": "antagonists," "chemicals," "disturbances," "patients." For this reason it is better to write "of such analgesics" than "their." Here's what I tell my students: If you have a choice that uses a pronoun and a choice repeats the noun, generally you should go for the one that repeats the noun. A little repetition for the sake of clarity is not a bad thing. Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor was often played in concert halls until it was revived by Andres Segovia in the mid-twentieth century, having been won over by the instrument's sound despite its relative obscurity. A. Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor was often played in concert halls until it was revived by Andres Segovia in the mid-twentieth century, having been won over by the instrument's sound despite its relative obscurity. B. Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor played often in concert halls until it was revived by Andres Segovia in the mid-twentieth century, having been won over by the instrument's sound despite its relative obscurity. C. Classical guitar was not prestigious and was not often played in concert halls until Andres Segovia revived it in the mid-twentieth century, after he was won over by the sound despite the instrument's relative obscurity. D. Classical guitar did not have prestige nor was it performed often in concert halls until its revival by Andres Segovia, who in the mid-twentieth century was won over by the instrument's sound despite its relative obscurity. 23
Slide 24: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN E. Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor was often played in concert halls until Andres Segovia revived it in the mid-twentieth century, when he was won over by the sound of the relatively obscure instrument. OA C EXPLANATION BY BOB: For me the best choice is C. A and E are wrong because "neither prestigious nor was often played" is not parallel. A and B are wrong because the participial phrase "having been won..." seems to modify (illogically) the subject of the sentence, "classical guitar." D is wrong because "played" is changed to "performed." You don't perform an instrument; you play it or perform on it. D also has an ambiguous "its." I see nothing wrong with C. With its plan to develop seven and a half acres of shore land, Cleveland is but one of a large number of communities on the Great Lakes that is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract new businesses. (A) is looking to its waterfront as a way to improve the quality of urban life and attract (B) is looking at its waterfront to improve the quality of urban life and attract (C) are looking to their waterfronts to improve the quality of urban life and attract (D) are looking to its waterfront as a way of improving the quality of urban life and attracting 24
Slide 25: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN (E) are looking at their waterfronts as a way they can improve the quality of urban life and attract OA C EXPLANATION BY BOB: The verb must be "are": Cleveland is one of many communities that are... "That" refers to "communities" and is therefore plural. Note the difference between "one of the [plural noun] is" and "one of the [plural noun] that are": One of the most powerful driving forces behind recycling is the threat of legislation that would require companies to take more responsibility for the disposal of their products. Twenty-two feet long and 10 feet in diametier, the AM-1 is one of the many new satellites that are part of a 15-year effort to subject the interactions of Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces to detailed scrutiny from space. Last edited by 800Bob : 07-08-2005 at 06:20 PM. Looking at: Physically act of seeing sthg/someone Looking to: Depending on, turning to, expecting sthg from.. Look to the waterfront to improve my business.. I have started considering that waterways are a good means to improve business.. Look up to you - Turn to you for advice.. Are they both acceptable? Mr. King agrees it is possible that planets orbiting .... could ... Mr. King agrees that it is possible for planets orbiting ... to .... Any ideas? 25
Slide 26: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN EXPLANATION BY BOB: "It is possible that planets could" is redundant. It's better not to use "could," "might," or "may" with "possible" or "possibly." Bob, is it okay to say It is possible for him to do something I am not sure about this ''for x to do'' usage. What do u say? Yes, it is possible for you to say that. A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump into the Great Lakes. (A) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump (B) reduced the phosphate amount that municipalities had been dumping (C) reduces the phosphate amount municipalities have been allowed to dump (D) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump (E) reduces the amount of phosphates allowed for dumping by municipalities EXPLANATION BY BOB: agree with D. An agreement cannot reduce the amount that had been allowed. That previous amount cannot be changed. There is an allowable amount. That amount was bigger before the agreement, and it is smaller now as a result of the agreement. Analogy: Let's say the legislature has changed the speed limit. Which sounds better? 26
Slide 27: Adhamjon’s SC notes 1) The legislature increased the maximum speed that one had been allowed to drive. 2) The legislature increased the maximum speed that one is allowed to drive. UZBEKISTAN I'll go with 2. Past perfect is used to suggest that something is over and done with before the main action of the past. It would be OK to say: The 1972 agreement replaced the amount of phosphates that had been allowed with a new amount. But if you are talking about changing an amount, then the amount existed before and continues to exist after the 1972 agreement. The present tense is used to refer to something that exists for all time. Copernicus revealed that the Earth and the planets all revolve around the Sun. "Revolve" is in the present tense because it is an action that was then and continues to take place. It would be wrong to say: "...revealed that the Earth and the planets revolved..." or "had revolved." In the sentence under dicussion, there was and continues to be an amount of phosphates that municipalities can dump. The 1972 agreement reduced the amount, but the amount continues to exist. I'll try one more example. Suppose I started a new diet last week. I formerly ate all the red meat I wanted. Under the new diet I allow myself to eat only 100 grams a day. The diet I started last week reduced the amount of red meat I am allowed to eat to 100 grams a day. It would be wrong to say: The diet I started last week reduced the amount of red meat I had been allowed to eat to 100 grams a day. GOOD INSIGHT How can a agreement reduce something that has already been dumped? Choice D is perfect. A is ,initially, awfully tempting. Brilliant Question!! 27
Slide 28: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN 17. Bob Wilber became Sidney Bechet’s student and protege when he was nineteen and, for a few years in the 1940’s, came as close to being a carbon copy of the jazz virtuoso in performance as anyone has ever come. (A) as anyone has ever come (B) as anyone ever had been (C) as anyone ever had done (D) that anyone ever did (E) that anyone ever OA-C EXPLANATION BY BOB: The "OA" is wrong. The best answer is A. B and C are both wrong because "ever" is misplaced. Adverbs of frequency ("always," "never," "often," "seldom," "ever," etc.) must be placed between the auxiliary verb and the past participle. Should be: "as anyone had ever done." There is nothing wrong with using the present perfect "has come" in A. It means that Wilber came as close to being a carbon copy of the jazz virtuoso as anyone had come before or has come since. Consider the following examples: "In 1960 Johnson scored as many goals as anyone had ever scored in one year." "In 1960 Johnson scored as many goals as anyone has ever scored in one year." 28
Slide 29: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN In the first example, Johnson's number of goals in 1960 is compared only with previous years. In the second example his number of goals in 1960 is compared with all years before and since. Either past perfect or present perfect would be correct. But C puts "ever" in the wrong place and so cannot be correct. I see nothing wrong with A. For a few years in the 1940s Wilber came very close to being a carbon copy of his teacher. To this day, no one has ever come closer. I have seen quite a few cases in which the so-called "OA" is wrong. 1. A survey by the National Council of Churches showed that in 1986 there were 20,376 female ministers, almost 9 percent of the nation's clergy, twice as much as 1977. (A) twice as much as 1977 (B) twice asn many as 1977 (C) double what it was in 1977 (D) double the figure for 1977 (E) a number double that of 1977's SPOILER: OA - D 2. According to surveys by the National Institute on Drug Abuse, about 20 percent of young adults used cocaine in 1979, doubling those reported in the 1977 survey. (A) doubling those reported in the 1977 survey (B) to double the number the 1977 survey reported (C) twice those the 1977 survey reported (D) twice as much as those reported in the 1977 survey (E) twice the number reported in the 1977 survey 29
Slide 30: Adhamjon’s SC notes SPOILER: OA - E UZBEKISTAN EXPLANATION BY BOB: Yes, the dictionary says that "twice" is an adverb, but it's perfectly idiomatic to say "twice the number." Putting "twice" before "the number" does not make "twice" an adjective. If it were an adjective you'd have to place it after "the," but you can't say "the twice number." VERY GOOD POINT HERE: In April 1997, Hillary Rodham Clinton hosted an all-day White House scientific conference on new findings that indicates a child’s acquiring language, thinking, and emotional skills as an active process that may be largely completed before age three. A. that indicates a child’s acquiring language, thinking, and emotional skills as B. that are indicative of a child acquiring language, thinking, and emotional skills as C. to indicate that when a child acquires language, thinking, and emotional skills, that it is D. indicating that a child’s acquisition of language, thinking, and emotional skills is E. indicative of a child’s acquisition of language, thinking, and emotional skills as GOOD EXPLANATION BY BOB: I don't like E at all. "Indicative of" is idiomatically correct in some cases, but not here. "Indicative of" should be followed by a noun. Example: Some believe that facial characteristics are indicative of personality traits. The noun "personality traits" is what is indicated. Example: Are these averages indicative of what a typical family pays for medical care? The noun phrase "what a typical family pays" is what is indicated. 30
Slide 31: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN But to say: "indicative of a child's acquisition of ... skills as an active process" is awkward and imprecise. It's not the skills that are indicated; it's the fact that these skills are an active process. I see nothing wrong with D. The objection some have raised is that the participial phrase "indicating that a child's acquisition..." might could be felt to modify the subject "Hillary Rodham Clinton" instead of the immediately preceding noun "findings." For a participial phrase at the end of a sentence to modify a distant subject instead of an adjacent noun, it must be separated from the rest of the sentence with a comma, like this: Hillary Rodham Clinton hosted an all-day White House scientific conference on new findings, indicating that a child’s acquisition of language, thinking, and emotional skills is an active process that may be largely completed before age three. Without a comma between "findings" and "indicating," choice D is not ambiguous The health commissioner said that the government had implemented strict measures to eradicate the contaminated food and, despite the recent illnesses, it will try to prevent the outbreak from reccurring in the future. A) it will try B) that it tried C) it had tried D) it would try E) that it would try OA-E EXPLANATION : 31
Slide 32: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN "Would" is used to refer to the future from the point of view of the past. "He said he would arrive shortly." The Health commissioner said X and Y ... X == that the government had implemented strict measures to eradicate the contaminated food Y= that the government would try .. I hope this will make u clear smudge ... A good Question . Testing Parallelism .. I was also wrong initiallly , Now i learned it. Thanks for the question. Employment costs rose 2.8% in the 12months that ended in sept,slightly(less than they did) in the year that ended in the previous quarter. A...... B.lower than C.lower than they were D.lower than they did E.less than OA-A EXPLANATION BY BOB: The sentence is not comparing employment costs of two different periods. It is comparing how much the costs rose in two different periods. Employment costs rose by a smaller amount in the 12 months that ended in September than they rose in the 12 months that ended in June. Employment costs rose 2.8% in the more recent period, slightly less than they rose in the earlier period. 32
Slide 33: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN There seem to be two different versions of this item in GMATPrep. One is the version imperfectly typed at the top of this thread. That version actually looks like this: In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil, Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and through her painstaking documentation of East African cave paintings. A) Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology through her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and through her painstaking documentation of B) Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology by her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting C) Mary Leakey was a contributor to archaeology by discovering the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and with her painstaking documentation of D) Mary Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting E) Mary Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovering the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstaking documentation of Correct response: SPOILER: A The other version looks like this: In addition to her work on the Miocene hominid fossil record, Mary Leakey contributed to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstakingly documenting East African cave paintings. A) Leakey contributed to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid 33
Slide 34: Adhamjon’s SC notes activity and painstakingly documenting UZBEKISTAN B) Leakey contributed to archaeology by her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and by painstakingly documenting C) Leakey was a contributor to archaeology with her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activvity and with her painstaking documentation of D) Leakey's contributions to archaeology include her discovery of the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and her painstaking documentation of E) Leakey's contributions to archaeology include discovering the earliest direct evidence of hominid activity and painstaking documentation of Correct response: SPOILER: D Dr. Sayre’s lecture recounted several little-known episodes in the relations between nations that illustrates what is wrong with alliances and treaties that do not have popular support. (A) relations between nations that illustrates (B) relation of one nation with another that illustrates (C) relations between nations that illustrate (D) relation of one nation with another and illustrate (E) relations of nations that illustrates EXPLANATION: The correct response is C. Subject-verb agreement problem in A, B, and E. Should be: "...several little-known episodes ... that illustrate..." "Between" is just fine here. From The Columbia Guide to Standard American English: 34
Slide 35: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN "It is often argued that between should be used to express a relationship involving two of something, and among should express relationships involving three or more, but in fact that generalization does not describe the way English has long used these prepositions. Between can be used of as many items as you like if the relationship is one-to-one, however much it may be repeated with different partners: Economic relations between Great Britain, France, and Italy [or between some members of the EEC] are tense at present." The computer software being designed for a project studying native American access to higher education not only meets the needs of that study, but also has the versatility and power of facilitiating similar research endeavors. a. but also has the versatility and power of facilititating b. but also have the power to facilitate c. but it also has the versatility and power to facilitate d. and also have the versatility and power of facilititating e. it also has such versatility and power that it can facilitate The answer is SPOILER: B but I think it should be SPOILER: C EXPLANATION BY BOB: The correctly typed sentence reads like this: The computer software being designed for a project studying Native American access to higher education will not only meet the needs of that study, but also have the versatility and power to facilitate similar research endeavors. It doesn't matter whether the subject is singular or plural. After will you must write have, never has. 35
Slide 36: Adhamjon’s SC notes Q; C is still correct then, not just not idiomatically? UZBEKISTAN No. The question as typed at the top of this thread has no correct answer. "Not only meets" and "but it also has" are not parallel. It should be "not only meets" and "but also has." A is close, but "power of facilitating" is not idiomatic. Should be "power to facilitate." Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions. 1. Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also 2. Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast), which gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but also 3. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States, creating farmland (especially in the Northeast) and giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but also 4. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States created farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also 5. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States not only created farmland (especially in the Northeast), giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it EXPLANATION BY BOB: B is no good. "Not only did the systematic clearing... create..." doesn't parallel "but also gave..." Furthermore, B erroneously uses "which" to refer to the whole preceding clause. The correct response is D. ANOTHER EXPLANATION BY BOB: I think the best choice is D. The first clause says that the systematic clearing did some good things (created farmland and provided inexpensive houses and furniture); the second clause says that it also did 36
Slide 37: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN some bad things (caused erosion and deforested whole regions). "Not also" generally calls for a later "but also," but "but also" does not necessarily call for an earlier "not only." Example: Rio de Janeiro has some of the world's most famous beaches, but it also has some of the world's most notorious slums New hardy varieties of rice show promise of producing high yields without the costly requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties. (A) requirements of irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer by earlier high-yielding varieties (B) requirements by earlier high-yielding varieties of application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation (C) requirements for application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation of earlier high-yielding varieties (D) application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation that was required by earlier high-yielding varieties (E) irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer that were required by earlier high-yielding varieties EXPLANATION BYBOB: The word order in C is really bad. "Costly" is placed before and therefore modifies "requirements" instead of "irrigation and application of commercial fertilizer." Does "application of commercial fertilizer and irrigation" mean "(1) application of commercial fertilizer and (2) irrigation" or does it mean "application of (1) commercial fertilizer and (2) irrigation"? And then there's the placement of the phrase "of earlier high-yielding varieties." Does only "irrigation" relate to the earlier varieties, or do both "application" and "irrigation" relate to them? 37
Slide 38: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN What's wrong with E? Passive? So what? It's a persistent myth that passive is bad. Sometimes passive is not only acceptable, but necessary. Look for example at OG11 SC questions 67 and 86 By the time peace and happiness will have come to the planet,many lives will be wasted. A...................... B. come to the planet, many lives will have been wasted C. will have come to the planet, many lives will have been wasted D. shall have come to the planet, many lives shall be wasted E. would have come to the planet, many lives would have been wasted EXPLANATION BY BOB: I agree with the OA. In the first clause we need the present tense. With "by the time," as with "when," "before," "while," "after," and "until," we use the present with a future meeting. By the time we get there, the store will be closed. When I see you tomorrow, I will give you the dollar I owe you. He will turn off the lights before he leaves. Will you take care of the plants while I am on vacation? We won't go until we are finished. So already we see that the correct response must be B. In the second clause the future perfect "will have been" is correct. The future perfect refers to an event that happens in the past from the point of view of the future. The time when peace and happiness come is in the future. Lives will be wasted before that time. 38
Slide 39: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN One pervasive theory explains the introduction of breakfast cereals in the early 1900s as a result of the growing number of automobiles, which led to a decline in horse ownership and a subsequent grain glut; by persuading people to eat what had previously been horse feed, market equilibrium was restored. (A) by persuading people to eat what had previously been horse feed, market equilibrium was restored (B) persuading people to eat what had previously been horse feed restored market equilibrium (C) by persuading people to eat what had previously been horse feed, it restored market equilibrium (D) the persuasion of people to eat what had previously been horse feed restored market equilibrium (E) market equilibrium was restored when people were persuaded to eat former horse feed EXPLANATION BY BOB: The correct response is indeed B. A is wrong because the phrase "by persuading..." illogically modifies "market equilibrium." C is wrong because "it" has no logical antecedent. D is wrong because "persuasion of people" is ambiguous. Are the people persuading or are they being persuaded? E is wrong for a couple of reasons: 1) The word "when" suggests that "market equilibrium was restored" and "people were persuaded" merely happened concurrently. The writer's intent is to say that "people were persuaded" was the cause of "market equilibrium was restored." 2) "Former horse feed" is awkward and imprecise. Sounds like feed for former horses. 39
Slide 40: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN As the honeybee's stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing the bee to sustain a fatal injury. A.As the honeybee's stinger is heavily barbed, staying where it is inserted, this results in the act of stinging causing B.As the heavily barbed singer of the honey bee stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes C.The honeybee's stinger, heavily barbed and staying where it is inserted, results in the fact that the act of stinging causes D.The heavily barbed stinger of the honeybee stays where it is inserted, and results in the act of stinging causing E.The honeybee's stinger is heavily barbed and stays where it is inserted, with the result that the act of stinging causes EXPLANATION BY BOB: I do not agree with (C). It is not the bee's stinger that causes the bee's death. It is the fact that the stinger is barbed and stays where it is inserted. For me, the best answer is (E). Seems like a "GMAT quality" question to me. It has four absolutely wrong answer choices and one answer choice with absolutely nothing wrong. (A) is wrong because it uses "this" to refer not to a specific noun but to the whole idea expressed earlier in the sentence. (A) is also wrong because of "results in the act of stinging causing..." "Causing" is a gerund and needs to be preceded by the possessive, which would be the very ugly "the act of stinging's causing..." The only way around that would be to write something like "results in the fact that the act of stinging causes..." 40
