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Slide 1: Options for Traders WORKSHOP STUDY GUIDE
Slide 2: Disclaimer In order to simplify the computations, commissions and potential tax implications have not been included in the examples used in these materials. Commissions and taxes will impact the outcome of all stock and options transactions and must be taken into account. Options involve risk and are not suitable for everyone. Prior to buying or selling an option, a person must receive a copy of Characteristics and Risks of Standardized Options. Copies may be obtained from The Chicago Board Options Exchange (1-800-OPTIONS) or from your broker. The investor considering options should consult their tax advisor as to how taxes may affect the outcome of contemplated options transactions. A prospectus, which discusses the role of the Options Clearing Corporation, is also available, without charge, upon request, addressed to the Options Clearing Corporation: 440 S. LaSalle St., Suite 908, Chicago, Illinois 60605 or to the Chicago Board Options Exchange: LaSalle at Van Buren, Chicago, Illinois 60605. ANY STRATEGIES DISCUSSED, INCLUDING EXAMPLES USING ACTUAL SECURITIES AND PRICE DATA, ARE STRICTLY FOR ILLUSTRATIVE AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES, AND ARE NOT TO BE CONSTRUED AS ENDORSEMENTS, RECOMMENDATIONS, OR SOLICITATIONS TO BUY OR SELL SECURITIES. PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT A GUARANTEE OF FUTURE PERFORMANCE. SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION WILL BE SUPPLIED UPON REQUEST. © Copyright 2006 thinkorswim group, Inc. All rights reserved. Unauthorized duplication of this book is strictly prohibited. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored into a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of thinkorswim Advisors. Option Planet 600 W. Chicago Avenue Suite 100 Chicago, Il 60610 866-318-5288 www.optionplanet.com OPTION PLANET PRIVACY POLICY Option Planet recognizes the importance of maintaining its clients’ privacy. We treat all of the personal and financial information that you share with us as confidential and recognize the importance of protecting your information from disclosure. We do not disclose any nonpublic personal information about our clients or former clients to anyone, except as permitted by law. We maintain physical, electronic, and procedural safeguards to comply with federal standards to guard your non-public personal information. Nonpublic personal information includes substantially all the information about you that is collected by us. If you have any questions about our privacy policy or any other aspects of your relationship with us, please feel free to call us at 1-866-318-5288. 2
Slide 3: The Opportunities Options Create • Options add another dimension to investing. o They create opportunities in all types of market environments. o They allow you to define the risk and reward profile of your investments. Without Options Without options these are the risk profiles that are readily available to investors. Key: X-axis = Price, Y-axis = Profit/Loss Long Stock Treasury Bill Short Stock With Options Long Call Short Call Long Put Short Put Long Straddle Short Straddle Long Strangle 3 Short Strangle
Slide 4: Option Terminology Options are contracts that can be bought or sold. • The owner (buyer) gains the right to buy or sell an asset at a fixed price, within a specific period of time. • The seller (writer), taking the opposite side of the contract, has the obligation to fulfill the buyer’s rights within that period of time. Option buyers have “rights” and are “long”, whereas sellers have “obligations” and are “short.” Calls and Puts • Calls are options to buy an “underlying” asset such as a stock or an index. o The buyer obtains the right (but not the obligation) to purchase the underlying stock or index. o The seller of a call assumes the obligation to supply the underlying asset when the call contract is “exercised”. Puts are options to sell a stock or an index. o The buyer obtains the right (but not the obligation) to sell the underlying stock or index. o The seller of a put assumes the obligation to purchase an underlying asset when the put contract is “exercised.” • Underlying • • Option contracts are customarily offered on underlying assets, such as individual stocks or indices. Equity options ordinarily represent 100 shares of stock, while index options often reflect the value of an index with a multiplier of 100. Strike Price The pre-determined price at which the underlying asset will be bought or sold, when the option is exercised In the listed option’s marketplace the strike price intervals are standardized. o Stocks priced between 0-25 have strike price intervals of 2 ½. o Stocks priced between 25-200 have strike price intervals of 5. o Stocks priced greater than 200 have strike price intervals of 10. 4
Slide 5: Premium The price of the option Paid by buyer, received by seller The price is multiplied by the number of shares the contract represents, generally 100 shares. o $3.10 option actually costs 100 x $3.10 or $310.00 Expiration – American Style • • • • Options may be exercised on any business day up to expiration. Usually, American-style equity and index options expire on the Saturday following the third Friday of each month. The last day they can be exercised or traded is the third Friday of the month. PM Settlement Expiration – European Style • • • • Options can only be exercised at expiration. Usually, European-style index options expire on the Saturday following the third Friday of each month. The last day a European-style index option can be traded is typically the Thursday before the third Friday of the month. AM Settlement Volume and Option Interest • Option Volume o Option volume is the number of option contracts that have traded within a day. Open Interest o Open interest is the number of outstanding option contracts of a particular strike price and expiration date that have been bought or sold to open a position. An opening transaction increases open interest and a closing transaction decreases it. Open interest is calculated at the end of each business day. • 5
