Slide 1: (Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username unicomin@hd2 password password (Config-if)# dialer in-band (Config-if)# dialer string 3328400 (Config-if)# dialer idle-time out 180 (Config-if)# dialer hold-queue 10 (Config-if)# exit (Config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 (Config)# dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ((Config)# int bri 1/0 (Config-if)# dialer rotary-group 1 (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# int dialer 1 (Config-if)# dialer-group 1 (Config-if)# exit (Config)# ip routing (Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 dialer 1 2
Slide 2: (Config)# ip name-server 202.54.30.2 (Config)# ip name-server 202.54.2.30 (Config)# int E 0 (Config-if)# ip nat inside (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# int Bri 1/0 (Config-if)# ip nat outside (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# int dialer 1 (Config-if)# ip nat outside (Config-if)# exit (Config)# ip nat inside source list 1 int dialer 1 overload
Slide 3: Backup Interface for a Leased Line
ISP
S 0 172.16.1.1
172.16.1.2 S 0
ISP
E 0 1.50 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.2 E 0 5.50 5.4 5.3
Bri 0 CPE/DTE
5.1 5.2
CPE -Customer Premises Equipment DTE -Data Communications & Circutary end
Slide 4: # Config t (Config)# isdn switch-type basic-net 3 (Config)# int E 0/1 (Config-if)# ip address 192.168.1.50 255.255.255.0 (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# int S 0 (Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0
(Config)# int Bri 1/ 0 (Config-if)# no ip address (Config-if)# encapsulation ppp (Config-if)# no cdp enable (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit
Slide 5: (Config)# int dialer 1 (Config-if)# ip address negotiated (Config-if)# encapsulation ppp (Config-if)# no cdp enable (Config-if)# ppp authentication CHAP PAP callin (Config-if)# ppp CHAP hostname zoom (Config-if)# ppp CHAP password cisco (Config-if)# ppp PAP sent-username isp password cisco (Config-if)# dialer in-band (Config-if)# dialer string 3328400 (Config-if)# dialer ideal-time out 180 (Config-if)# dialer hold-queue 10 (Config-if)# exit (Config)# access-list 1 permit 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 (Config)# dialer-list 1 protocol ip permit ((Config)# int bri 1/ 0 (Config-if)# dialer rotary-group 1 (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit
Slide 6: (Config)# int dialer 1 (Config-if)# dialer-group 1 (Config-if)# exit (Config)# ip routing (Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 S 0 (Config-router)# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 dialer 1 2 (Config)# ip name-server 202.54.30.1 (Config)# ip name-server 202.54.1.30 (Config)# int E 0 (Config-if)# ip nat inside (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# int Bri 1/ 0 (Config-if)# ip nat outside (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit
Slide 7: (Config)# int dialer 1 (Config-if)# ip nat outside (Config-if)# exit (Config)# Access-list 2 permit 4 public 10 (Config)# ip nat inside source list 2 int dialer 1 overload (Config)# int S 0 (Config-if)# backup interface bri 1/0 (Config-if)# backup delay 30 60
Slide 8: Frame Relay
Point - to - Point frame-relay Network
Router A
S 0 172.16.1.1 Dlci 101
PVC Fr-Switch
172.16.1.2 S 0 Router B Dlci 102
E 0 1.50 1.4 1.3 1.1 1.2
Fr-Switch
E 0 5.50 5.4 5.3 5.1 5.2
Slide 9: Config t (Config)# int S 0 (Config-if)# no ip address (Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# int S 0.1 point-to-point (Config-if)# bandwidth 64 (Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0 (Config-if)# frame-relay interface DLC1 102 (or) (Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 102 broadcast (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# ip routing (Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.1.2
Slide 10: Point - to - Multi Point
4.0 10.0.0.1
D
1.0 10.0.0.4 104 103 102 10.0.0.2 3.0
A
101
C B
10.0.0.3
2.0
Slide 11: Configuration of Router A -------------------------------Config t (Config)# int S 0 (Config-if)# no ip address (Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# int S 0.1 multipoint (Config-if)# bandwidth 64 (Config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.4 255.0.0.0 (Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.1 103 broadcast (Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.2 102 broadcast (Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.3 101 broadcast (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# ip routing (Config)# ip route 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.3 (Config)# ip route 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.1 (Config)# ip route 192.168.5.0 255.255.255.0 10.0.0.2
Slide 12: Point-to-Point - Point-to-Point
172.16.1.2
4.0
1.0
172.16.1.1
103 102
10.0.0.2
3.0
104
10.0.0.1 161.16.1.1
101
10.0.0.3
2.0
Slide 13: Configuration of Router A -------------------------------Config t (Config)# int S 0 (Config-if)# no ip address (Config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# int S 0.1 point-to-point (Config-if)# bandwidth 64 (Config-if)# clockrate 56000 (Config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.0.0 (Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 103 broadcast (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit
Slide 14: (Config)# int S 0.2 point-to-point (Config-if)# ip address 161.16.1.1 255.255.0.0 (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# bandwidth 64 (Config-if)# clock rate 56000 (Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 161.16.1.2 102 broadcast (Config-if)# exit (Config)# int S 0.3 point-to-point (Config-if)# bandwidth 64 (Config-if)# clockrate 56000 (Config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 (Config-if)# frame-relay map ip 10.0.0.2 101 broadcast (Config-if)# no shut (Config-if)# exit (Config)# ip routing (Config)# ip route 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0
Slide 15: Iso International organization for standardization Iso has designed a reference model called osi reference model (open system interconnection). It has 7 layers. It says that Any n/w for comunication needs 7 layers 1. Application layer The user uses application layer to send the data. The protocols @ this layer are ftp,http,smtp(e-mail) telenet etc. 2. Presentation layer Presentation layer takes the data from application layer and present In different formats for securing reason. The services offered @ This layer are Compression – decompression Coding – decoding Encryption - decryption
Slide 16: 3. Session layer Establishing the session or the conectivity n/w n/w 1 & n/w 2 is done By the session layer. It 1. Establishes a session 2. maintains it & 3. Terminates it b/w the application 4. Transport layer End-end connectivity during a session b/w two application is done By the transport layer. It also decides the type of connection like tcp or udp i.e. connection oriented or connection less. Services: Sequencing Flow ctrl, error detection & correction Transport layer info + data is called segment.