Slide 41: Adhamjon’s SC notes (B) is wrong because it is a sentence fragment: it has no independent clause. UZBEKISTAN (C) is wrong because it illogically states that the stinger results in the fact that the act results in the bee's death. (D) is wrong because, like (C), it says that the stinger results in the bee's death, and because, like (A), it fails to use the possessive before the gerund. What's wrong with (E)? It" does not refer to the possessive noun "honeybee's." It refers to "stinger." Nothing wrong with that. The correct response is E. Side note: GMAT writers do not subscribe to the rule that a pronoun cannot refer to a possessive noun. There's a question in GMATPrep in which the correct answer has a pronoun that does just that. A substance derived from the Madagascar periwinkle, which has proved useful in decreasing mortality among young leukemia patients, is cultivated in China as part of a program to integrate traditional herbal medicine into a contemporary system of health care. (A) A substance derived from the Madagascar periwinkle, which has proved useful in decreasing mortality among young leukemia patients, (B) A derivative, which has proved useful in decreasing mortality among young leukemia patients, of the Madagascar periwinkle, (C) A Madagascar periwinkle derivative, which has proved useful in decreasing mortality among young leukemia patients, (D) The Madagascar periwinkle has a derivative which has proved useful in decreasing mortality among young leukemia patients, that 41
Slide 42: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN (E) The Madagascar periwinkle, a derivative of which has proved useful in decreasing mortality among young leukemia patients, EXPLANATION BY BOB: I picked E. I eliminated C for two reasons. First, it's the periwinkle, not the derivative, that is cultivated in China. Second, C awkwardly and imprecisely strings three nouns together: "Madagascar periwinkle derivative." It sounds bad to this cultivated native speaker's ear, and it's not clear what the first noun is modifying. Is is a derivative of the Madagascar periwinkle, or is it a Madagascar derivative of the periwinkle? 1. While depressed property values can hurt some large investors, they are potentially devastating for home-owners, whose equity—in many cases representing a life’s savings—can plunge or even disappear. (A) they are potentially devastating for homeowners, whose (B) they can potentially devastate homeowners in that their (C) for homeowners they are potentially devastating, because their (D) for homeowners, it is potentially devastating in that their（A） (E) it can potentially devastate homeowners, whose Why is (A) correct? the use of 'they' can either represent 'proporty values' or 'large investors'. Please let me know. EXPLANATION BY BOB: Plural pronouns do not necessarily refer to the nearest plural noun, and singular pronouns do not necessarily refer to the nearest singular noun. If that were true, there would be no such thing as ambiguous pronoun reference. In the OG alone there are dozens of SC items in which the correct answer choice includes a pronoun whose antecedent is not the nearest available noun. In addition to the item quoted above (SC 159), here are just six more: 42
Slide 43: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN 97. Iguanas have been an important food source in Latin America since prehistoric times, and they are still prized as game animals by the campesinos.... The pronoun “they” refers to “iguanas,” not to the nearest plural noun “times.” 103. Students in the metropolitan school district are so lacking in math skills that it will be difficult to absorb them into a city economy.... The pronoun “them” refers to “students,” not to the nearest plural noun “skills.” 152. ...a microbe never before seen on Earth that might escape from the laboratory and kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it. The pronoun “it” refers to “microbe,” not to the nearest singular noun “laboratory.” 153. A recording system was so secretly installed and operated in the Kennedy Oval Office that even Theodore C. Sorensen, the White House counsel, did not know it existed. The pronoun “it” refers to “system,” not to the nearest singular noun “Office.” 180. Quasars are so distant that their light has taken billions of years to reach the Earth; consequently, we see them as they were during the formation of the universe. The pronouns “them” and “they” refer to “quasars,” not to the nearest plural noun “years.” 251. The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than when.... The pronoun “its” refers to “gyrfalcon,” not to the nearest singular noun “extinction.” The rule is not so simply stated as "a pronoun will refer to the nearest available noun." In fact, as all the above examples show, if a pronoun agrees in number with the subject of the preceding clause, then that subject will normally be the antecedent, even if there is another noun of the same number closer to the pronoun. "Jose's room is so messy that HIS mother calls HIM a pig." Per Manhattan SC, in the above sentence "HIM" is used incorrectly because it may not refer back to Jose. 43
Slide 44: Adhamjon’s SC notes What else could "HIM" refer to? UZBEKISTAN For the above sentence to be grammatically correct on GMAT the fix is - "Jose's room is so messy that HIS mother calls JOSE a pig." Why is the objective pronoun incorrect [per GMAT terms]? doesnt HIM indicate Jose to be the object? Thnx. Oh well! Never mind. The subject here is Jose's room and not Jose, so we need to replace Him with Jose. EXPLANATION BY BOB: Some people believe it is inappropriate for a pronoun to refer to a noun in the possessive form (that is, with an apostrophe s). I am certain, however, that GMAT writers do not subscribe to this rule -- I clearly recall seeing a Sentence Correction item in GMATPrep in which the correct response has a pronoun that refers to a possessive noun Q: 800Bob, do you recall the other answer choices. Was there any option where the possessive noun was not referred by a pronoun? Yes. As I recall, the pronoun was in the non-underlined portion of the sentence and the antecedent was in the underlined portion. Two or three answer choices had the antecedent without apostrophe+s, and the other choices had the antecedent with apostrophe+s. The credited respose was one of the choices with the possessive form. I remember it well, because it was the only question I answered incorrectly. Blind allegiance to the "rule" that a pronoun may not refer to a possessive noun led me to choose an answer that I should have known was unidiomatic. 44
Slide 45: Adhamjon’s SC notes I wish I had written the question down. Next time I come across it I will do so. UZBEKISTAN Here are three correct answers from 1000SC that violate this "rule": 316. Frances Wright’s book on America contrasted the republicanism of the United States with what she saw as the aristocratic and corrupt institutions of England. [Pronoun "she" refers to "Frances Wright's"] 458. Joplin’s faith in his opera “Tremonisha” was unshakable; in 1911 he published the score at his own expense and decided to stage the work himself. [Pronoun "he" refers to "Joplin's"] 547. On stage, the force of Carrick’s personality and the vividness of his acting disguised the fact that he was, as his surviving velvet suit shows, a short man. [Pronoun "he" refers to "Carrick's"] 1. In large doses, analgesics that work in the brain as antagonists to certain chemicals have caused psychological disturbances in patients, which may limit their potential to relieve severe pain. (A) which may limit their potential to relieve (B) which may limit their potential for relieving (C) which may limit such analgesics’ potential to relieve (D) an effect that may limit their potential to relieve (E) an effect that may limit the potential of such analgesics for relieving I have a question on this problem, I was able to get till D & E and then picked D thinking that 'their' refers to analgesics because as told by Bob, pronoun refers to subject of previous clause, which is "analgesics" . Also E looks to me lengthy plz advise where i'm going wrong...thanx!! EXPLANATION BY BOB: I say E. This is an interesting item. I'm not sure it's a real GMAT item, but I still think it's a useful one for illustrating the dangers of following a rule of grammar too literally. Those of us with extremely analytical minds would like to think that the rules of grammar can be expressed with precision. We must face the 45
Slide 46: Adhamjon’s SC notes fact, however, that language is not strictly logical. UZBEKISTAN I stand by the guideline that a pronoun will tend to refer to the subject of the preceding phrase if the pronoun and subject agree in number. (We have seen many, many examples where the pronoun does not automatically refer to the nearest noun.) So in this case it would seem that "their" in choice D refers grammatically and logically to "analgesics." The problem with D, however, is that there are just too many other plural nouns between "analgesics" and "their": "antagonists," "chemicals," "disturbances," "patients." For this reason it is better to write "of such analgesics" than "their." Here's what I tell my students: If you have a choice that uses a pronoun and a choice repeats the noun, generally you should go for the one that repeats the noun. A little repetition for the sake of clarity is not a bad thing Lincoln, discovering in young manhood the secret that the Yankee peddler has learned before him, knew how to use a good story to generate good will. (A) Lincoln, discovering in young manhood the secret that the Yankee peddler has learned before him, knew (B) Discovering in young manhood the secret that the Yankee peddler has learned before him, Lincoln knew (C) Lincoln, discovering the secret that the Yankee peddler had learned in young manhood before him, knew (D) In young manhood Lincoln discovered the secret that the Yankee peddler had learned before him; (E) Lincoln, discovered in young manhood the secret that the Yankee peddler had learned before him, knew EXPLANATION BY BOB: (A) Lincoln, discovering in young manhood the secret that the Yankee peddler has learned before him, knew (B) Discovering in young manhood the secret that the Yankee peddler has learned before him, Lincoln knew 46
Slide 47: Adhamjon’s SC notes Both wrong. Need past perfect "had learned." UZBEKISTAN (C) Lincoln, discovering the secret that the Yankee peddler had learned in young manhood before him, knew Wrong. "In young manhood" is misplaced. (D) In young manhood Lincoln discovered the secret that the Yankee peddler had learned before him; Wrong. Semicolon makes no sense here. A semicolon separates equivalent elements. Here there's an independent clause before but a mere phrase after. If it were a colon, this sentence would be OK. (E) Lincoln, discovered in young manhood the secret that the Yankee peddler had learned before him, knew Wrong. The phrase between commas begins with the past participle "discovered," seeming to suggest at first that Lincoln was discovered, but then making no sense at all when "the secret" appears as the object of "discovered." So every choice is wrong. I believe that the answer is supposed to be D, but that somewhere along the way into 1000SC a colon got changed into a semicolon. Some psychiatric studies indicate that among distinguished artists the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times as prevalent as in the population at large. (A) the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times as prevalent as in (B) the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times more prevalent than in (C) the rates of manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times more prevalent when compared to (D) manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times as prevalent when compared to (E) manic depression and major depression are ten to thirteen times more prevalent than in EXPLANATION BY BOB: 47
Slide 48: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN "rates...are more prevalent" is redundant and imprecise. Say either "the rates of manic depression and major depression are greater" or "manic depression and major depression are more prevalent." It doesn't really make sense to say that "rates" are "more prevalent." Rate can never be fast/slow/prevalent...it is always greater or lesser... The proposed health care bill would increase government regulation of health insurance, establish standards that would gurantee wider access to people with past health problems and to workers changing jobs who otherwise could be uncovered for months. A) establish standards that would gurantee wider access to people with past health problems and to workers changing jobs who B) establishing standards that would gurantee wider access to people with past health problems and to workers who are changing jobs and C) to establish standards that would gurantee wider access to people with past health problems and to workers who change jobs that D) for establishing standards that would gurantee wider access for people with past health problems and workers changing jobs who E) for the establishment of standards that would gurantee wider access for people with past health problems and workers who are changing jobs that OA-B EXPLANATION BY BOB: In Question 8, A is impossible: The proposed health care bill would increase government regulation of health insurance, establish standards that would gurantee wider access to people with past health problems and to workers changing 48
Slide 49: Adhamjon’s SC notes jobs who otherwise could be uncovered for months. UZBEKISTAN In this would-be sentence, we have "the... bill would increase..., establish..." You need "and" before "establish." You can't say "the bill would increase regulations, establish standards..." (unless there's another verb later -- but there's not). It should be "the bill would increase regulations and establish standards..." What's wrong with B? "...wider access (1) to people with past health problems and (2) to workers who (a) are changing jobs and (b) otherwise could be uncovered for months." It is an oversimplified view of cattle raising to say that all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them and to drive them to market when the time is ripe. A) all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, coral them and to B) all one has to do with cattle is to leave them alone to feed themselves, to corral them, and C) all one has to do with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves and then corral them and D) the only thing that has to be done with cattle is leave them alone while they feed themselves, corral them, and E) the only thing that has to be done with cattle is to leave them alone while ttey feed themselves, to corral them, and EXPLANATION BY BOB: In Question 11, A, B, and E are easily eliminated for lack of parallelism. They all attempt to present a list of three verbs. To do so, you should repeat "to" always or never. That is, either: "to leave..., to corral..., and to drive..." 49
Slide 50: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN or: "to leave..., corral..., and drive..." That leaves C and D. D has a couple of problems. It says "the only thing that has to be done..." Then it lists three verbs. "Only thing" implies one, not three. And verbs are not things. You can use an infinitive or a gerund as a noun, but not the base form of the verb. Oberlin College in Ohio was a renegade institution at its 1833 founding for deciding to accept both men and women as students A) at its 1833 founding for deciding to accept B) for the decision at its 1833 founding to accept C) when it was founded in 1833 for its decision to accept D) in deciding at its founding in 1833 to accept E) by deciding at its fouding in 1833 on the acceptance of OA-D Last year, land values in most parts of the pinelands rose almost so fast, and in some parts even faster than what they did outside the pinelands. A) so fast, and in some parts even faster than what they did B) so fast, and in some parts even faster than, those 50
Slide 51: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN C) as fast, and in some parts even faster than, those D) as fast as, and in some parts even faster than, those E) as fast as, and in some parts even faster than what they did EXPLANATION BY BOB: D "What they did" is imprecise and unnecessary. You could say, for example, that "John ran as fast as, or even faster than, Paul" or "John ran as fast as, or even faster than, Paul ran" or "John ran as fast as, or even faster than, Paul did." But you can't write "John ran as fast as, or even faster than, what Paul did." In the mid-1960’s a newly installed radar warning system mistook the rising of the moon as a massive missile attack by the Soviets. A) rising of the moon as a massive missile attack by the Soviets B) rising of the moon for a massive Soviet missile attack C) moon rising to a massive missile attack by the soviets D) moon as it was rising for a massive Soviet missile attack E) rise of the moon as a massive Soviet missile attack EXPLANATION BY BOB: B The correct idiom is "mistake x for y," as in the book title "The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat." 51
Slide 52: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN With only 5 percent of the world’s population, United States citizens consume 28 percent of its nonrenewable resources, drive more than one-third of its automobiles, and use 21 times more water per capita than Europeans do. A) With B) As C) Being D) Despite having E) Although accounting for EXPLANATION BY BOB: E The subject is "United States citizens." You can't write "with" or "having" because citizens don't have a population. You can't write "as" or "being" because they are not a number. The only choice that makes sense is E: United States citizens "account for" 5 percent of the world's population. Neanderthals had a vocal tract that resembled those of the apes and so were probably without language, a shortcoming that may explain why they were supplanted by our own species. A) Neanderthals had a vocal tract that resembled those of the apes B) Neanderthals had a vocal tract resembling an ape’s C) The vocal tracts of the Neanderthals resembled an ape’s D) The Neanderthal’s vocal tracts resembled the apes’ E) The vocal tracts of the Neanderthals resembled those of the apes EXPLANATION BY BOB: B Singular "vocal tract" can be compared to "that of the apes" or "that of an ape" or "an ape's," but not to plural "those of the apes." 52
Slide 53: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN Q: B states that "Vocal Tract resembles an ape's ", so here vocal tract resembles to what part of ape's ? Is this clear in this question . I dont know what i am asking might be very basic "...had a vocal tract resembling an ape's..." means "...had a vocal tract resembling an ape's vocal tract." You can use the 's possessive to stand for the noun that's possessed, just as you can use possessive pronouns such as "mine," "yours," and "hers." The baby has a face resembling his mother's face. The baby has a face resembling his mother's. The baby has a face resembling your face. The baby has a face resembling yours. Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear. (A ) Heavy commitment by an executive to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes it likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear. (B ) An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that worked well in the past, makes missing signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting ones likely when they do appear. (C ) An executive who is heavily committed to a course of action is likely to miss or misinterpret signs of incipient trouble when they do appear, especially if it has worked well in the past. (D ) Executives’ being heavily committed to a course of action, especially if it has worked well in the past, makes them likely to miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpreting them when they do appear. (E ) Being heavily committed to a course of action, especially one that has worked well in the past, is 53
Slide 54: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN likely to make an executive miss signs of incipient trouble or misinterpret them when they do appear. BOB: Your "OA" is wrong. The correct response is E. I am confused between A & E. please somebody explain the usage of gerund & infinitive. what difference it makes in this particular case. According to some analysts, whatever its merits, the proposal to tax away all capital gains on shortterm investments would, if enacted, have a disastrous effect on Wall Street trading and employment. (A) its merits, the proposal to tax (B) its merits may be, the proposal of taxing (C) its merits as a proposal, taxing (D) the proposal’s merits, to tax (E) the proposal’s merits are, taxing EXPLANATION BY BOB: The deciding difference between A and E is not infinitive versus gerund. What makes E wrong is that "taxing" makes no sense as the subject. Later in the sentence we see "if enacted," referring to the subject. It makes no sense to speak of what would happen if taxing is enacted. The sentence is speculating on what would happen if the proposal is enacted One of Ronald Reagan’s first acts as President was to rescind President Carter’s directive that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States be prohibited from sale to other countries. (A) that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States be prohibited from sale to other countries (B) that any chemical be prohibited from sale to other countries that was banned on medical 54
Slide 55: Adhamjon’s SC notes grounds in the United States UZBEKISTAN (C) prohibiting the sale to other countries of any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States (D) prohibiting that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States is sold to other countries (E) that any chemical banned in the United States on medical grounds is prohibited from being sold to other countries. I know its already dicussed but my question is that isn't the sentence subjuntive by the word - 'directive'? Should it not be followed by 'that...'. Please Help me clarify on this EXPLANATION BY BOB: When a verb, noun, or adjective of recommendation, requirement, or request is followed by a "that" clause, the verb in the "that" clause will be in the subjunctive mood. But a verb, noun, or adjective of recommendation, requirement, or request does not have to be followed by a "that" clause. In the item under discussion, choice A nonsensically states that the directive prohibits chemicals from doing something. You can't tell chemicals what to do or not to do. You can prohibit the sale of chemicals, but you can't prohibit chemicals from being sold A recent New York Times editorial criticized the city’s elections board for, first of all, failing to replace outmoded voting machines prone to breakdowns, and secondarily, for their failure to investigate allegations of corruption involving board members. 1) secondarily, for their failure to 2) secondly, for their failure to 3) secondly, that they failed and did not 4) second, that they failed to 5) second, for failing to 55
Slide 56: Adhamjon’s SC notes EXPLANATION BY BOB: UZBEKISTAN The correct response is E. All the other choices are easily eliminated because "their" and "they" do not agree with the singular antecedent "board." Violence in the stands at soccer matches has got so pronounced in several European countries that some stadiums have adopted new rules that aim to identify fans of visiting teams and that seat them in a separate area. 1. ----------------------------------------2. to identify fans of visiting teams and seat them 3. to identify fans of visiting teams for seating 4. at identifying fans of visiting teams so as to seat them 5. at identifying fans of visiting teams and that seat them OA-B a) to identify fans and that seat ...( that is a pronoun following and .... wrong ....infinitive to pronoun comparision . b) to identify and seat ( to is implicit , infinitive to infinitive comparision ) correct c) and is missing , also not parallel (to identify .... for seating ) d) wordy unidiomatic and not parallel (...identifying ....to seat ...) e) not parallel (identifying and that seat ) Hence B is correct Hi A majority of the voters want/wants to unseat the incumbent. plz xplain 56