Slide 6: Basic Strategies Four Basic Positions CALL PUT Buyer (long) Right to buy Right to sell Seller (short) Obligation to sell Obligation to buy Buying Call • • Situation: o XYZ stock is trading at $60 Market Forecast: o Bullish on the stock, but want limited capital exposure if the stock decreases in price Strategy: o Buy 1 XYZ 90-day 60 Strike Call @ $3.00 o Cost is $3.00 x 100 or $300.00, plus commission Max Risk: Max Profit: Break-Even: • • • • Buying Call - Profit & Loss Table 6
Slide 7: • Buy 1 XYZ 90-Day 60 Call @ 3 Buying Call - Profit & Loss Graph: 7
Slide 8: Ins and Outs of Call Options Selling Call • • • Situation: o ____________stock is trading at $_________ Market Forecast: o Neutral to bearish on the stock Strategy: Sell ____________________ Call @ ______ Net Credit ______ Max Risk: Max Profit: Break-Even: • • • 8
Slide 9: Buying Put • • Situation: o ____________stock is trading at $_________ Market Forecast: o Bearish on the stock, but want limited capital exposure if the stock increases in price Strategy: Buy ____________________ Put @ ______ Net Debit ______ Max Risk: Max Profit: Break-Even: • • • • Ins and Outs of Put OptionsError! 9
Slide 10: Selling Put • • • Situation: o ____________stock is trading at $_________ Market Forecast: o Neutral to bullish on the stock Strategy: Sell ____________________ Put @ ______ Net Credit ______ Max Risk: Max Profit: Break-Even: • • • I’m Long, What Now? • Sell it. Exercise it. Let it expire. • • I’m Short, What Now? • Buy it back. Accept assignment. Let it expire. • • 10
Slide 11: Summary of Strategy Section • Buying Calls o Right to buy o Long market participation with limited capital exposure o Can also be used like insurance to protect short positions Selling Calls o Obligation to sell o Brings in cash and sets sell prices above current stock prices Buying Puts o Right to sell o Short market participation with limited capital exposure o Can also be used like insurance to protect long positions Selling Puts o Obligation to buy o Brings in cash and sets buy prices below current stock prices • • • 11
Slide 12: Listed Option Exchanges and Order Routing Exchanges and Order Routing Six Listed Option Markets: • • • • • • American Stock Exchange (AMEX) Boston Options Exchange (BOX) Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) International Securities Exchange (ISE) Pacific Stock Exchange (PSE) Philadelphia Stock Exchange (PHLX) ARCA is an electronic ECN destination for stocks. 12
Slide 13: Option Pricing Intrinsic & Time Value 30 Strike Call @ 7 Stock Price @ 35 Stock Price Strike Price Intrinsic Value 35 - 30 5 Option Price Intrinsic Value Time Value 7 -5 2 Pricing Components Analogy 13
Slide 14: Option Price Behavior Stock Price: Days to Exp: 50-Strike Call: $50 90 → → $51 90 ? 4.00 → Option Price Behavior *Most option prices don’t move as much as the underlying. Delta: • A measure of the rate of change in an option’s theoretical value, for a one-unit change in the price of the underlying stock. Rule of Delta • • • In-the-Money Options o Deltas greater than .50 but not larger than 1 At-The-Money o Deltas near .50 Out-of-The-Money o Deltas less than .50 but not less than 0 Option Price Behavior Example: Stock Price: Days to Exp: 50-Strike Call: $50 90 4.00 → → → $50 45 ? 14
Slide 15: Time Decay for At-the-Money Options $4.50 $4.00 $3.50 $3.00 $2.50 $2.00 $1.50 $1.00 $0.50 $0.00 90 days 75 days Days to Expiration $3.65 $3.25 $2.80 $2.30 $1.60 60 days 45 days 30 Days 15 days Exp. 15
Slide 16: Combining Strategies Covered Call • Strategy: Buy ______________________ Sell __________________ Call Net debit Max Risk: Max Profit: Break-Even: @ ______ @ ______ ______ • • • Protective Put • Strategy: Buy ______________________ Buy ___________________ Put Net debit Max Risk: Max Profit: Break-Even: @ ______ @ ______ ______ • • • Collar • Strategy: Buy _______________________ Buy ____________________ Put Sell ____________________ Call Net debit Max Risk: Max Profit: Break-Even: @ ______ @ ______ @ ______ ______ • • • 16
Slide 17: Vertical Spread Defined The purchase of one option and the simultaneous sale of another option on the same underlying, with the same expiration dates, but with different strike prices. Long Vertical Call Spread* Underlying price _______ Buy _________________ Call Sell _________________ Call Net Debit • • • Max Profit: Max Loss: Break-Even Point: @ _____ @ _____ _____ Short Vertical Call Spread* Underlying price _______ Buy _________________ Call @ _____ Sell _________________ Call @ _____ Net Debit _____ • • • Max Profit: Max Loss: Break-Even Point: *You may have heard terms such as “ ‘Bull’ call spread” or “ ‘Bear’ put spread”. Professional traders omit the “Bulls” and the “Bears” from their trading lingo. Since our trading platform integrates the way floor traders think and trade, you will be more efficient if you train yourself to abandon “bulls” and “bears” terminology and simply define each trade, even if it is a spread, as a credit “short” and/or a debit “long”. 17