Slide 17: 5. Netwrok layer Logical addressing is done at thenetwork layer i.e. source address & destination address are attached to the data. Protocols @network layer Routed protocols Eg: ip,ipx routing protocols eg: rip,igrp,ospf
Routed protocols: they always carry the data along with them Routing protocol: they identify the path for routed protocol to carry the data At this layer routers & layer 3 switches forms packets.
Slide 18: Data link layer MAC Media access control data LLC logical link control framing of
Ip address is lik the pincode & MAC address is like house number. Here layer2 switches are used. Wab protocols used at this layer are PPP,HDLC,FP,X.25 etc. Here error checking CRC bits are added to the packets DLL info+ packets --> frames
Slide 19: 7 physical layer Takes care of physical connectivity i.e connector,cable etc. here Frames are converted to bits (1’s & 0’s). The devices like hubs, repeaters,cables & connectors are used at this layer. I P Addressing Now a days ip ver4 is followed. It is a 32-bit addressing scheme. 32bits are divided into 4 octets of 8 bits each. i.e 8-8-8-8. i.e (1’s & 0’s)-(1’s & 0s)-(1’s & 0’s)-(1’s & 0’s). (binary format). The ip address is maximum of 255 & min of 0. In future ip ver 6 is expected. It is 128 bit scheme. Ip adresses are clsassified into different classes.
Slide 20: Class Class Class Class Class
A B C D E
0 128 192 224 240
-
127 191 223 239 255
8-8-8-8 M.S.O Most Significant Ocate considering MSO
Slide 21: Through out class A, the MSB ‘0’ is constant in class B the Msbs are ‘101’ constant through out. Class D & E are not used for internetworking class D is used for Multicast network. “ E “ “ “ research. class A 0-0-0-0 should not be assigned for any divice 127-0-0-0 is reserved for loopback 127-0-0-1 127-0-0-” 127-0-0-” usually reserved for loopback 127-0-0-” 127-255-255-254
Slide 22: Hence 0 & 127 cannot be used for adressing so actual range will be 1 to 126. All ip addresses are divided into two. 1.network I.d 2.host I.d in class a address there is 1n\w I.d postion & 3 host I.d postion I,e N-H-H-H.. Class A N-H-H-H N-N-H-H Class B Class C N-N-N-H Network Ids are represented by 1s & host ids are by 0s.
Slide 23: Types of ip adresses IP address public ip address private ip address
Public network: the public address is defined with routing over the Internet it is given by I.S.P & routing table is created on the internet. Private network: for internal network I,e intranet, all the ip addresses Are governed by a body called INTERNIC. If we are a part of asia Pacefic then it is governed by APNIC. We can run our private network with any ip addresses of our choice But it should not be connected to internet.