Slide 57: Adhamjon’s SC notes EXPLANATION BY BOB: UZBEKISTAN A majority of the voters is plural, as are: one half of the voters more than one half of the voters a lot of the voters a number of the voters Here are some examples taken from the OG, 10th edition. CR 23 (C) The majority of travelers departing from rural airports are flying to destinations in cities over 600 miles away. CR 44 (D) the majority of the cases of sex discrimination against women that have reached the judge's court have been appealed from a lower court CR 136 (B) The majority of the magazine's subscribers are less concerned about a possible reduction in the quantity of the magazine's articles than about a possible loss of the current high quality of its articles. CR 148 (E) The majority of the retailer's employees work as cashiers, and most cashiers are paid the minimum wage. CR 194 (B) Because a majority of commuters drive at least 100 miles a week, the cost to the producer of making good the offer would add considerably to the already high price of electric vehicles. SC 13 A majority of the international journalists surveyed view nuclear power stations as unsafe at present... FROM OTHER GUY: I think correct sentence should be "A majority of the voters want to unseat the incumbent" 57
Slide 58: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN A little hint: The before the word (the total, the majority) is usually a tip-off that it's singular, while a (a total, a number, a majority), especially when of comes after, usually indicates a plural. It is well known in the supermarket industry that how items are placed on shelves and the frequency of inventory turnovers can be crucial to profits. (A) the frequency of inventory turnovers can be (B) the frequency of inventory turnovers is often (C) the frequency with which the inventory turns over is often (D) how frequently is the inventory turned over are often (E) how frequently the inventory turns over can be EXPLANATION BY BOB: Quote: Originally Posted by amitg_ind Whats wrong with D? When a question word ("what," "where," "when," "how," etc.) is used in a statement (as opposed to a question) it is incorrect to invert subject and verb. Examples: What time is it? I don't know what time it is. (It would be wrong to say "I don't know what time is it.") Where did he go? He did not tell us where he went. (It would be wrong to say "He did not tell us where did he go.") When will he arrive? I don't know when he will arrive. (It would be wrong to say "I don't know when will he arrive.") How frequently is the inventory turned over? How frequently the inventory is turned over can be crucial. (It would be wrong to say "How frequently is the inventory turned over can be crucial.) 58
Slide 59: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN Is this scentence formation right? "JUST as General Motors has long been an icon of American business, so Volkswagen is a symbol of the German industrial economy." I got the above scentence from an article on the Economist.com website. EXPLANATION BY BOB: The structure is perfectly idiomatic. Here's a similar sentence from OG11: Just as melting ice cubes do not cause a glass of water to overflow, so melting sea ice does not increase oceanic volume. Antarctica receives more solar radiation than does any other place on Earth, yet the temperatures are so cold and the ice cap is reflective, so that little polar ice melts during the summer; otherwise, the water levels of the oceans would rise 250 feet and engulf most of the world's great cities. A. is reflective, so that little polar ice melts during the summer; otherwise, B. is so reflective that little of the polar ice melts during the summer; were it not to do so, C. so reflective that little polar ice melts during the summer, or else D. reflective, so that little of the polar ice melts during the summer, or E. reflects so that little of the polar ice melts during the summer; if it did EXPLANATION BY BOB: B is incorrectly typed. It should read: is so reflective that little of the polar ice melts during the summer; were it to do so, With "not" removed, B is correct. The problem with C is "or else." Meaning "if not" or "otherwise," the 59
Slide 60: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN words "or else" don't make sense here. With C, the last part of the sentence is saying that, if that little bit of polar ice did not melt in the summer, the ocean levels would rise. What the sentence is trying to convey is that if more than a little polar ice melted the ocean levels would rise. For many travelers, charter vacations often turn out to cost considerably more than they originally seemed. (A) they originally seemed (B) they originally seem to (C) they seemingly would cost originally (D) it seemed originally (E) it originally seemed they would EXPLANATION BY BOB: The OA is wrong. The correct response is E. "Charter vacations often turn out to cost considerably more than it originally seemed they would [cost]." "It" here has no antecedent. It's not really a pronoun. It's subject of the impersonal verb "seemed." It originally seemed that the charter vacations would not cost very much. Here are some other examples of the impersonal use of "it": It is nine o'clock. It was raining. It feels cold here. Quote: Originally Posted by chatru 800Bob: how do you justify using "it" in your asnwer."what antecedent is refered by "It" in your choice of answer "E". 60
Slide 61: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN No antecedent. Read what I wrote above. What's the antecedent of "it" in the following? I looked out the window and saw that it was raining. Quote: Originally Posted by drctypea thx bob but why do we even need the word "it." What is wrong with an answer choice like B? Recently documented examples of neurogenesis, the production of new brain cells, include the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that learn new songs. A. the brain growing in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or neurons increasing in canaries that B. mice whose beains grow when they are placed in stimulating environment or canaries whose neurons increase when they C. mice's brains that grow when they are placed in stimulating environment or canaries' neurons that ncrease when they D. the brain growth in mice when placed in a stimulating environment or the increase in canaries' neuons when they E. brain growth in mice that are placed in a stimulating environment or an increase in neurons in canaries that EXPLANATION BY BOB: 61
Slide 62: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN "Recently documented examples of neurogenesis... include..." must be followed by two nouns or noun phrases that are examples of neurogenesis. That narrows the choices to D and E. D has a couple of problems. First, it is not clear what is "placed in a stimulating environment." Second, the reference of "they" is ambiguous. Does it refer to "neurons"? That doesn't make sense. Does it refer to "canaries"? It's not good to have a subject pronoun refer to a noun that's in the possessive case. The best choice is E. Although he is as gifted as, if not more gifted than, many of his colleagues, he is extremely modest and his poetry is unpublished. (A) Although he is as gifted as, if not more gifted than, many of his colleagues, he is extremely modest and his poetry is unpublished. (B) Although he is as gifted, if not more gifted, than many of his colleagues, he is extremely modest and with his poetry remaining unpublished. (C) Although he is as gifted as, if not more gifted than, many of his colleagues, he is extremely modest and will not publish his poetry. (D) Despite his being gifted, if not more gifted than his colleagues, he is extremely modest and will not publish his poetry. (E) Being a gifted as, or more gifted than, many of his colleagues, he is extremely modest and his poetry is unpublished DISPUTE IS OVER A AND C EXPLANATION BY BOB: Don't obsess so much about whether an answer choice "changes the meaning." Sometimes it is necessary to change the meaning of the original, such as when the original is ambiguous, illogical, or confused. For 62
Slide 63: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN me the first sentence is trying to say that his poetry is unpublished because he is modest. Choice C makes more sense. The point of the Sentence Correction game is to avoid changing the intended meaning. The challenge is to determine from a poorly written sentence what exactly the author intends Although the manager agreed to a more flexible work schedule, he said that it must be posted on the bulletin board so that both management and labor will know what everyone is assigned to do. (A) he said that it must be posted on the bulletin board so that both management and labor will know what everyone is (B) he said it had to be posted on the bulletin board so that both management and labor knows what everyone is (C) he said that they would have to post the assignments on the bulletin board so that management and labor knew what everyone was (D) he said that the schedule would have to be posted on the bulletin board so that both management and labor would know what everyone was (E) saying that the schedule had to be posted on the bulletin board so that both management and labor would know what everyone had been OA-A Coronary angiography, a sophisticated method for diagnosing coronary disease involving the introduction of a dye into the arteries of the heart, is now administered selectively, because it uses xrays to observe cardiac function. (A) for diagnosing coronary disease involving the introduction of a dye into the arteries of the heart, is now administered selectively, because it uses (B) for diagnosing coronary disease involving the introduction of a dye into the arteries of heart, is 63
Slide 64: Adhamjon’s SC notes now administered selectively, because of using UZBEKISTAN (C) for diagnosing coronary disease, involves the introduction of dye into the arteries of the heart and is now administered selectively, because it uses (D) to diagnose coronary disease that involves the introduction of a dye into the arteries of the heart, is now administered selectively, because it uses (E) to diagnose coronary disease involving the introduction of a dye into the arteries of the heart, which is now administered selectively, uses EXPLANATION BY BOB: The best response is C. The other choices are wrong because "coronary disease involving" and "coronary disease that involves" both suggest that the disease involves the introduction of a dye. Quote: Originally Posted by dimbulb 800Bob , can u pls explain why D is wrong ? Is the usage of "that" not required? D is wrong because "a sophisticated method to diagnose coronary disease that involves the introduction of a dye into the arteries of the heart" is confusing: it seems to say that coronoary disease involves the introduction of a dye. I don't see why "that" is necessary. In correct choice C "involves the introduction of a dye" becomes part of the main clause. The grammatical core of the sentence is a subject and two verbs: "...angiography ... involves ... and is..." Legend has it that when the Mohawk Joseph Brant was presented to George III in 1776, he proudly refused to kiss the King’s hand, inasmuch as he regarded himself an ally, not a subject. (A) as he regarded himself an ally, not (B) that he regarded himself to be an ally rather than (C) as he considered himself an ally, not (D) that he considered himself to be ally instead of (E) as he considered himself as an ally rather than 64
Slide 65: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN EXPLANATION BY BOB: "Regard" and "consider" are very similar in meaning, but "regard" must be followed by "as" while "consider" should not be followed by "as." I regard him as an ally. I consider him an ally. The computer software being designed for a project studying Native American access to higher education will not only meet the needs of that study, but also has the versatility and power of facilitating similar research endeavors. (A) but also has the versatility and power of facilitating (B) but also have the versatility and power to facilitate (C) but it also has the versatility and power to facilitate (D) and also have the versatility and power of facilitating (E) and it also has such versatility and power that it can facilitate Correct response is B. Parallelism: "will not only meet... but also have." There is no difference between singular and plural after "will." You can write "not only meets... but also has" or "will not only meet... but also have" or "not only will meet... but also will have," but you can't write "will not only meet... but also has." Birds' feathers appear to have evolved from dinosaur scales well over 100 million years ago, Chinese scientists have shown, based on a fossil bird found in the Yixian mountains of northern China. A) Chinese scientists have shown, based on a fossil bird found in the Yixian mountains of northern China. B) Chinese scientists have shown a fossil bird found in the Yixian mountains of northern China. C) Chinese scientists showed, based on a fossil bird found in the Yixian mountains of northern China. D) when the Chinese scientists found a fossil bird in the Yixian mountains of northern China. 65
Slide 66: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN E) which the Chinese scientists say can be proven from a fossil bird which they found in the Yixian mountains of northern China. EXPLANATION BY BOB: This question is not of GMAT quality. The so-called OA is impossible. As gschmilinsky asks, what does the phrase "based on..." modify? "Scientists"? That doesn't make any sense. You can't say that scientists are based on a fossil bird. For a similar dangling modifier, look at this SC item from the OG: Based on accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture... The correct response changes the modifying phrase to the more logical: Using accounts of various ancient writers... The first commercially successful drama to depict Black family life sympathetically and the first play by a Black woman to be produced on Broadway, it was Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun that won the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award in 1959, and was later made into both a film and a musical. A. it was Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun that won the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award in 1959, and was later made B. in 1959 A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, won the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award and was later made C. Lorraine Hansberry won the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award for A Raisin in the Sun in 1959, and it was later made D. Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun won the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award in 1959 and was later made E. A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansberry, won the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award in 1959, and later made it EXPLANATION BY BOB: No way E is acceptable. The OA is wrong. The correct response is D. 66
Slide 67: Adhamjon’s SC notes X won...and was made...-PARALLELISM UZBEKISTAN Over 75 percent of the energy produced in France derives from nuclear power, while in Germany it is just over 33 percent. A. while in Germany it is just over 33 percent B. compared to Germany, which uses just over 33 percent C. whereas nuclear power accounts for just over 33 percent of the energy produced in Germany D. whereas just over 33 percent of the energy comes from nuclear power in Germany E. compared with the energy from nuclear power in Germany, where it is just over 33 percent CORRECT ANSWER IS C Not one of the potential investors is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement is signed that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were not to be concluded. A. is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement is that includes a provision for penalties if the deal were signed B. is expected to make an offer for buying First Interstate Bank until they sign a merger agreement including a provision for penalties if the deal was C. is expected to make an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until a merger agreement be signed by them with a provision for penalties if the deal were D. are expected to make an offer for buying First Interstate Bank until it signs a merger agreement with a provision for penalties included if the deal was E. are expected to be making an offer to buy First Interstate Bank until they sign a merger agreement including a provision for penalties if the deal were EXPLANATION BY BOB: 67
Slide 68: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN The OA is wrong. In contemporary English we do not use the subjunctive in a clause beginning with "until." True, in French one would use the subjunctive after "jusqu'a' ce que," and in Italian one would use the subjunctive after "finche'," but in English we use the subjunctive only in clauses of recommendation, requirement, and request, and only in clauses introduced by "that." The correct response is A. What is the source of this item? Who came up with this "OA"? I can't imagine any native speaker of modern English ever using "be" after "until." Several senior officials spoke to the press on condition that they not be named in the story. (A) that they not be named (B) that their names will not be used (C) that their names are not used (D) of not being named (E) they will not be named EXPLANATION BY BOB: The correct response is A. "Condition" is a noun that means "requirement" and therefore takes the subjunctive. Examples: Mr. Bush spoke on the record, but others talked to Woodward on condition that he not reveal their identities. He was given a suspended sentence on condition that he leave the country. An article in Le Monde that said that Milosovic would agree to NATO terms on condition that he be granted immunity. Cooperative apartment houses have the peculiar distinction of being dwellings that must also operate as businesses. (A) of being dwellings that must also operate as businesses (B) of dwellings that must also operate like business 68
Slide 69: Adhamjon’s SC notes (C) that they are dwellings that must operate like business (D) that, as dwellings, they must also operate like businesses (E) to be a dwelling that must also operate as a business UZBEKISTAN OA is A. EXPLANATION BY BOB: As" is better than "like" here because it is not a comparison. Here "as" is a preposition meaning "in the capacity of." There is a difference between "he works like a firefighter" and "he works as a firefighter." In the first instance, he is not actually a firefighter but only similiar to one. In the second instance, he is a firefighter. In the Sentence Correction item at issue, coops are not being compared to businesses; they are businesses. Following the destruction of the space shuttle Challenger, investigators concluded that many key people employed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and its contractors work an excessive amount of overtime that has the potential of causing errors in judgment. (A) overtime that has the potential of causing (B) overtime that has the potential to cause (C) overtime that potentially can cause (D) overtime, a practice that has the potential for causing (E) overtime, a practice that can, potentially, cause OA is E EXPLANATION BY BOB: 69
Slide 70: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN A, B, and C are all wrong because "that" would refer to "overtime." It is not the overtime that can potentially cause errors in judgment; it is the fact that employees of NASA and contractors are required to work an excessive amount of overtime. The end of the sentence needs a noun like "practice" to refer to the real cause. Between D and E, I would choose E because "potential for causing" is unidiomatic -- it should be "potential to cause." A study of couples' retirement transitions found that women who took new jobs after retiring from their primary careers reported high marital satisfaction, more than when retiring completely. a] b] more than if they were to retire c] more so than those who retired d] which was more so than those retiring e] which was more than if they had retired The OA is C. EXPLANATION BY BOB: What's wrong with "more so"? For me the best answer is C. The sentence is comparing "women who took new jobs" with "those who retired." Agree with C. Examples with: "more so than" 1) They talk about it all the time, but never more so than lately. 2) We take our business seriously, more so than any other company in the town. 3) "Lord of the Rings" was awesome, more so than any other movie I have recently watched, etc... 70
Slide 71: Adhamjon’s SC notes Quote: Originally Posted by CTG1983 Bob, can u plz elaborate the use of "more so" with some examples? UZBEKISTAN Look at GMZ's examples above. Or type "more so" in Google and find more than 19,000,000 more. Actually, "more so" is such a common collocation that some people think it's one word. Type "moreso" in Google and you'll find over a million instances. "So" here is an adverb meaning "in such a manner, in that way." "More so" is the comparative of the adverb. Many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries. (A) Many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries. (B) Chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with many hundreds of monasteries. (C) Hundreds of monasteries, many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, are dotting the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia. (D) The mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries, many of which are chiseled from solid rock centuries ago. (E) The mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries, many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago. EXPLANATION BY BOB: Quote: Originally Posted by amitg_ind OA is E. But I am still confused about the usage of 'them'. 'many of them' is ambigous and hence cannot be correct? Could anyone please throw some light on this? We TM'ers tend to make too big a deal of potentially ambiguous pronoun reference. No sensible reader would ever think for a second that "many of them chiseled from solid rock" could refer to "mountainous 71
Slide 72: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN regions." And I don't think a native speaker would ever use the progressive form here: "are dotting the mountainous regions." Margaret Courtney-Clarke has traveled to remote dwellings in the Transvaal to photograph the art of Ndebele women, whose murals are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries embellished with old and new iconography and in a style that varies from woman to woman and house to house. (A) whose murals are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries embellished with old and new iconography and in a style that varies from woman to woman and house to house (B) whose murals are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries are embellished with old and new iconography, and their style is varying among women and houses (C) whose murals are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries are embellished with old and new iconography, and they are in styles that vary from woman to woman and house to house (D) with murals brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries embellished with old and new iconography, and their style varies among women and houses (E) with murals that are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries embellished with old and new iconography, and their styles vary among women and houses OA is A. EXPLANATION BY BOB: Must be A. B and C are run-on sentences. (B) [Margaret Courtney-Clarke has traveled to remote dwellings in the Transvaal to photograph the art of Ndebele women, whose murals are brilliantly colored,] break [their geometrical symmetries are embellished with old and new iconography, and their style is varying among women and houses.] 72
Slide 73: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN (C) [Margaret Courtney-Clarke has traveled to remote dwellings in the Transvaal to photograph the art of Ndebele women, whose murals are brilliantly colored,] break [their geometrical symmetries are embellished with old and new iconography, and they are in styles that vary from woman to woman and house to house.] D and E have breakdowns in parallelism: (D) ...their geometrical symmetries embellished with old and new iconography ... and their style varies among women and houses (E) ...their geometrical symmetries embellished with old and new iconography ... and their styles vary among women and houses In both cases we have a noun phrase ("symmetries embellished") and a clause with a subject and conjugated verb ("style varies" and "styles vary"). Quote: Originally Posted by Seth Why B and C are run on? Anyone please clarify me? I can't see that they are run on. Two independent clauses joined with no more than a comma make a run-on sentence. With choice B you have: Margaret Courtney-Clarke has traveled to remote dwellings in the Transvaal to photograph the art of Ndebele women, whose murals are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries are embellished with old and new iconography, and their style is varying among women and houses. That's two independent clauses. Each can stand alone: 1. Margaret Courtney-Clarke has traveled to remote dwellings in the Transvaal to photograph the art of 73
Slide 74: Adhamjon’s SC notes Ndebele women, whose murals are brilliantly colored. UZBEKISTAN 2. Their geometrical symmetries are embellished with old and new iconography, and their style is varying among women and houses. With choice C you have: Margaret Courtney-Clarke has traveled to remote dwellings in the Transvaal to photograph the art of Ndebele women, whose murals are brilliantly colored, their geometrical symmetries are embellished with old and new iconography, and they are in styles that vary from woman to woman and house to house. That's two independent clauses. Each can stand alone: 1. Margaret Courtney-Clarke has traveled to remote dwellings in the Transvaal to photograph the art of Ndebele women, whose murals are brilliantly colored. 2. Their geometrical symmetries are embellished with old and new iconography, and they are in styles that vary from woman to woman and house to house. Quote: Originally Posted by gvirk1 Bob, Help me in understanding the usage of "their" in "their geometrical symmetries". "their" can refer to both women and murals. Is it OK? Or I am missing something... Thnx "Their" clearly refers to "murals" and not to "women" because "murals" is not only closer but also, more crucially, in a stronger position (subject of the preceding clause) than "women" (object of a preposition). The clearest indication that the reference is not ambiguous is that every answer choice has "their." 74
Slide 75: Adhamjon’s SC notes The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early UZBEKISTAN experiments in his “Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found. A. a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a B. a critique of all chemistry following Robert Boyle and also his envisioning of a C. a critique of all chemistry after Robert Boyle and envisioning as well D. critiquing all chemistry from Robert Boyle forward and also a vision of E. critiquing all the chemistry done since Robert Boyle as well as his own EXPLANATION BY BOB: Quote: Originally Posted by wakau Who/What is the critique ?? Is it the experiments or Humphry Davy ?? Neither. "Essay on Heat and Light" is the critique. Quote: Originally Posted by sumeet_rana since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found. I couldnt make any sense out of the above sentence ! therefore not A... Davy's “Essay on Heat and Light” is two things: 1. a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle; and 2. a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found. Hence: ... “Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found. 75
Slide 76: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN 1. In recent years cattle breeders have increasingly used crossbreeding, in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics and partly because crossbreeding is said to provide hybrid vigor. (A) in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics (B) in part for the acquisition of certain characteristics in their steers (C) partly because of their steers acquiring certain characteristics (D) partly because certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers (E) partly to acquire certain characteristics in their steers 2. In good years, the patchwork of green fields that surround the San Joaquin Valley town bustles with farm workers, many of them in the area just for the season. (A) surround the San Joaquin Valley town bustles with farm workers, many of them (B) surrounds the San Joaquin Valley town bustles with farm workers, many of whom are (C) surround the San Joaquin Valley town bustles with farm workers, many of who are (D) surround the San Joaquin Valley town bustle with farm workers, many of which (E) surrounds the San Joaquin Valley town bustles with farm workers, many are EXPLANATION BY BOB: The second question has been discussed many times, with no consensus. I personally doubt that it is a real GMAT question because choices A and B can both be justified. First issue: "patchwork of green fields that surround" vs. "patchwork of green fields that surrounds" Both are possible. They have very slightly different meanings, but both meanings make sense. In the first case "that" is plural and refers to "fields." In the second case "that" is singular and refers to "patchwork." In the first case the sentence says that the patchwork is made up of green fields and that the green fields surround the town. In the second case it is the patchwork that surrounds the town. What's the difference? Both make sense to me. Second issue: "many of them" vs. "many of whom are" 76
Slide 77: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN Here is where I have a preference. "Many of whom are" is perfectly grammatical and unambiguous. In "many of them," however, one could argue that "them" is ambiguous: does it refer to the nearby noun "workers" or to the earlier subject "green fields"? Well, only a nitpicker would ever think that it could refer to "green fields." I have seen many correct answers in GMAT Sentence Correction where a nitpicker might say that pronoun reference is ambiguous but where a person with common sense would have no problem. So, if I had to choose one answer, I would choose B. But I don't think A is so bad. According to recent studies comparing the nutritional value of meat from wild animals and meat from domesticated animals, wild animals have less total fat than do livestock fed on grain and more of a kind of fat they think is good for cardiac health. A.wild animals have less total fat than do livestock fed on grain and more of a kind of fat they think is B.wild animals have less total fat than livestock fed on grain and more of a kind of fat thought to be C.wild animals have less total fat than that of livestock fed on grain and have more fat of a kind thought to be D.total fat of wild animals is less than livestock fed on grain and they have more fat of a kind thought to be E.total fat is less in wild animals than that of livestock fed on grain and more of their fat is of a kind they think is EXPLANATION BY BOB: Quote: Originally Posted by kartikbansal go for C.. 77
Slide 78: Adhamjon’s SC notes 'that' is necessary.. UZBEKISTAN "That" is not only unnecessary, but wrong. When a comparison includes "than that of" the word "that" refers to a specific noun. For example, in the following sentence: The population of California is greater than that of New York. ..."that" stands in for "the population." The sentence can also be written: The population of California is greater than the population of New York. In choice C of the item under discussion: wild animals have less total fat than that of livestock fed on grain ...what does "that" stand in for? The problem with this item is that there is no good answer choice. What is the source? I'm sure it's not a real GMAT question. The sentence should be something like this: According to recent studies comparing the nutritional value of meat from wild animals and that of meat from domesticated animals, wild animals have less total fat than do livestock fed on grain and more fat of a kind thought to be good for cardiac health. Quote: Originally Posted by BigGameJames "that" could refer to total fat. 78
Slide 79: Adhamjon’s SC notes The total fat in wild animals is less than that of livestock. UZBEKISTAN C says: "wild animals have less total fat than that of livestock fed on grain." If "that" stands for "total fat" then the C means: "wild animals have less total fat than the total fat of livestock fed on grain." To me that makes no sense. The sentence is trying to compare wild animals with domesticated animals. It should read: "wild animals have less total fat than do livestock fed on grain." There is no good answer. I suppose you could say that B is the "least bad," but settling for the "least bad" is never necessary on the GMAT. There's always a good sentence. I wish I had stayed out of this discussion. I generally prefer not to comment on bogus questions. I will try one more time to explain why C is wrong, and then I promise to shut up. A comparison needs "than that of" or "than those of" only when it is comparing one possession or attribute to another possession or attribute. Generally the first item in the comparison will either be followed by a prepositional phrase beginning with "of" or be preceded by a possessive. Examples: The total mass of all the asteroids is less than that of the Moon. ("That" refers to "mass," which is followed by "of.") Shanghai's birth rate is lower than that of Western countries. ("That" refers to "birth rate," which is preceded by the possessive "Shanghai's.") In choice C: ...wild animals have less total fat than that of livestock fed on grain... "that," I suppose, is meant to refer to "total fat," but "total fat" is not followed by "of" or preceded by a possessive. Try googling on "less total fat than" and you will get hundreds of hits, such as these: Walkers Lites and Potato Heads contain 33% less total fat than Walkers crisps. "Reduced-fat" ice cream contains at least 25 percent less total fat than the regular product. 79
Slide 80: Adhamjon’s SC notes Body mass indices did not demonstrate that men had less total fat than women. Peanuts actually have less total fat than most other nuts. Turkey has less total fat than other meats. UZBEKISTAN Even the very fattest wild land mammals contain 60-75% less total fat than the average domesticated animal. In general, fish and poultry have less total fat than red meats. Grass-fed beef has a much better fatty acid ration and less total fat than grain-fed animals. Duck breast meat prepared without the skin (2 grams) has less total fat than chicken (3 grams) and more fat than turkey (0.5 grams). Wild deer meat has 44 percent less total fat than beef. KFC chicken had only slightly less total fat than a Whopper. The higher muscled-scored animal not only has more total meat but also has less total fat than the lower muscle-scored animal. Grass-finished meat has considerably less total fat than grain-fed animals. Chicken without skin has less saturated fat and less total fat than chicken with skin. Wild animals not only have less total fat than livestock fed on grain, but more of their fat is of a kind (omega-3) thought to be good for cardiac health. (The last example, taken from a New York Times article, is obviously the source of the SC item under discussion here.) Try googling on "less total fat than that of" and you will get not one single hit. 9. Because the Earth's crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West. (A) of a given magnitude typically devastates an area 100 times greater in the eastern United States than it does in the West (B) of a given magnitude will typically devastate 100 times the area if it occurs in the eastern United States instead of the West (C) will typically devastate 100 times the area in the eastern United States than one of comparable magnitude occurring in the West (D) in the eastern United States will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will a quake 80
Slide 81: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN of comparable magnitude occurring in the West 7. It is possible that Native Americans originally have migrated to the Western Hemisphere over a bridge of land that once existed between Siberia and Alaska. (E) that occurs in the eastern United States will typically devastate 100 times more area than if it occurred with comparable magnitude in the West EXPLANATION BY BOB: It is very easy to eliminate C. Remember that "than" can be used only after a comparative. You can say "an area 100 times greater... than," but you cannot say "100 times the area... than." The answer is D. One of Ronald Reagan’s first acts as President was to rescind President Carter’s directive that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States be prohibited from sale to other countries. (A) that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States be prohibited from sale to other countries (B) that any chemical be prohibited from sale to other countries that was banned on medical grounds in the United States (C) prohibiting the sale to other countries of any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States (D) prohibiting that any chemical banned on medical grounds in the United States is sold to other countries (E) that any chemical banned in the United States on medical grounds is prohibited from being sold to other countries. I know its already dicussed but my question is that isn't the sentence subjuntive by the word - 'directive'? Should it not be followed by 'that...'. Please Help me clarify on this. EXPLANATION BY BOB: When a verb, noun, or adjective of recommendation, requirement, or request is followed by a "that" clause, the verb in the "that" clause will be in the subjunctive mood. But a verb, noun, or adjective of 81
Slide 82: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN recommendation, requirement, or request does not have to be followed by a "that" clause. In the item under discussion, choice A nonsensically states that the directive prohibits chemicals from doing something. You can't tell chemicals what to do or not to do. You can prohibit the sale of chemicals, but you can't prohibit chemicals from being sold. Quote: Originally Posted by amitg_ind Thanks Bob for correcting my understanding that ' every subjunctive must be followed by that'. "Directive" is not a subjunctive. It's a noun that can sometimes require the subjunctive in the following "that" clause. The subjunctive in choice A is "be." His studies of ice-polished rocks in his Alpine homeland, far outside the range of present-day glaciers, led Louis Agassiz in 1837 to propose the concept of an age in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas. (A) in which great ice sheets had existed in now currently temperate areas (B) in which great ice sheets existed in what are now temperate areas (C) when great ice sheets existed where there were areas now temperate (D) when great ice sheets had existed in current temperate areas (E) when great ice sheets existed in areas now that are temperate This had been discussed earlier but I want to clarify my doubt on usage of 'which'. According to me in GMAT, usage of 'which' without a comma is almost always wrong. However, I see many examples as exceptions. Can somebody plz clarify the usagee of 'which'? EXPLANATION BY BOB: "Which" (not "that") is used in restrictive clauses and without a comma when it follows a preposition. the stuff of which dreams are made the book for which I was searching 82
Slide 83: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN These could be rephrased by moving the preposition to the end and changing "which" to "that": the stuff that dreams are made of the book that I was searching for The latter examples may sound more natural, but old-time grammar police have an unnatural aversion to prepositions at the end of a sentence. The increased popularity and availability of televisions has led to the decline of regional dialects, language variations which originate from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated by geographic isolation. (A) which originate from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated (B) that originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated (C) originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated (D) originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated (E) originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuating EXPLANATION BY BOB: The correct response is D. B is not parallel. "Originated" is a verb (the simple past). "Perpetuated" is an adjective (past participle). D is parallel. "Originating" and "perpetuated" are both adjectives. The present participle "originating" is correct because the variations originate. The past participle "perpetuated" is correct because the variations don't perpetuate; they are perpetuated. The European Community exported just under 400 billion in goods in 1998, sixty percent more than the united states did and nearly twice as much as Japan's export A .................................................. ... 83
Slide 84: Adhamjon’s SC notes B the united States exported and nearly double what the japanese did C the United States exported and nearly twice as much as the Japanese did D what teh United states did and nearly twice as much as japan's exports E What the United States exported and nearly double the japanese exports UZBEKISTAN EXPLANATION BY BOB: For me the best choice is (C). I split the sentence this way: The E.C. exported $400 billion in goods in 1998. This amount of goods is 60 percent more than the U.S. exported. This amount is nearly twice as much as the Japanese exported. The other choices all compare the amount of goods that the E.C. exported with the actual goods themselves (not the amount) that the Japanese exported. 1.Believed to originate from a small area on their foreheads, elephants emit low-frequency sounds that may be used as a secret language to communicate with other members of the herd. (A) Believed to originate from a small area on their foreheads, elephants emit low-frequency sounds that may be used (B) Elephants emit low-frequency sounds that are believed to originate from a small area on their foreheads, and they may use this (C) Elephants emit low-frequency sounds, believed to originate from a small area on their foreheads, that they may use (D) Originating, it is believed, from a small area on their foreheads; elephants emit low-frequency sounds they may use (E) Originating, it is believed, from a small area on their foreheads, low-frequency sounds are emitted by elephants that may be used isnt 'they' in choice B refers to subject 'elephant' ........ OA is C EXPLANATION BY BOB: 84
Slide 85: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN Problem with B is "this," which is supposed to refer to "sounds." Best response is C. The increased popularity and availability of televisions has led to the decline of regional dialects, language variations which originate from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated by geographic isolation. (A) which originate from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated (B) that originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated (C) originated from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated (D) originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuated (E) originating from diverse ethnic and cultural heritages and perpetuating OA is D I am a bit confused about the correct usage of which and comma together. I think " blah blah blah, which blah blah" is correct. Also, is it true that WHICH should ALWAYS be preceded by a comma? I would like some more information about the usage of which and comma. EXPLANATION BY BOB: It is misleading and oversimplistic to say that "which" must always be preceded by a comma. The rule is that a nonrestrictive clause should be set off with commas, but a nonrestrictive clause does not always begin with "which," and the presence of "which" does not always signal a nonrestrictive clause. First of all, if the relative pronoun is the object of a preposition, whether the clause is restrictive or nonrestrictive, you cannot use "that"; you must use "which." Here are a couple of correct sentences from 85
Slide 86: Adhamjon’s SC notes the OG that use "which" after a preposition in a restrictive clause: UZBEKISTAN El Nino, the periodic abnormal warming of the sea surface off Peru, is a phenomenon in which changes in the ocean and atmosphere combine to allow the warm water that has accumulated in the western Pacific to flow back to the east. As U.S. nuclear attack submarines prowl their familiar haunts deep within the oceans of the world these days, they increasingly are engaged in missions far different from the tasks for which they were built and for which their crews were trained over the last forty years. Second, in contemporary English usage, "which" is very often used where traditionalists would prefer "that." According to The Little, Brown Handbook: "Which" can introduce both restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses, but many writers reserve "which" only for nonrestrictive clauses. Still, what concerns us here is what GMAT writers think, and if you look at the explanation to OG11 SC7 you will see that choice A is wrong in part because "Which is incorrectly used for a clause that defines," and that choice C is wrong in part because "Which incorrectly introduces a restrictive clause." It is worth noting, however, that both of these wrong choices have other problems; misuse of "which" is not the only reason to eliminate them. The fact is that a study of edited prose has shown that about 75 percent of the instances of "which" introduce restrictive clauses and only about 25 percent introduce nonrestrictive clauses. ‘different from’ vs ‘different than’ My study shows that ‘different from’ is the correct idiom, definitely when used with nouns. But im not sure if it remains correct when used with verbs. e.g. The CAT GMAT is different from the pen & paper GMAT Attempting the CAT GMAT is different than attempting the pen & paper GMAT 86
Slide 87: Adhamjon’s SC notes ‘If’ vs ‘Whether’ UZBEKISTAN I know majority of the sources say, that almost always ‘whether’ is preferred over ‘if’ on the GMAT, but in Ursula’s notes it says, that when comparing more than 2 items use ‘if’ and NOT ‘whether’. Is this correct? e.g. John is contemplating if he should get ice cream, frozen yogurt or cookies. OR John is contemplating whether he should get ice cream, frozen yogurt or cookies. ‘identical with’ Is this the correct idiom or should it be ‘identical to’? ‘had’ vs ‘had been’ I know one is past perfect while the other is past progressive perfect AND that we use past participial with ‘perfects’ such as ‘had’ (e.g. walked, ran etc.) and present participial with ‘progressives/perfect progressives’ such as ‘had been’ (e.g. walking, running etc.) Is this the difference? I just wish to confirm. EXPLANATION BY BOB: Quote: Originally Posted by SidGupta ‘different from’ vs ‘different than’ My study shows that ‘different from’ is the correct idiom, definitely when used with nouns. But im not sure if it remains correct when used with verbs. e.g. The CAT GMAT is different from the pen & paper GMAT Attempting the CAT GMAT is different than attempting the pen & paper GMAT Your second example is wrong. Should be: "Attempting the CAT GMAT is different from attempting the pen & paper GMAT." 87
Slide 88: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN This whole "different than" issue is moderately controversial. People have been saying and writing "different than" for centuries; it's very common today. I suspect that the GMAT avoids the issue. There is no instance of "different than" in the Official Guides, for example. Quote: Originally Posted by SidGupta ‘If’ vs ‘Whether’ I know majority of the sources say, that almost always ‘whether’ is preferred over ‘if’ on the GMAT, but in Ursula’s notes it says, that when comparing more than 2 items use ‘if’ and NOT ‘whether’. Is this correct? e.g. John is contemplating if he should get ice cream, frozen yogurt or cookies. OR John is contemplating whether he should get ice cream, frozen yogurt or cookies. To express alternatives, "whether" is preferred. It makes no difference how many alternatives there are. Quote: Originally Posted by SidGupta ‘identical with’ Is this the correct idiom or should it be ‘identical to’? "Identical with" is more common, but both "identical with" and "identical to" are fully acceptable. Quote: Originally Posted by SidGupta ‘had’ vs ‘had been’ I know one is past perfect while the other is past progressive perfect AND that we use past participial with ‘perfects’ such as ‘had’ (e.g. walked, ran etc.) and present participial with ‘progressives/perfect progressives’ such as ‘had been’ (e.g. walking, running etc.) Is this the difference? I just wish to confirm. Past perfect ("had walked") is generally used to describe an action completed before another action in the past. Past perfect progressive ("had been walked") is generally used to described an action that started 88