Slide 24: Range of addresses for private network Class A 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 Class B 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 Class C 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 Private ip addresses donot have routing. To meet the demand of no.of networks, the network is broken Into smaller networks called subnets. Eg: find no.of subnets, hosts/s.n subnet mask & valid ip addresses For a class c address. 192.168.1.0/24 ‘24’ shows the network bits 24= 3 octate position bits are enough, therefore no need to borrow Any bits from host position. =24 network & no host Default subet mask is 255.255.255.0 & valid ip addresses are 192.168.1.0 network
Slide 25: Switch An essential component of lan. Switches are of different types like Layer 2 layer 3, layer 4, layer 5….. Layer 2 switch : Switch hub •Layer 2 layer 1 •b.w is equal @ all ports b.w is shared •Identifies source with MAC cannot identifiy the source alwaysbroad cast •Broad cast occur, till mac table Is built •Collision occur when both A&B Many collisions Wants to reach D. 1 broad cast domain 1 collision •1 broad cast domain 4 collision Domains domain
Slide 26: Switches
Access layer
Distribution layer
Core layer
Access layer swithc: catalyst 1912 Catalyst – manufacturer, but it is now owned by cisco. 12 port switch
Slide 27: Switch standard edition enterprise edition
To configure VLANS,go for enterprose edition as standard edition Will not support VLAN. For uplinking or cascading 100mbps is minimum required. Functions of switch 1. Adress learning 2. Filter & forwarding 3. Loop avoidance 1. Address learning Booting 1.blocking state (15 secs) 2.Listening state (15 secs) 3.Learning stage (20 secs) 4.Forwarding stage (20 secs)
Slide 28: The switch will always learn the MAC address from the source itself The source should atleast communicate once to learn the MAC address. 2. Filter & forwarding : store & forward cut through fragment free On access layer the default is fragment free we can change to any Of the3 mentioned above. 1.store & forward: it stores the whole information (1500 bytes Ethernet) into buffer, then checks for errors, looks for destination In MAC table and then forward. 2. Cut through: no error checking.as soon as a packet arrives It looks into MAC table & forward.
Slide 29: 3.loop avridance: consider a seenario whr pci wants to communicate To pc2. Switch a makes entry of pc1 in its MAC table as it is a new Switch. This looping is before the mac table I s made. This is called Initial flood or broad cast storm. STP: spanning tree protocol. To avoid loops in case of a cascaded Switch stp is enabled by default. Parameters to select a switch 1. Bridge priority (32768) default.(1-655355) 2. MAC address Bridge id is calculated. Bridge id=bridge priority + mac address. Which ever the switch having least bridge ID will be elcted as root Bridge and others are non-root bridge. On root bridge the ports used For cascading are called designated ports. All the designated ports Will be at forwadingf state . In non root bridge from the two ports one will be selected as root port. This will be depending on the cost speed).least cost path (faster transmission) the other port will be blocked.
Slide 30: The “hello” packets that are sent by root bridge for every 2 sec to inform that it is working properly are called BPDUS; (bridge protocol data limits). If non root bridge do no receive 10 BPDUs for next 20secs then it is clear that the root bridge has Failed. 20secs – max age time Then a new root bridge is selected. In the above eg:if switch A is selected as root bridge and ports A & B Of switch A are designated ports. Depending on the shortest paths For high speed & low cost one port of switch B is selected as root port & the other will be blocked.
Slide 31: ISDN Integreted services digital network. It is a circuit switching technology approved by CCITT. ISDN PSTN •Digital analog •More bandwidth less •Multiple services like, •Voice,data,video etc. ISDN BRI PRI (Basic rate interface 2b channels & id chennel) european standard north american standard 30 bchannels 23 bchannels & & id channel id channel
Slide 32: ‘B’channel – it is a bearer channel for data. ‘D’channel – it is a delta channel for synchronization In bri each B channel = 64 kbps d channel = 16kbps Max 128 kbps BW in isdn In PRI both B & D channels _= 64kbps. European – 2mbps North american – 1.54 mbps ISDN will have a voltage of 90-110v
Slide 33: SPID number : (service profile identifier) to identify the link. Types of ISDN switches Euro-basic net3 U.S-basic 5 ess-at&t standard U.K-basic net3 & basic net5 France-vn3 & vn4 Ss7 (signalling system7) Will be configured at the back bone side. telco vn3/vn4 France
ss7
basic net3 India
Slide 34: E-series, I-series & Q-series E-tells about telephone network & ISDN network I-tells about concepts & interfaces of ISDN Q-tells about signalling & switching of ISDN DDR Dail on Demand Routing The main feature of ISDN is it dials & connects on request & Discounects when no data transfer is taking place. nat (network address translation IP NAT inside IP NAT out side overload
Slide 35: IPNAT inside: any request from th internal network will be NATED To public Ip address sending the request from internal network To Bri interface is overloading. When ever NAT is enable, the router will maintain a nat table. Nat table:
When nat t able is enabled nau request will be allocated a port Number after 1024. Above 1024 port numbers are reserved for other Services. This allocation of port numbers is dynamic.
Slide 36: Configuring a DDR for ISDN Config#int e0 Config#ip adress 192.168.5.150 255.255.255.0 Config#ip nat inside Config#exit Config-if#int bri 0 Config-if#ip address negotiated Config-if#encapsulation PPP Config-if#PPP authenticaiton PAP chap collin Config-if#PPP chap hostname (username) Config-if#PPP chap password (password) Config-if#dialer string (tel.no.) Config-if#dialer idle timeout (time in secs) Config-if#dialer group Config-if#ip nat outside Config-if#exit
Slide 37: Ip address negotialted : this is when an ip adress is fetched kdynamically From ISP 7 donot have a permanent public I.P adress Dialer – list range 1-10 to configure router as a DHCP server Config#ip pool <name> staring ip end ip. Some ISDN command Sh int bri0 Sh isdn status (layer 1 should be active. If not physical conectivity is lost) Sh isdn active Sh isdn history Sh ip network translaiton