Slide 89: Adhamjon’s SC notes earlier and continued up to a time in the past. Examples: UZBEKISTAN He was tired all afternoon because he had walked five miles in the morning. He had been walking for an hour when it started to rain. Note, however, that there are many verbs that are rarely used in progressive forms. For example: believe, forget, imagine, know, want, like, prefer, have, possess, hear, see, smell, taste, be. I can't imagine ever saying, for example, "had been being." 10. Climatic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the weather. (A) so gradual as to be indistinguishable (B) so gradual they can be indistinguishable (C) so gradual that they are unable to be distinguished (D) gradual enough not to be distinguishable (E) gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them I though So as to be is for singular subjects! Answ is A I have chosen C EXPLANATION BY BOB: Problem with (C) is "unable to be distinguished." Never write "able to be X-ed" or "unable to be X-ed." To be X-ed is not an ability that one can or cannot possess. This is the worst possible passive construction. Sixty-five milion years ago, according to some scientists, an asteroid bigger than Mount Everest slammed into North America, which, causing plant and animal extinctions, marks the end of the geologic era known as the Cretaceous period. A: ... B: which caused the plant and animal extinctions marking 89
Slide 90: Adhamjon’s SC notes C: and causing plant and animal extinctions that mark D: an event that caused plant and animal extinctions, and it marks E: an event that caused the plant and animal extinctions that mark UZBEKISTAN EXPLANATION BY BOB: In D, "it" is ambiguous. Is the antecedent "asteroid," "Mount Everest," "North America," or "event"? I see nothing wrong with E. Despite the growing number of people who purchase plane tickets online, airline executives are convinced that, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human tellers to automatic teller machines, many travelers will still use travel agents. A. growing number of people who purchase plane tickets online, airline executives are convinced that, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human tellers to automatic teller machines, many travelers will B. growing number of people who purchase plane tickets online, airline executives are convinced, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human tellers to automatic teller machines, that many travelers would C. growing number of people purchasing plane tickets online, airline executives are convinced, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human tellers as compared to automatic teller machines, many travelers will D. fact that the number of people purchasing plane tickets online is growing, airline executives are convinced, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human tellers as compared to automatic teller machines, that many travelers would E. fact that the number of people who purchase plane tickets online are growing, airline executives are convinced that, just as one-third of bank customers still prefer human tellers compared with automatic teller machines, many travelers would EXPLANATION BY BOB: 90
Slide 91: Adhamjon’s SC notes For me the best choice is (A). UZBEKISTAN We can quickly eliminate (C), (D), and (E) because of the unidiomatic "prefer X as compared to Y" and "prefer X compared with Y." Only (A) and (B) use the correct idiom "prefer X to Y." Between (A) and (B), the former is to be preferred because of the placement of "that." The bank customers' preference is part of what the airline executives are convinced of, and so "that" should come before that clause. Hi all,I wish I had found this forum earlier! My GMAT is on Wednesday! =(A question about parallel construction. Which sentence is correct, as far as GMAT grammar is concerned?A) She runs faster than I.B) She runs faster than do I.C) She runs faster than I do.I am getting conflicting answers according to the Princeton and the Barron's books respectively.Thank you! EXPLANATION BY BOB: She runs faster than I. She runs faster than do I. She runs faster than I do. All three are grammatically correct. The first is best because it is the most concise. There is no need for the "do" in this case because there subject pronoun "I" is clearly being compared with the subject "she." A verb such as "do" or "does" or "is" is necessary after "than" only when there are both a subject and an object before. Example: "Martin likes football more than his wife." Ambiguous. It is not clear whether "wife" is being compared with "Martin" or "football." Should be either: "Martin likes football more than does his wife." Or: "Martin likes football more than his wife does." [Both of these compare "wife" with "Martin."] 91
Slide 92: Adhamjon’s SC notes Or: "Martin likes football more than he likes his wife." Or: "Martin likes football more than he does his wife." [These last two versions compare "wife" with "football."] UZBEKISTAN No verb is needed after "than" when there is no object. Example: "Martin drives faster than his wife." You could write: "Martin drives faster than his wife does." Or: "Martin drives faster than does his wife." But the "does" is not really necessary because there is only one noun ("Martin") with which "wife" could be compared. In any case, "she runs faster than me" is not grammatically correct. "Than" is not a preposition and does not require the object pronoun. "She runs faster than I" is short for "she runs faster than I do." Quote: Originally Posted by msinh Bob, I was going through few of the Kaplan's explanation and got confused again. Look at these sentences: The Boston office contributes less to total national sales than any other U.S. branch. And Kaplan says above is wrong. According to Kaplan, comparison is between what the Boston office contributes to what any other U.S. branch contributes. It further says that in GMAT english, the most elegant way to fix this is to insert does after U.S. branch. So corrected sentences will be: The Boston office contributes less to total national sales than any other U.S. branch does. Kaplan is partly right and partly wrong. The original version of the sentence is ambiguous: it is not immediately evident whether "any other U.S. branch" is being compared with the subject "the Boston office" or the object "total national sales." So the "does" necessary. Kaplan is wrong, however, in saying that the most "elegant" position for "does" is at the end. You can also 92
Slide 93: Adhamjon’s SC notes put "does" in front of "any other branch": UZBEKISTAN The Boston office contributes less to total national sales than does any other U.S. branch. In fact, traditionally it was necessary to invert the subject and verb after "than," and that's what the GMAT usually does. Today, however, it is more common in everyday speech to put "does" at the end. Both positions are acceptable, and the GMAT will never force you to choose between them. Quote: Originally Posted by msinh Please let us know what to follow in actual GMAT test. I couldn't get any OG example based on this concept. Here are some examples from the OG 10th edition. First, there are many examples of correct sentences in which the verb is omitted after "than": 5. Carbon-14 dating reveals that the megalithic monuments in Brittany are nearly 2,000 years older than any of their supposed Mediterranean predecessors. Could just as well be: ...older than are any of the supposed Mediterranean predecessors. Or: ...older than any of the supposed Mediterranean predecessors are. 46. A study commissioned by the Department of Agriculture showed that if calves exercise and associate with other calves, they require less medication and gain weight more quickly than those raised in confinement. Could just as well be: ...more quickly than do those raised in confinement. Or: ...more quickly than those raised in confinement do. 93
Slide 94: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN 118. The question of whether to divest themselves of stock in companies that do business in South Africa is particularly troublesome for the nation's 116 private Black colleges because their economic bases are often more fragile than those of most predominantly White colleges. Could just as well be: ...more fragile than are those of most predominantly White colleges. Or: ...more fragile than those of most predominantly White colleges are. 149. Last year, land values in most parts of the pinelands rose almost as fast as, and in some parts even faster than, those outside the pinelands. Could just as well be: ...as fast as, and in some parts even faster than, did those outside the pinelands. Or: ...as fast as, and in some parts even faster than, those outside the pinelands did. 268. Ranked as one of the most important of Europe's young playwrights, Franz Xaver Kroetz has written forty plays; his works--translated into over thirty languages--are produced more often than those of any other contemporary German dramatist. Could just as well be: ...more often than are those of any other contemporary German dramatist. Or: ...more often than those of any other contemporary German dramatist are. And here are two examples of correct sentences in which the verb precedes the subject after "than": 199. Because the Earth's crust is more solid there and thus better able to transmit shock waves, an earthquake in the eastern United States will typically devastate an area 100 times greater than will a quake of comparable magnitude occurring in the West. 94
Slide 95: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN 224. Inuits of the Bering Sea were isolated from contact with Europeans longer than were Aleuts or Inuits of the North Pacific and northern Alaska. On the other hand, here is one correct sentence in which the verb follows the noun after "than": 158. Despite having only 5 percent of the world's population, United States citizens consume 28 percent of its nonrenewable resources, drive more than one-third of its automobiles, and use 21 times more water per capita than Europeans do. Quote: Originally Posted by msinh Kaplan says ... that in GMAT english, the most elegant way to fix this is to insert does after U.S. branch. What does Kaplan say about the following 36 sentences taken from OG 10th edition Critical Reasoning? Are these all inelegant? 33. Rural households have more purchasing power than do urban or suburban households at the same income level... 33. (A) The average rural household includes more people than does the average urban or suburban household. 33. (B) Rural households have lower food and housing costs than do either urban or suburban households. 33. (C) Suburban households generally have more purchasing power than do either rural or urban households. 48. A researcher discovered that people who have low levels of immune-system activity tend to score much lower on tests of mental health than do people with normal or high immune-system activity. 51. (B) Determining whether classical guitarists make their strings go dead faster than do folk guitarists 63. However, a recent study found that top managers used intuition significantly more than did most middle-or lower-level managers. 95
Slide 96: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN 64. (D) Domestic "mini-mills" consistently produce better grades of steel than do the big American mills. 67. (C) The average citizen of Town S spends less time reading newspapers than does the average citizen of Town T. 70. (D) Shelby Industries pays its employees, on average, ten percent more than does Jones Industries. 80. (C) Domestic production of illegal drugs increased at a higher rate than did the entry of such drugs into the country. 81. (A) in 1987 smugglers of illegal drugs, as a group, had significantly more funds at their disposal than did the country's customs agents 84. (D) Two-year community colleges devote more resources than do other colleges to attracting those students especially affected by economic slowdowns. 107. (D) Between 1964 and 1978 the United States consistently spent a larger percentage of its GNP on research and development than did Japan. 127. (E) Service companies make up the majority of small businesses and they generally employ more employees per dollar of revenues than do retail or manufacturing businesses. 128. (D) The particular methods currently used by European painters could require less artistic skill than do methods used by painters in other parts of the world. 137. A study of marital relationships in which one partner's sleeping and waking cycles differ from those of the other partner reveals that such couples share fewer activities with each other and have more violent arguments than do couples in a relationship in which both partners follow the same sleeping and waking patterns. 139. (E) knowledge that a personal acquaintance is unemployed generates more fear of losing one's job than does knowledge of unemployment statistics 96
Slide 97: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN 143. (C) Experienced users of Microton computers command much higher salaries than do prospective employees who have no experience in the use of computers. 145. (D) Nursing homes built prior to 1985 generally had fewer beds than did nursing homes built between 1985 and 1988. 156. According to records maintained by each company, the employees of Company O had fewer jobrelated accidents last year than did the employees of Company P. 156. (A) Company P manufactures products that are more hazardous for workers to produce than does Company O. 156. (B) Company P holds more safety inspections than does Company O. 156. (C) Company P maintains a more modern infirmary than does Company O. 156. (D) Company O paid more for new job-related medical claims than did Company P. 156. (E) Company P provides more types of health-care benefits than does Company O. 157. (A) The employees of Company P lost more time at work due to job-related accidents than did the employees of Company O. 157. (B) Company P considered more types of accidents to be job-related than did Company O. 158. (B) EFCO keyboards are no more expensive to manufacture than are standard keyboards and require less frequent repair than do standard keyboards. 159. Afterward, this group showed lower cognitive abilities than did the other half of the subjects—the control group—who did not consume the sweetener. 161. (D) A female rat that has given birth shows maternal behavior toward rat pups that she did not bear more quickly than does a female rat that has never given birth. 97
Slide 98: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN 171. (E) Drivers on Maryland highways exceeded the speed limit more often than did drivers on other state highways not covered in the report. 173. They will thus burn significantly fewer calories at the new weight than do people whose weight is normally at that level. 173. (A) Relatively few very overweight people who have dieted down to a new weight tend to continue to consume substantially fewer calories than do people whose normal weight is at that level. 187. (A) The Highway Traffic Safety Institute report listed many cars in other classes that had more injuries per accident than did the PZ 1000. 189. (B) Elderly people who practice a religion appear to experience less anxiety at the prospect of dying than do other people. According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of American Medical Colleges, minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in planning to practice in socioeconomically deprived areas. (A) minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in planning to practice (B) minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than other graduates who plan on practicing (C) minority graduates are nearly four times as likely as other graduates to plan on practicing (D) it is nearly four times more likely that minority graduates rather than other graduates will plan to practice (E) it is nearly four times as likely for minority graduates than other graduates to plan to practice EXPLANATION BY BOB: Quote: 98
Slide 99: Adhamjon’s SC notes Originally Posted by shanmukh i do not see any wrong with A "likely ... in planning" is unidiomatic. I think the correct response is C. UZBEKISTAN A 1972 agreement between Canada and the United States reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump into the Great Lakes. A) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities had been allowed to dump B) reduced the phosphate amount that municipalities had been dumping C) reduces the phosphate amount that municipalities have been allowed to dump D) reduced the amount of phosphates that municipalities are allowed to dump E) reduces the amount of phosphates allowed for dumping by municipalities Why A is wrong? Why can't this sentence be read as - 1972 agreement reduced the amount, the dumping amount which was allowed prior to 1972 agreement. What I mean to say - e.g. before 1972 , allowable quantity for dumping was X, 1972 agreement reduced this amount. OG says D is correct - Since the dumping continues into the present, the past perfect verb had been allowed should instead be the present are allowed I think D changes meaning. How one can assume that dumping still continues- there could be another agreement, which might have banned phosphate dumping altogether. EXPLANATION BY BOB: I agree with D. An agreement cannot reduce the amount that had been allowed. That previous amount cannot be changed. There is an allowable amount. That amount was bigger before the agreement, and has been reduced as a result of the agreement. 99
Slide 100: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN Analogy: Let's say the legislature has changed the speed limit. Which sounds better? 1) The legislature increased the maximum speed that one is allowed to drive. 2) The legislature increased the maximum speed that one had been allowed to drive. I'll go with 1 EXPLANATION BY ERIN: Great discussions here. And special thanks to 800bob for sharing his great knowledge of the GMAT. It's nice to have another teacher here. If I may be allowed to jump in, I'd like to add my two cents. First, I should note that while you should not change the meaning of A, you will notice in some cases that the literal meaning of A is often illogical; in such cases, you may deviate from the original meaning of A. I think it would be more accurate to say that you should not change the intended meaning of A. Of course we could get into some philosophical discussions of intended meaning, but for the sake of raising your GMAT score, I think it's most productive to try to play along with GMAT. Second, to address this question, it doesn't make sense to use the past tense to refer to the result of the agreement; if you use the past tense, you are saying that the US and Canada agreed to retroactively change the amount of phosphates that could be dumped, which would in all likelihood have the effect of creating a lot of lawbreakers. Since the vast majority of changes to laws are made such that the changes take place at some point in the future, you can safely assume that this is the case here as well. Using the present tense simply means that the new law is in effect right now. 1. After this year’s record-shattering January performance in Madison Square Garden, the ensemble were touted as the country’s best new group in decades; no critic or reviewer had anything but praise for the young musicians. 100
Slide 101: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN (A) the ensemble were touted as the country’s (B) the ensemble was touted as the country’s (C) the country touted the ensemble like the (D) touting the ensemble as the country’s (E) they were touting the ensemble as the country’s 2. Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves. (A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves (B) fund, the intention of which is to sustain the state’s economy after they have exhausted their oil reserves (C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted (D) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves (E) fund that they intend to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted 3. Camille Claudet worked continuously through the 1880’s and early 1890’s with the sculptor Auguste Rodin; since there are very few signed works of hers, the inescapable conclusion seems to be one of Claudet conceiving and executing part of Rodin’s enormous production of that period. (A) inescapable conclusion seems to be one of Claudet conceiving and executing part of Rodin’s enormous production of that period (B) conclusion of Claudet conceiving and executing part of Rodin’s enormous production of that 101
Slide 102: Adhamjon’s SC notes period seems inescapable UZBEKISTAN (C) conclusion seems inescapable that part of Rodin’s enormous production of that period was conceived and executed by Claudet (D) conclusion of part of Rodin’s enormous production of that period having been conceived and executed by Claudet seems inescapable (E) seemingly inescapable conclusion is that Claudet would have conceived and executed part of Rodin’s enormous production of that period 4. Canadian scientists have calculated that one human being should be struck every nine years by a meteorite, while each year sixteen buildings can be expected to sustain damage from such objects. (A) one human being should be struck every nine years by a meteorite (B) a human being should be struck by a meteorite once in every nine years (C) a meteorite will strike one human being once in every nine years (D) every nine years a human being will be struck by a meteorite (E) every nine years a human being should be struck by a meteorite 5. Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals. (A) Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals. (B) If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason that certain pesticides can become ineffective is 102
Slide 103: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals. (C) If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes are found in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than those that are free of such chemicals. (D) The finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals is suggestive of one reason, if used repeatedly in the same place, certain pesticides can become ineffective. (E) The finding of much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in those that are free of such chemicals suggests one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place. EXPLANATION BY BOB: The correct responses are B, C, C, D, A. The point of this exercise was to debunk the shibboleth that active is always better than passive. In every one of these items, the correct response uses a passive construction and at least one of the incorrect responses uses the active. 1. After this year’s record-shattering January performance in Madison Square Garden, the ensemble were touted as the country’s best new group in decades; no critic or reviewer had anything but praise for the young musicians. (A) the ensemble were touted as the country’s (B) the ensemble was touted as the country’s (passive -- correct) (C) the country touted the ensemble like the (active -- incorrect) (D) touting the ensemble as the country’s (active -- incorrect) (E) they were touting the ensemble as the country’s (active -- incorrect) 2. Alaska regularly deposits some of its profits from the sale of oil into a special fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves. 103
Slide 104: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN (A) fund, with the intention to sustain the state’s economy after the exhaustion of its oil reserves (B) fund, the intention of which is to sustain the state’s economy after they have exhausted their oil reserves (active -- incorrect) (C) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted (passive -- correct) (D) fund intended to sustain the state’s economy after exhausting its oil reserves (active -- incorrect) (E) fund that they intend to sustain the state’s economy after oil reserves are exhausted 3. Camille Claudet worked continuously through the 1880’s and early 1890’s with the sculptor Auguste Rodin; since there are very few signed works of hers, the inescapable conclusion seems to be one of Claudet conceiving and executing part of Rodin’s enormous production of that period. (A) inescapable conclusion seems to be one of Claudet conceiving and executing part of Rodin’s enormous production of that period (active -- incorrect) (B) conclusion of Claudet conceiving and executing part of Rodin’s enormous production of that period seems inescapable (active -- incorrect) (C) conclusion seems inescapable that part of Rodin’s enormous production of that period was conceived and executed by Claudet (passive -- correct) (D) conclusion of part of Rodin’s enormous production of that period having been conceived and executed by Claudet seems inescapable (E) seemingly inescapable conclusion is that Claudet would have conceived and executed part of Rodin’s enormous production of that period (active -- incorrect) 4. Canadian scientists have calculated that one human being should be struck every nine years by a meteorite, while each year sixteen buildings can be expected to sustain damage from such objects. (A) one human being should be struck every nine years by a meteorite (B) a human being should be struck by a meteorite once in every nine years (C) a meteorite will strike one human being once in every nine years (active -- incorrect) (D) every nine years a human being will be struck by a meteorite (passive -- correct) (E) every nine years a human being should be struck by a meteorite 5. Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals. (A) Certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place; one reason is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils 104
Slide 105: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals. (passive -correct) (B) If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason that certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals. (C) If used repeatedly in the same place, one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective is suggested by the finding that much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes are found in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than those that are free of such chemicals. (D) The finding that there are much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in soils that are free of such chemicals is suggestive of one reason, if used repeatedly in the same place, certain pesticides can become ineffective. (E) The finding of much larger populations of pesticide-degrading microbes in soils with a relatively long history of pesticide use than in those that are free of such chemicals suggests one reason certain pesticides can become ineffective if used repeatedly in the same place. (active -- incorrect) I am still looking for an example of a realistic GMAT Sentence Completion in which identifying the correct answer hinges on preferring active to passive. Quote: Originally Posted by sunilbhat I checked other threads for the same questions and found that answer for Q 2 is C. But I disagree with the answer because the highlighted part of the sentence doesn’t tell whose oil reserves are exhausted. All choices other than C have outright errors. A has the unidiomatic "intention to." B and E both use the plural pronoun "they" to refer to the singular "Alaska." D is wrong because "fund, intended to sustain the state's economy after exhausting its oil reserves" means that the fund will sustain the economy after the fund exhausts its oil reserves. In fact, I think that the reference of "its" in both A and D is ambiguous. It is Alaska's oil reserves, the fund's oil reserves, or the economy's oil reserves? The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably on a spectrum of genetic relatedness. A. The fact of some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite 105
Slide 106: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably B. That some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely that they vary considerably C. With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely considerable variation D. With some fraternal twins resembling each other greatly and others looking quite dissimilar, it is a fact that highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely a considerable variation E. Because some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly and others look quite dissimilar, this fact highlights an interesting and often overlooked feature of fraternal-twin pairs, namely they vary considerably SPOILER: OA: B The answer is an uncompleted sentence? I can't find the appropriate verb in it. Could anyone please explain? EXPLANATION BY BOB: This is a case in which the subject is a whole clause: "that some fraternal twins resemble each other greatly while others look quite dissimilar." That is the thing that is doing the highlighting. Quote: Originally Posted by maverick312 can any one explain whats wrong with A? 106
Slide 107: Adhamjon’s SC notes "The fact of + noun + gerund..." - unidiomatic. "The fact that + noun + verb..." - better. "That + noun + verb...." - best. UZBEKISTAN Example: "The fact of the GMAT being hard cannot be denied." - unidiomatic and ugly. "The fact that the GMAT is hard cannot be denied." - OK, but wordy. "That the GMAT is hard cannot be denied." - best. For many travelers, charter vacations often turn out to cost considerably more than they originally seemed. (A) they originally seemed (B) they originally seem to (C) they seemingly would cost originally (D) it seemed originally (E) it originally seemed they would EXPLANATION BY BOB: Quote FROM SENTENCECORRECTION.COM I vote for E. I think only E is grammatically correct. a. they originally seemed to b. they originally seemed to c. they seemingly? would cost originally? d. it seemed originally that they would e. it originally seemed (that) they would (cost). This is a good start. For instance, B would need to be in past tense, seemed. In fact, I often teach GMAT and TOEFL students that the words original (and its derivations) and first usually require past tense. 107
Slide 108: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN Furthermore, the "past future" of would in E is more precise than the simple past in A (or that B is lacking, in case you're going to ask if B would be correct if we changed seem to seemed). Since we're talking about something we'd learn after a certain point in the past, would is better. For example: This Acura is a lot better than I thought it would be. is better than This Acura is a lot better than I thought it was. In the first example, we are saying that something turned out to be true. In the second example, we are saying that we were not aware of a fact that was true at that time. And in the charter vacations question, there is no fact that the travelers were unaware of when they purchased the charter vacation--after the original purchase of the charter vacation (and probably toward the end of the vacation), the charter vacation turned out to be more costly than they had at first believed it would be. EXPLANATION BY BOB: The answer is E. At a recent session, the French government has decided that Paris needs a second, larger opera house to complement the famous Paris Opera. (A) has decided that Paris needs (B) decided that Paris needs (C) has decided that Paris will need (D) decided that Paris has a need of 108
Slide 109: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN (E) has decided that Paris needed SPOILER: B Guys I need your help with this one: In my opinion the answer should have read : "decided that Paris need..." I looked for examples on the internet and found that the subjunctive is needed with the verb "decide". EXPLANATION BY BOB: Decide" does not usually take the subjunctive. It depends on how it is used. Examples: The court decided that code is protected by the free speech. The court decided that the membership of the Appointing Committee for this Chair be as follows... In the first example the court's decision is a statement of fact, hence the indicative. In the second example the court's decision is a mandate, hence the subjunctive. The indicative is far more common after "decide." There are other verbs that sometimes take the subjunctive and sometimes take the indicative, depending on the meaning. Examples: The teacher suggested that the student write more clearly. The teacher suggested that the student writes poorly. In the first example, the teacher's suggestion is a recommendation, hence the subjunctive. In the second example the teacher's suggestion is a statement of fact, hence the indicative. 109
Slide 110: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN Rivaling the pyramids of Egypt or even the ancient cities of the Maya as an achievement, the army of terra-cotta warriors created to protect Qin Shi Huang, China’s first emperor, in his afterlife is more than 2,000 years old and took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete them. A. took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete them B. took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete it C. took 700,000 artisans more than 36 years to complete D. 700,000 artisans took more than 36 years to complete E. to complete them too 700,000 artisans more than 36 years EXPLANATION BY BOB: OA is wrong. Correct response is C. ... army ... is more than 2,000 years old and took ... more than 36 years to complete. Choice B is wrong because of the superfluous "it." Examples Gould's most recent book, "The Structure of Evolutionary Theory" (2002), is a 1433-page opus that took him more than 20 years to complete. Susanna Clarke admits that her first novel took her more than 10 years to write. The letter, of just 250 or so Chinese characters, took her more than two hours to compose. 'contrast with/to/between' AND 'compare to/with' - THE FINAL WORD Im sorry, i know this query has been posted MULTIPLE times. I searched and went through each thread, but STILL didnt get a satisfactory answer. 110
Slide 111: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN Ive gone through the PR, the kaplan 2006, the 11th ed OG, ursula's notes and the Kaplan 800 and ALL have varying definitions/explanations. CONTRAST ----------- For e.g. The K800 states it almost as a RULE that 'in contrast to' is the correct idiom, while many sources say that 'contrast with' is preferred. OR does the 'in' change this preference. So it should be 'contrast A with B', but 'A in contrast to B' ? Im so confused ... I googled and i got the following from thefreedicitonary.com: Usage Note: The noun contrast may be followed by between, with, or to: There is a sharp contrast between his earlier and later works. In contrast with (or less frequently, to) his early works, the later plays are dark and forbidding. When contrast is used as a transitive verb, both with and to may follow, though with is more common: Most scholars contrast the light comedies of his early career with (or to) the dark comedies that were written late in his life. So, now the K800s claim that 'in contrast to' is the correct idiom goes in the bin? COMPARE --------- This only gets tougher. When LIKE things are discussed, then use 'compare with' and when UNLIKE things are discussed use 'compare to' (specially when stressing similarities, apparently). But, how do you decide WHAT IS LIKE and what is not? What if neither similarity nor difference is being stressed, but rather who/what is better? Is 'I' and 'YOU' like or unlike? I am better compared with/to you? Going by my ear, 'to' sounds better. By definition, im not sure whether similarities or differences are being 111
Slide 112: Adhamjon’s SC notes discussed here OR whether 'I' and 'YOU' are like or unlike. UZBEKISTAN What about 'ice cream' and 'brocolli' Broccoli is good for you compared with/to ice cream. To me its clear that ice cream and brocolli are UNLIKE items, so the above DEFINITELY should be 'compare to', but 800score has quoted is an example of 'compare with'. Why? What about 'Jimmy Steward' and 'Gregory Peck'? Like or unlike? Gregory Peck was a better actor compared to/with Jimmy Stewart. My ear tells me nothing. Probably similarities are being stressed here or maybe theyre not, i dont know. Are the two actors LIKE or UNLIKE? I DONT KNOW! thefreedicitonary.com usage is as confusing: Usage Note: Compare usually takes the preposition to when it refers to the activity of describing the resemblances between unlike things: He compared her to a summer day. Scientists sometimes compare the human brain to a computer. It takes with when it refers to the act of examining two like things in order to discern their similarities or differences: The police compared the forged signature with the original. The committee will have to compare the Senate's version of the bill with the version that was passed by the House. When compare is used to mean "to liken (one) with another," with is traditionally held to be the correct preposition: That little bauble is not to be compared with (not to) this enormous jewel. But to is frequently used in this context and is not incorrect. Im giving the test in 3 days, LORD someone solve this one for me. Please EXPLANATION BY BOB: Here is the definitive answer to the question about in contrast withversusin contrast to. OG11, p.669, explanation to question 16: "The intent of the sentence is to contrast the honeybee and the yellow jacket. Correct idioms for such a 112
Slide 113: Adhamjon’s SC notes contrast include: in contrast with x, y; in contrast to x, y; unlike x, y." UZBEKISTAN In short, both forms are correct. And here's the definitive answer to the question about compare with versus compare to: THERE IS NO DIFFERENCE. THEY ARE BOTH CORRECT, AND THEY ARE INTERCHANGEABLE. A study of OG explanations has revealed that GMAT writers use the two forms interchangeably. Each form is sometimes used to point out similarities and sometimes used to point out differences. If there ever was a difference between compare with and compare to, that difference is no longer observed by even the best writers today. I have never seen a real GMAT SC item that tested the difference between compare with and compare to. But neither form is correct after better. After a comparative adjective or adverb, you must use than. Not "better actor compared with" or "better actor compared to," but "better actor than." In recent years cattle breeders have increasingly used crossbreeding, in part that their steers should acquire certain characteristics and partly because crossbreeding is said to provide bybrid vigor. A. B. C. D. partly because certain characteristics should be acquired by their steers E. partly to acquire certain characteristics in their steers SPOILER: OA is E The official explanation for D says - D awkwardly and illogically shifts to the passive voice...the steers, however, are not agents in the aquisition. But why? If the steers are not agents, then who would be ? The 113
Slide 114: Adhamjon’s SC notes breeders ? I am confused about the latter half explanation. Who can give me some tips ? UZBEKISTAN EXPLANATION BY BOB: Quote: Originally Posted by ShalomFang But why? If the steers are not agents, then who would be ? The breeders ? Exactly. "Agent" means one who produces an effect. It's not the steers that produce the effect; it's the breeders who make the steers acquire certain characteristics. Car owners who inflate their tires properly can substantially boost their vehicles’ fuel efficiency, since the increase in car-road friction can waste up to five percent of car fuel by underinflation. (A) Car owners who inflate their tires properly can substantially boost their vehicles’ fuel efficiency, since the increase in car-road friction can waste up to five percent of car fuel by underinflation. (B) Because the underinflation of tires can waste up to five percent of a car’s fuel by increasing carroad friction, car owners can substantially boost their vehicles’ fuel efficiency by properly inflating the tires. (C) Their vehicles’ fuel efficiency is substantially boosted by car owners through the proper inflation of tires that, when underinflated, can waste up to five percent of car fuel by an increase in car-road friction. (D) The proper inflation of tires by car owners, due to the fact that underinflation can waste up to five percent of a car’s fuel by the increase of car-road friction, can substantially boost their fuel efficiency. (E) Because up to five percent of a car’s fuel are wasted through the increases in car-road friction when the tires are underinflated, car owners properly inflating tires can substantially boost their fuel efficiency. EXPLANATION BY BOB: 114
Slide 115: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN As written above, E cannot be the correct answer. Verb does not agree with subject in "five percent of a car's fuel are wasted," and "cars owners properly inflating tires" cannot be a subject. Correct answer must be one of the choices not shown. PREFERED ANSWER IS B Dr. Sayre’s lecture recounted several little-know episodes in the relations between nations that illustrates what is wrong with alliances and treaties that do not have popular support. (A) relations between nations that illustrates (B) relation of one nation with another that illustrates (C) relations between nations that illustrate (D) relation of one nation with another and illustrate (E) relations of nations that illustrates OA-B EXPLANATION BY BOB: C is the only possible answer. "That" refers to "episodes," which is plural and therefore requires the plural verb "illustrate." It is an oversimplification to say that one cannot use "between" when more than two parties are involved. "Among" is indeed usually preferred in that case: The money was divided between the two sons. The money was divided among the three children. 115
Slide 116: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN However, "between" is used when speaking about a relationship involving two or more parties: ... relations between Britain, France and Germany I don't know where these "OA"s come from. There is no way that B can be correct on this item. "... recounted several little-known episodes ... that illustrates ..." ?! Here's what Webster's 10th Collegiate says about "between" vs. "among": There is a persistent but unfounded notion that between can be used only with two items and that among must be used with more than two. Between has been used of more than two since Old English: it is especially appropriate to denote a one-to-one relationship, regardless of the number of items. It can be used when the number is unspecified [economic cooperation between nations], when more than two are enumerated [between you and me and the lamppost] [partitioned between Austria, Prussia, and Russia -Nathaniel Benchley] and even when only one item is mentioned (but repetition is implied) [pausing between every sentence to rap the floor --George Eliot] Among is more appropriate when the emphasis is on distribution rather than individual relationships [discontent among the peasants]. When among is automatically chosen for more than two, English idiom may be strained [a worthy book that nevertheless falls among many stools --John Simon] [the author alternates among mod slang, clichés and quotes from literary giants --A.H. Johnson]. During her presidency of the short-lived Woman’s State Temperance Society (1852-1853), Elizabeth Cady Stanton, as she was a staunch advocate of liberalized divorce laws, scandalized many of her most ardent supporters in her suggestion that drunkenness should be made sufficient cause for divorce. A.as she was a staunch advocate of liberalized divorce laws, scandalized many of her most ardent supporters in her suggestion that drunkenness should be B. as she was a staunch advocate for liberalized divorce laws, scandalized many of her most ardent supporters by her suggestion of drunkenness being C. in being a staunch advocate for liberalized divorce laws, had scandalized many of her most ardent supporters with the suggestion of drunkenness being 116
Slide 117: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN D. a staunch advocate of liberalized divorce laws, scandalized many of her most ardent supporters by suggesting that drunkenness be E. a staunch advocate of liberalized divorce laws, she scandalized many of her most ardent supporters in suggesting that drunkenness should be EXPLANATION BY BOB: Quote: Originally Posted by balvinder "drunkenness should be" or "drukenness be" which is correct ...Please explain the correct way...... thanks OA is D. Subjunctive: "suggesting that drunkenness be." It is redundant to write "should" after "suggesting." Results of the recent study make it mandatory that the scientist rejects implementation of the experimental procedure. (A) rejects (B) should reject (C) reject (D) must reject (E) will reject 117
Slide 118: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN EXPLANATION BY BOB: It's the subjunctive. The present subjunctive is required in that clauses after verbs of requirement, recommendation, and request. These verbs include: require, mandate, insist, command, demand, stipulate, recommend, propose, suggest, urge, advise, move, request, ask, desire. The present subjunctive is also used in that clauses after adjectives and nouns derived from these verbs: required, requirement, requested, request, desirable, recommended, recommendation, proposed, proposal, suggested, suggestion, advised, advisable, advice, motion, etc. It is also used in that clauses after other adjectives and nouns of requirement, recommendation, and request: necessary, essential, critical, vital, imperative, urgent, important, condition. Here are some real GMAT Sentence Correction sentences that use the present subjunctive: The Gorton-Dodd bill requires that a bank disclose to its customers how long it will delay access to funds from deposited checks. Legislation in the Canadian province of Ontario requires of both public and private employers that pay be the same for jobs historically held by women as for jobs requiring comparable skill that are usually held by men. In one of the most stunning reversals in the history of marketing, the Coca-Cola company in July 1985 yielded to thousands of irate consumers who demanded that it bring back the original Coke formula. The commission proposed that funding for the development of the park, which could be open to the public early next year, be obtained through a local bond issue. Most state constitutions now mandate that the state budget be balanced each year. Despite protests from some waste-disposal companies, state health officials have ordered that the levels of bacteria in seawater at popular beaches be measured and the results published. Judicial rules in many states require that the identities of all prosecution witnesses be made known to defendants so that they can attempt to rebut the testimony, but the Constitution explicitly requires only 118
Slide 119: Adhamjon’s SC notes that the defendant have the opportunity to confront an accuser in court. UZBEKISTAN During her presidency of the short-lived Woman’s State Temperance Society (1852-1853), Elizabeth Cady Stanton, a staunch advocate of liberalized divorce laws, scandalized many of her most ardent supporters by suggesting that drunkenness be made sufficient cause for divorce. Several financial officers of the company spoke on condition that they not be named in the press reports. The new regulations mandate that a company allow its retiring employees who would otherwise lose group health care coverage to continue the same insurance at their own expense for a specific period. Bankers require that the financial information presented to them by mortgage applicants be complete and follow a prescribed format Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else. A. Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering B. Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ended shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber C. Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and that ends shortly before Emily’s death in 1886and outnumbering D. Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother, ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, and outnumbering E. Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber OA-E Pls explain why EXPLANATION BY BOB: 119
Slide 120: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN "Which" refers unambiguously to "letters." "Which" cannot be used to refer to a person, and the following verb "were" signals clearly that "which" is plural. Thus the only possible referent is "letters." It is an oversimplification to say that "which" can be used to refer only to the word immediately preceding the comma. Consider, for example, the following sentence from OG10 (SC #114): From the bark of the paper birch tree the Menomini crafted a canoe about twenty feet long and two feet wide, with small ribs and rails of cedar, which could carry four persons or eight hundred pounds of baggage yet was so light that a person could easily portage it around impeding rapids. Here the referent of "which" is is the quite distant "canoe." Quote: Originally Posted by Raj1972 Why A is wrong ? Looks like E & A convey the same message and E is passive , A is active so whynot choose A A is active? Really? "Emily Dickinson's letters ... were written ..." Can't be any more passive than that! Who cares anyway? Passive is not wrong. Hi, Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs, merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in nuclear reactors. (A) merging the nuclei of atoms and not splitting them apart, as in nuclear reactors (B) merging the nuclei of atoms instead of splitting them apart, like nuclear reactors (C) merging the nuclei of atoms rather than splitting them apart, as nuclear reactors do (D) and merges the nuclei of atoms but does not split them apart, as is done in nuclear reactors (E) and merges the nuclei of atoms, unlike atomic reactors that split them apart. 120
Slide 121: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN Official answer is E why not D? EXPLANATION BY BOB: Quote: Originally Posted by soz_gmat05 so what about C? That's what OG 11th Edition says (p. 709). Simplest way to rule out D and E is to say that you cannot have "and merges" after a comma. That's what the OG explanation means when it says "incorrectly makes merges the second verb of the restrictive clause... punctuation makes clear this separate action cannot be the case." If you want to say that nuclear fusion is the force that does two things (powers and merges), you must not put a comma before "merges": Nuclear fusion is the force that powers the Sun, the stars, and hydrogen bombs and merges... D and E have other problems as well. D: "as is done in nuclear reactions" is not as good as "as nuclear reactors do." E: "atomic reactors"? Where does this "atomic" come from? What's wrong with C? By a vote of 9 to 0, the Supreme Court awarded the Central Intelligence Agency broad discretionary powers enabling it to withhold from the public the identities of its sources of intelligence information. (A) enabling it to withhold from the public (B) for it to withhold from the public (C) for withholding disclosure to the public of 121
Slide 122: Adhamjon’s SC notes (D) that enable them to withhold from public disclosure (E) that they can withhold public disclosure of UZBEKISTAN The OG answer is SPOILER: A . I would like to know why the OG answer does not have a pronoun reference error. Does "it" refer back to the Supreme Court or the CIA? Please respond with the rule to determine if the reference is sufficient. EXPLANATION BY BOB: Pronouns do not necessarily refer to the nearest eligible noun. If that were true, there would be no such thing as ambiguous pronoun reference. The real reason that "it" is not ambiguous in choice A is that the participle "enabling" refers to the Supreme Court, and so the object "it" of the participle refers to the object of the Supreme Court's award, the CIA. In the OG alone there are dozens of SC items in which the correct answer choice includes a pronoun whose antecedent is not the nearest eligible noun. I have posted these before, but here again are seven examples from OG10: 97. Iguanas have been an important food source in Latin America since prehistoric times, and they are still prized as game animals by the campesinos.... The pronoun “they” refers to “iguanas,” not to the nearest eligible noun “times.” 103. Students in the metropolitan school district are so lacking in math skills that it will be difficult to absorb them into a city economy.... The pronoun “them” refers to “students,” not to the nearest eligible noun “skills.” 122
Slide 123: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN 152. ...a microbe never before seen on Earth that might escape from the laboratory and kill vast numbers of humans who would have no natural defenses against it. The pronoun “it” refers to “microbe,” not to the nearest eligible noun “laboratory.” 153. A recording system was so secretly installed and operated in the Kennedy Oval Office that even Theodore C. Sorensen, the White House counsel, did not know it existed. The pronoun “it” refers to “system,” not to the nearest eligible noun “Office.” 159. While depressed property values can hurt some large investors, they are potentially devestating for homeowners... The pronoun “they” refers to “values,” not to the nearest eligible noun “investors.” 180. Quasars are so distant that their light has taken billions of years to reach the Earth; consequently, we see them as they were during the formation of the universe. The pronouns “them” and “they” refer to “quasars,” not to the nearest eligible noun “years.” 251. The gyrfalcon, an Arctic bird of prey, has survived a close brush with extinction; its numbers are now five times greater than when.... The pronoun “its” refers to “gyrfalcon,” not to the nearest eligible noun “extinction.” Quote: Originally Posted by mtr Answer (B) doesn't look so bad to me. What is the error? 123
Slide 124: Adhamjon’s SC notes "...powers for it to withhold..." is unidiomatic. Quote: Originally Posted by kaustavmishra why are options D & E wrong UZBEKISTAN D and E are wrong because the plural pronouns "them" and "they" do not agree with the singular antecedent "Central Intelligence Agency." Quote: Originally Posted by JASH If I understand your explanation correctly: an object pronoun (e.g. him, her, them, it, whom) will always refer to the object and as long as the reference to the object is unambiguous (clearly reference one of multiple objects if there are multiple objects) we are fine. Actually, what I was trying to say is that if a pronoun is an object of a verb, then the pronoun cannot refer to the subject of that verb. Quote: Originally Posted by DeusExMachina Hi 800Bob, Shouldn't the subject of the participle "enabling" be the "broad discretionary powers"? I thought that the powers enable the CIA to withold information from the public, rather than the Supreme Court that awarded them. Thus, the pronoun "it" could still refer to the earlier subject of "the Supreme Court"? I will agree with you. The subject of "enabling" is really "powers." In the end, I think what we have here is an example of a situation in which those who are obsessed with finding ambiguous pronoun reference will say that "it" is ambiguous. The fact is, ambiguous reference is one of those grey-area issues. The rules of usage and style are not neat and tidy like mathematical rules. Sometimes common sense enters into the picture. In this case, how could anyone think that the Supreme Court could award powers to the CIA that enable the Supreme Court to withhold identities? And if one were to insist that the pronoun is ambiguous, what other choice would one go for? 124
Slide 125: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN International sporting events need not be fiscal disasters, the financial success of the 1992 Olympic Games demonstrates that fact. (A) the financial success of the 1992 Olympic Games demonstrates that fact (B) for example, the 1992 Olympic Games were financially successful (C) like the financial success of the 1992 Olympic Games demonstrates (D) a fact demonstrated by the 1992 Olympic Games, which were financially successful (E) as the financial success of the 1992 Olympic Games demonstrates. Points to note: 'demonstrate' is a transitive verb AND 1992 Olympic Games are singular or plural? EXPLANATION BY BOB: Quote: Originally Posted by shud The issue of discussion is arround the elimination of option B and D where were is used for olympic games. B and D are wrong, but not because of subject-verb agreement. B is absolutely impossible because it is a run-on sentence. “For example” is not a conjunction. D is grammatically correct, but it is unnecessarily wordy and not so logically constructed as E. It’s not really the 1992 Games that demonstrate the fact; it’s their financial success that demonstrates the fact. In D the phrase “which were financially successful” seems tacked on like a piece of extra information. Question 120 in OG10 is an easy question, but reading through the answers to 120. The explanation for E (which is the wrong answer) is hard to understand; the explanations states: "and in E, 'establishing and using modify Athens," 125
Slide 126: Adhamjon’s SC notes Here's the complete sentence if it were written with E as the answer: UZBEKISTAN "The Parthenon was a church from 1204 until 1456, when Athens was taken by General Mohammed the Conqueror, the Turkish sultan, establishing a mosque in the building and using the Aeropolis as a fortress." Why is "Athens" the referent to the partipial, "establishing a..."? Take two other examples in OG, namely 179 and 191. Again, these are not the correct choices, but it's the seemingly contradictory explanations between 120 and 179/191 that is confusing. 179) Choice D) During the early years of European settlement on a continent that was viewed as "wilderness" by the newcomer, having intimate knowledge of the ecology of the land, Native Americans helped the rescue of many Pilgrams and pioneers from hardship, or even death. Choice E) During the early years of European settlement on a continent that was viewed as "wilderness" by the newcomer, knowing intimately the ecology of the land, Native Americans helped to rescue many Pilgrams and pioneers from hardship, or even death. 179 Explanation for D and E: "D and E are confusingly worded because they begin with present participles (having and knowing) that appear at first to refer to the immediately preceding noun, newcomers, rather than to Native Americans. In this expample the participle refers to the immediately preceding noun. Here's another explanation that does as well. 191 Choice D, the wrong answer, but the explanation and how it differs with 120 is where I would welcome insight. 191 with D inserted) "Lawmakers are examining measures that would require banks to disclose all fees and account requirements in writing, to provide free cashing of government checks, creating basic savings 126
Slide 127: Adhamjon’s SC notes accounts to carry minimal fees and require minimal initial deposits." UZBEKISTAN Explanation for D): "a modification problem results because the participial phrase creating... ataches to the noun checks, thus distorting the..." Here again the participial refers to the noun immediately before it. I can give you many more examples where the referent to the participial phrase refers to the noun immediately preceding. The exceptions are few and make complete sense to me with the exception of 120. Can someone explain what makes 120 different, and more importantly how to identify the referent? EXPLANATION BY BOB: On the basis of gschmilinsky's observations, I am prepared to revise my attempt at a general rule. I now say: "A participial phrase located at the beginning or the end of a clause and set off from that clause with commas generally modifies the subject of the clause." Thus 120(E) "...when Athens was taken by General Mohammed the Conqueror, the Turkish sultan, establishing a Mosque in the building and using the Acropolis as a fortress" is problematic because the grammar rule says that the phrase refers to "Athens," but common sense says it refers to "sultan." The explanation to 179 says of D and E that the participial phrases "appear at first to refer to the immediately preceding noun." As one reads further, one realizes that the participial phrase in each case is at the beginning of a clause, and so it later appears to modify the following subject. That's what is called a "squinting modifier" -- one that is located between two possible referents and requiring the reader to work a little extra hard to figure out what the writer intended. As for 191 (D), I'm not sure what the explanation means by "the participial phrase creating... attaches to the nouns checks." I think the writer of the explanation is intentionally avoiding the word "modifies" here. Choice (D) is impossible in any case because of the missing "and." If the sentence had been: "Lawmakers are examining measures that would require banks to disclose all fees and account 127
Slide 128: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN requirements in writing and to provide free cashing of government checks, creating basic service accounts to carry minimal fees and require minimal initial deposits." ...then I would say that the participial phrase creating... modifies (illogically) the subject that (= measures). In any case, I think gschmilinsky has shown that grammar rules are not so clearcut as math rules. I can find no reputable grammar source that provides a scientific explanation for identifying the antecedent of a pronoun or the referent of a modifier. All I find is vague rules such as "make a pronoun refer clearly to one antecedent" and "place modifiers where they will clearly modify the words intended." 1. A collection of 38 poems by Phillis Wheatley, a slave, was published in the 1770’s, the first book by a Black woman and it was only the second published by an American woman. (A) it was only the second published by an American woman (B) it was only the second that an American woman published (C) the second one only published by an American woman (D) the second one only that an American woman published (E) only the second published by an American woman 2. A firm that specializes in the analysis of handwriting claims from a one-page writing sample that it can assess more than three hundred personality traits, including enthusiasm, imagination, and ambition. (A) from a one-page writing sample that it can assess (B) from a one-page writing sample it has the ability of assessing (C) the ability, from a one-page writing sample, of assessing (D) to be able, from a one-page writing sample, to assess (E) being able to assess, from a one-page writing sample, 3. A huge flying reptile that died out with the dinosaurs some 65 million years ago, the Quetzalcoatlus had a wingspan of 36 feet, believed to be the largest flying creature the world has ever seen. (A) believed to be 128
Slide 129: Adhamjon’s SC notes (B) and that is believed to be (C) and it is believed to have been (D) which was, it is believed, (E) which is believed to be UZBEKISTAN 4. A recent national study of the public schools shows that there are now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many than there were four years ago. (A) there are now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many than there were (B) there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many than there were (C) there is now one microcomputer for every thirty-two pupils, four times as many as there were (D) every thirty-two pupils now have one microcomputer, four times as many than there were (E) every thirty-two pupils now has one microcomputer, four times as many as 4. A recent study has found that within the past few years, many doctors had elected early retirement rather than face the threats of lawsuits and the rising costs of malpractice insurance. (A) had elected early retirement rather than face (B) had elected early retirement instead of facing (C) have elected retiring early instead of facing (D) have elected to retire early rather than facing (E) have elected to retire early rather than face 5. A recent study of ancient clay deposits has provided new evidence supporting the theory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact that contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs and many other creatures some 65 million years ago. (A) supporting the theory of global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact that (B) supporting the theory that global forest fires ignited by a meteorite impact (C) that supports the theory of global forest fires that were ignited by a meteorite impact and that (D) in support of the theory that global forest fires were ignited by a meteorite impact and that (E) of support for the theory of a meteorite impact that ignited global forest fires and Please explain ur replies...thanx!!! OA-E,D,CC,E,B EXPLANATION BY BOB: 129
Slide 130: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN Quote: Originally Posted by shud iknownoone, Thats exactly why I posted my question. The question, I posted is from OG 10 ( question 228) and correct answer is B -'are believed to be'. My worry is question posted by hitz has similar construction but there isn't any option having 'is believed to be', so got confused. May be, for hitz question B- 'and that is believed to be' is correct answer because of llelism of 'that...and that is ' . What's the OA hitz, I am curious. Can anybody tell me whats the difference between the two Qs. The difference is that the Quetzalcoatlus is extinct while quasars still exist. The Quetzalcoatlus is believed to have been... is correct because the believing is happening in the present and the Quetzalcoatlus existed in the past. Quasars are believed to be... is correct because the believing is happening in the present and quasars exist in the present. Until his battle fleet and transports were destroyed by the Royal Navy, Napoleon had been intending the invasion of Britain. A had been intending the invasion of B was intending the invasion of C had intended invading D had intend to invade E intended invading 130
Slide 131: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN EXPLANATION BY BOB: I see no good answer. (A) and (B) are unidiomatic because "intend" in the sense of "plan" is not used transitively; I have never heard or read anything like "intend the invasion of." (C) and (E) are unidiomatic because of the "-ing" form; "intend" takes the infinitive: the correct idiom is "intend to do something." (D) is ungrammatical because after "had" we need "intended." I would say: "had intended to invade." I have done some research and found several sources that say that "intend" can take either the infinitive or the gerund, with no change in meaning. To my ear "intended invading" sounds substandard, but I guess enough people use that form now that it has become accepted. It doesn't sound like the GMAT to me, but in any case, I now concur that the best of the choices given is C. The automobile company announced that the average price of next year’s models would decrease fourtenths of one percent, amounting to about $72, as compared with comparably equipped cars and trucks this year. A. The automobile company announced that the average price of next year’s models would decrease fourtenths of one percent, amounting to about $72, as compared with comparably equipped cars and trucks this year. B. The automobile company announced that the average price of next year’s cars and trucks would decrease four-tenths of one percent, or about $72, from that of comparably equipped models this year. C. The automobile company announced that there would be a decrease of four-tenths of one percent in next year’s models price, or about $72, below this year’s comparably equipped cars and trucks. D. Compared to comparably equipped models this year, the automobile company announced that the average price of next year’s cars and trucks would decrease about $72, less by four-tenths of one percent. E. Contrasted with comparably equipped cars and trucks of this year, the automobile company announced that the average price of next year’s models would decrease about $72, or four-tenths of one percent. 131
Slide 132: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN A recent review of pay scales indicates that CEO’s now earn an average of 419 times more pay than bluecollar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times in 1980. A. that CEO’s now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times B. that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, a ratio that compares to 42 times C. that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio D. CEO’s who now earn on average 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio E. CEO’s now earning an average of 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, compared to the ratio of 42 times Question 1 : B is good. D and E - modifer problem A is awkward C - there would be - never use this in GMAT Hence B. 2-QUESTION: BOB’S EXPLANATION: I wish to change my answer to C. (B) ...CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, a ratio that compares to 42 times in 1980. The problem with this choice is "42 times in 1980," which is confusing because it sounds at first as if something happened 42 times in 1980. It is also an incomplete comparison: "419 times the pay of bluecollar workers" versus "42 times." 132
Slide 133: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN (C) ...CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980. I stated above that the reference of "their" is ambiguous, but only a nitpicker would have any problem understanding that "their pay" is parallel to "the pay of blue-collar workers." This item is instructive in two regards. First, it shows once again that ambiguous pronoun reference is just not as big an issue for GMAT writers as it is for us Test Magic types. Second, it shows that GMAT writers do not subscribe to the rules I was taught about the difference between "compared with" and "compared to." OTHER GUY: "It is also an incomplete comparison: "419 times the pay of blue-collar workers" versus "42 times." I believe that this point of 800Bob's regarding maintaining parallelism is the more important one and the easier one to identify during an exam. 6 SCs from GMATPrep. Hope be helpful ! 1.Many environmentalists, and some economists, say that free trade encourages industry to relocate to countries with ineffective or poorly enforced antipollution laws, mostly in the developing world, and that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution. A. that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution B. that, for maintaining competitiveness, rich nations join in this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution 133
Slide 134: Adhamjon’s SC notes C. that rich nations join this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution because of wanting to maintain competitiveness D. that in rich nations, joining this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution is a result of wanting maintain competition E. that wanting to maintain competition is making rich nations join in this downward slide toward an attitude about pollution that is more lax UZBEKISTAN 2.The largest trade-book publisher in the United States has announce the creation of a new digital imprint division,under which it will publish about 20 purely digital works to be sold online as either electronic books or downloadable copies that can be printed upon purchase. A.works to be sold online as either electronic books or B.works to sell them online, either as electronic books or C.works and it will sell them online as either electronic books or as D.works, and selling them online as either electronic books or as E.works, and it will sell them online either as electronic books or 3.The investigations of many psychologists and anthropologists support the generalization of there being little that is a significant difference in the underlying mental processes manifested by people from different culture. A. of there being little that is a significant difference B. of there being little that is significant different C. of little that is significantly different D. that there is little that is significantly different E. that there is little of significant differences 4.Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments. 134
Slide 135: Adhamjon’s SC notes A.due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are B.due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are C.because they enhance reproduction or survival, but D.because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are E.because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are UZBEKISTAN 5.One report concludes that many schools do not have, or likely to have, enough computers to use them effectively. A.or B.nor C.or are D.nor are they E.nor are not 6.The Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to three scientists for their discovery that plastic can be made electrically conductive- an advance that has led to improvements in film, television screen, and windows. A. that plastic can be made electrically conductive- an advance that has led B.that plastic can be made electrically conductive- this advance leading C.that plastic can be made to be electrically conductive- and this advance led D.of plastic's ability to be made electrically conductive, with this advance leading E.of plastic being able to be made electrically conductive- an advance that has led OA from GMATPrep - 1.A 2.A 3.D 4.D 5.D 6.A. kunalguha’S EXPLANATIONS: Hi I have marked what I thought was incorrect in red. 1.Many environmentalists, and some economists, say that free trade encourages industry to relocate to countries with ineffective or poorly enforced antipollution laws, mostly in the developing world, and that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this downward slide toward more lax 135
Slide 136: Adhamjon’s SC notes attitudes about pollution. UZBEKISTAN A. that, in order to maintain competitiveness, rich nations have joined this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution (this answer choice would be the best) B. that, for maintaining competitiveness, rich nations join in this downward slide for maintaining doesn’t seem correct toward more lax attitudes about pollution C. that rich nations join this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution because of wanting to maintain competitiveness D. that in rich nations, joining this downward slide toward more lax attitudes about pollution is a result of wanting maintain competition E. that wanting to maintain competition is making rich nations join in this downward slide toward an attitude about pollution that is more lax 2.The largest trade-book publisher in the United States has announce the creation of a new digital imprint division,under which it will publish about 20 purely digital works to be sold online as either electronic books or downloadable copies that can be printed upon purchase. A.works to be sold online as either electronic books or B.works to sell them online, either as electronic books or C.works and it will sell them online as either electronic books or as (is the D.works, and selling them online as either electronic books or as E.works, and it will sell them online either as electronic books or C and E change the meaning of the sentence by saying the book publisher would be physically selling books. 3.The investigations of many psychologists and anthropologists support the generalization of there being little that is a significant difference in the underlying mental processes manifested by people from different culture. A. of there being little that is a significant difference B. of there being little that is significant different(being is wrong) 136
Slide 137: Adhamjon’s SC notes C. of little that is significantly different D. that there is little that is significantly different E. that there is little of significant differences ( little of differences is awkward) “Support the generalization that” would be correct. UZBEKISTAN 4.Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould has argued that many biological traits are not the products of natural selection, favored due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are simply random by-products of other evolutionary developments. A.due to their enhancement of reproduction or survival, but that they are B.due to the reproduction or survival they enhance, but they are (due to should only be used to mean caused by ) C.because they enhance reproduction or survival, but D.because they enhance reproduction or survival, but are (this is the best) E.because of enhancing reproduction or survival, but are (E is incorrect as it says that the traits are favored by enhancing reproduction. i.e. enhancing reproduction is used as a noun that favours biological traits) The beacuse of seems awkward Biological traits are not the products ……….but are…….. They are favoured because they enhance reproduction would be correct. 5.One report concludes that many schools do not have, or likely to have, enough computers to use them effectively. A.or B.nor C.or are D.nor are they (Use of the not before requires a nor) the they clearly refers to schools in the comparision) This one feels right E.nor are not 6.The Nobel Prize in chemistry was awarded to three scientists for their discovery that plastic can be made electrically conductive- an advance that has led to improvements in film, television screen, and windows. 137
Slide 138: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN A. that plastic can be made electrically conductive- an advance that has led (this is the most concise) B.that plastic can be made electrically conductive- this advance leading C.that plastic can be made to be electrically conductive- and this advance led D.of plastic's ability to be made electrically conductive, with this advance leading E.of plastic being able to be made electrically conductive- an advance that has led ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ Discovery that would be correct here.hence A is the best ans. As a result of the ground-breaking work of Barbara McClintock, many scientists now believe that all of the information encoded in 50.000 to 100.000 of the different genes found in a human cell are contained in merely three percent of the cell's DNA. 1. 50,000 to 100,000 of the different genes found in a human cell are contained in merely 2. 50,000 to 100,000 of the human cell's different genes are contained in a mere 3. the 50,000 to 100,000 different genes found in human cells are contained in merely 4. 50,000 to 100,000 of human cells' different genes is contained in merely 5. the 50,000 to 100,000 different genes found in a human cell is contained in a mere EXPLANATION BY BOB: The best response is E. D is wrong, but not really because of the possessive construction used with an inanimate object. Here are a few very common examples of such a construction: New Year's Day a month's salary the water's edge 138
Slide 139: Adhamjon’s SC notes today's newspaper UZBEKISTAN In this particular SC the possessive form is awkward, but that alone is not enough to eliminate D. The clincher is that D distorts the intended meaning by changing the singular "cell" into the plural "cells." The sentence speaks of the 50,000 to 100,000 genes in one cell. To be accurate D would have to read: "50,000 to 100,000 of a human cell's different genes is contained in merely..." D is problematic. Nothing wrong with E. So the best response is E. In the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for about four cents an acre, which more than doubled the country's size and that brought its western border within reach of the Pacific Ocean. A: In the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for about four cents an acre, which more than doubled the country's size and that brought B: For about four cents an acre the United States acquired, in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, 828,000 square miles, more than doubling the country's size and it brought C: With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the United States acquired 828,000 square miles for about four cents an acre, more than doubling its size and bringing D: The United States, in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, for about four cents an acre, acquired 828,000 square miles, more than doubling the country's size, bringing E: Acquiring 828,000 square miles in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, the United States bought it for about four cents an acre, more than doubling the country's size and bringing EXPLANATION BY BOB: Quote: Originally Posted by yoda_ngen In C, we are using possessive pronoun its which does not seem to replace any possessive noun. 139
Slide 140: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN I don't understand your point. If "its" is wrong in choice C, how do you explain the "its" that follows in the non-underlined portion of the sentence. It's pretty clear to me that "its" refers to "United States." Quote: Originally Posted by kamal_gmat2005 bob what would be ur pick.... The correct response is C. According to entomologists, single locusts are quiet creatures, but when locusts are placed with others of their species, they become excited, change color, vibrate, and even hum. A.when locusts are placed with others of their species, B.when placing them with others of their species, then C.locusts, when placed with others of their species, D.placing them with others of their species, E.placed with others of their species, then I dont have OA for this. Reference answer is SPOILER: A EXPLANATION BY BOB: Quote: Originally Posted by ramyagupta U can sneak a clause right between the conjunction (BUT) and the rest of the sentence. 140
Slide 141: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN Yes, you can insert a clause between the conjunction and the rest of the sentence, but C is wrong. Look at what you have with C if you omit the inserted clause: "...but locusts they become excited." That's a double subject. There's nothing wrong with A. "They" refers quite clearly to "locusts," the subject of the preceding clause and the antecendent of the possessive "their." Quote: Originally Posted by ramyagupta I totally agree with you. But in the answer A dont you think there is a comma missing ? but, when locusts are placed with others of their species, In modern usage, the comma is usually omitted in such situations. From http://laurentgrenier.com/grammar&style.html: Don’t ordinarily put a comma after a conjunction just because what follows is an introductory word, phrase, or clause. This rule applies not only to coordinating conjunctions such as and, but, and or but to subordinating conjunctions such as that, if, and when. The wind had risen, and, throughout the night, the rain beat against the windows and The storm was over, but, in its aftermath, the heavy rain continued are overpunctuated. The and in the first sentence and the but in the second are coordinating conjunctions, connecting independent clauses. There is no reason to have commas after them; a conjunction should not have its joining function contradicted by a comma. General principle of modern punctuation: to use punctuation lightly and omit it when the signal it would give is false or unnecessary. He said that, although he couldn’t stay long, he would come. There is no justification for the comma after that. The entire word group although he couldn’t stay long, he would come is the object of He said, and putting a comma in front of it is like improperly separating verb and object, though the 141
Slide 142: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN intervening that makes it less obvious that the separation is being committed. The comma after long, marking the end of the introductory clause of the two-clause word group, is optional but quite desirable, both because the clause is not very short and because the meanings of the clauses it separates are opposed. I should add: I have never seen a GMAT Sentence Correction answer choice that was wrong only because of a missing comma. Punctuation is not a major issue in these questions. Many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries. (A) Many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries. (B) Chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with many hundreds of monasteries. (C) Hundreds of monasteries, many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago, are dotting the mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia. (D) The mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries, many of which are chiseled from solid rock centuries ago. (E) The mountainous regions of northern Ethiopia are dotted with hundreds of monasteries, many of them chiseled from solid rock centuries ago. EXPLANATION BY BOB: The questions in 1000SC are not all real questions, and even the ones that are sometimes contain typos. There is no good answer here. D is wrong because "are" should be "were." E is wrong because "them" is ambiguous. 142
Slide 143: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN Please Explain 10 real SC 1. That twenty-one ceramic dog figurines were discovered during the excavating of a 1,000-year-old Hohokam village in Tempe, Arizona, has nearly doubled the number of these artifacts known to exist. A. That twenty-one ceramic dog figurines were discovered during the excavating B. Twenty-one ceramic dog figurines discovered at the excavation C. Discovering twenty-one ceramic dog figurines at the excavating D. Ceramic dog figurines, twenty-one of which were discovered during excavating E The discovery of twenty-one ceramic dog figurines during the excavation 2. Faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places have been cited by a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, which estimated that they did not count 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast. A. Faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places have been cited by a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, which estimated that they did not count 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast. B. Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, a new study of the 2000 United States presidential election has estimated that 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted. C. Citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes cast were not counted in the 2000 United States presidential election, a new study estimates. D. A new study has cited faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places in estimating that 4 million to 6 million of the 100 million votes that were cast had not been counted in the 2000 United States presidential election. E. A new study of the 2000 United States presidential election, citing faulty voting equipment, confusing ballots, voter error, and problems at polling places, has estimated 4 million to 6 million votes had not been counted of the 100 million votes cast. 143
Slide 144: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN 3. To develop more accurate population forecasts, demographers have to know a great deal more than now about the social and economic determinants of fertility. A. have to know a great deal more than now about the social and economic B. have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economical C. would have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economical D. would have to know a great deal more than they do now about the social and economic E. would have to know a great deal more than now about the social and economical 4. Although people in France consume fatty foods at a rate comparable to the United States, their death rates from heart disease are far lower in France. A. people in France consume fatty foods at a rate comparable to the United States, their B. people in France and the United States consume fatty foods at about the same rate, the C. fatty foods are consumed by people in France at a comparable rate to the United States’s, their D. the rate of fatty foods consumed in France and the United States is about the same, the E. the rate of people consuming fatty foods is about the same in France and the United States, the 5. Only seven people this century have been killed by the great white shark, the man-eater of the movies—less than those killed by bee stings. A. movies—less than those B. movies—fewer than have been C. movies, which is less than those D. movies, a number lower than the people E. movies, fewer than the ones 6. Since February, the Federal Reserve has raised its short-term interest rate target five times, and because of the economy’s continued strength, analysts have been predicting for weeks that the target will be raised again in November. A. because of the economy’s continued strength, analysts have been predicting for weeks that the target will 144
Slide 145: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN B. with the economy’s strength continuing, analysts predicted for weeks that the target C. because the economy continues strong, analysts predicted for weeks that the target would D. due to the economy’s continued strength, analysts have been predicting for weeks that the target due to the fact of the economy’s continued strength, analysts predicted for weeks that the target will 7. A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought. A. claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought B. claims suggests that the economy might not be so weak as some analysts have previously thought C. claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as have been previously thought by some analysts D. claims, suggesting about the economy that it might not be so weak as previously thought by some analysts E. claims, suggesting the economy might not be as weak as previously thought to be by some analysts Answer: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8. The health benefits of tea have been the subject of much research; in addition to its possibilities for preventing and inhibiting some forms of cancer, the brewed leaves of Camellia sinensis may also play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke. A. in addition to its possibilities for preventing and inhibiting B. in addition to its possibilities to prevent or inhibit C. besides the possibility that it prevents and inhibits D. besides the possible preventing and inhibiting of E. besides possibly preventing or inhibiting 9. A leading figure in the Scottish enlightenment, Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism what Marx’s Das Kapital is to socialism. A. Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism what 145
Slide 146: Adhamjon’s SC notes B. Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism like C. Adam Smith’s two major books are to democratic capitalism just as UZBEKISTAN D. Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism similar to E. Adam Smith wrote two major books that are to democratic capitalism what 10. The first trenches that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but independently of the more celebrated city-states of southern Mesopotamia, in what is now southern Iraq. A. that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence for centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East that were arising simultaneously with but B. that were cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously with but also C. having been cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East were arising simultaneously but D. cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, yields strong evidence of centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arising simultaneously but also E. cut into a 500-acre site at Tell Hamoukar, Syria, have yielded strong evidence that centrally administered complex societies in northern regions of the Middle East arose simultaneously with but EXPLANATION BY BOB: 1. E 2. B 3. D 146
Slide 147: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN 4. B 5. B I rule out D because "number" cannot be compared with "people." I rule out E because "fewer than the ones" is unidiomatic. 6. A One should avoid using "due to" as a synonym of "because of." 7. A Choice C is wrong because "have been previously thought by some analysts" is an ugly and unnecessary passive construction, and because "have" should be singular "has." 8. E 9. E Because of the introductory modifying phrase, the subject must be "Adam Smith," not "books." 10. E 4. D is wrong because "rate of fatty foods consumed" is imprecise. Foods can't have a rate. The rate is not of foods but of consumption. And there are two rates. Should be something more like "the rates at which fatty foods are consumed in France and the United States are about the same..." 5. "People" is countable. Example: "There are five people in the room." 7. It's a double subject: "A surge... and a drop... suggest..." I think that, for question 5, C is wrong because "which" would refer illogically to the immediately preceding noun "shark." In B the verb "have been" seems to make it clear that "fewer" refers to the subject "people." "Seven people have been killed by sharks--fewer than have been killed by bees. Q: By the way,about question number 6; some guys say D but I took A! Could you explain why we cannot use D? 147
Slide 148: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN "Due to economy's continued strength ..." = "caused by economy's continued strength ..." ANSWER: Because the analysts are not "due to" (caused by) the economy's continued strength. Historians have long debated whether the spectacular rise and fall of Napoleon in the decades after the French Revolution was the necessary outcome of the political vacuum having been created by the toppled monarchy. A) was the necessary outcome of the political vacuum having been created by the toppled monarchy B) was the necessary outcome of the political vacuum created by toppling the monarchy C) were the necessary outcome of the political vacuum that the toppled monarchy created D) was the necessary outcome of the political vacuum created from toppling the monarchy E) were the necessary outcome of the political vacuum created by the toppling of the monarchy EXPLANATION BY BOB: Rise and fall" seems to function as a singular subject here, as in: "Bacon and eggs is my favorite breakfast." One thing that makes "rise and fall" feel singular to me is the use of just one determiner. I think of "the rise and fall" as singular, and "the rise and the fall" as plural. Another reason "rise and fall" feels singular to me is that the complement is singular. If "rise" and "fall" were really two separate subjects, I would prefer to say that they were "outcomes." The rise and fall was the outcome. The rise and the fall were outcomes. 148
Slide 149: Adhamjon’s SC notes UZBEKISTAN In any case, I wouldn't worry too much item since it is clearly not of GMAT quality. (Smells like Kaplan to me.) The Achaemenid empire of Persia reached the Indus Valley in the fifth century B.C., bringing the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and southern Indian alphabets. A the Aramaic script with it, from which was derived both northern and B the Aramaic script with it, and from which deriving both the northern and the C with it the Aramaic script, from which derive both the northern and the D with it the Aramaic script, from which derives both northern and E with it the Aramaic script, and deriving from it both the northern and EXPLANATION BY BOB: The correct response is C. A and B can be eliminated because "which" refers to "it" (Achaemenid empire) instead of "Aramaic script." D is wrong because the singular verb "derives" does not agree with the plural subject "alphabets." E is wrong because "deriving" seems to refer to the subject of the sentence "Achaemenid empire." Here are a couple, one a 500-600 lvl and another a 700-800 level (as marked by Manhattan). I got them wrong and am still unclear about why my answer choices were wrong. Hopefully some of you can better 149
Slide 150: Adhamjon’s SC notes explain them, so here goes: UZBEKISTAN PROBLEM 1: Since 1989, after the Berlin Wall had been demolished, one of the most problematic ethnic groups in the reunified Germany, in cultural and economic assimilation terms, were the former East Germans, who have had to acclimate to an entirely different political system. A)after the Berlin Wall had been demolished, one of the most problematic ethnic groups in the reunified German, in cultural and economic assimilation terms, were the former East Germans B)after the Berlin Wall was demolished, one of the most problematic ethnic groups in the reunified Germany, in cultural terms as well as those of economic assimilation, were the former East Germans C)when the Berlin Wall was demolished, one of the reunified Germany's most problematic ethnic groups, in terms of cultural and economic assimilation, was the former East Germans D)when the Berlin Wall was demolished, one of the most problematic ethnic groups in the reunified Germany, in terms of cultural and economic assimilation, has been the former East Germans E)after the Berlin Wall had been demolished, one of the most problematic ethnic groups in the reunified Germany, in both terms of cultural and economic assimilation, have been the former East Germans Its quite clear, its C or D. So my question is which one and why? OA: SPOILER: D Descending approximately 4,000 years ago from the African wildcat, it has been an exceedingly short time for the domestic cat with respect to genetic evolution and it scarcely seems sufficient to 150