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Slide 1: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Service Innovation Policy (and beyond) Ian Miles Ian.Miles@mbs.ac.uk MOSTI service innovation seminar 9 MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 2: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Contents Lobbying Policymakers and Educators SSME, SRII, etc Why? Why Innovation Policy? Why innovation policy for services? What? What policy instruments? Who can design and implement these? What do we know? Who is doing what? MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 3: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Major Industry “Buzz! Especially IT industry promoting notion of service science Other important action around service quality and service marketing – rise of SDL http://www.sdlogic.net/ MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 4: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research and Service Engineering MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 5: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research IBM SSME At:; http://www304.ibm.com/jct0 1005c/university/ scholars/skills/ss me/index.html MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 6: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Service Research and Innovation Initiative MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009 At:; http://forums.thesrii.org/srii
Slide 7: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Industry impacts on policy Policymakers respond to industrial concerns Plus, much of public sector is about services, and in these sectors there are many innovation initiatives (though these may be labelled efficiency, modernisation, or otherwise) MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 8: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Example – NHS innovation MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009 http://www.institute.nhs.uk/
Slide 9: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research General arguments for innovation policy Should apply to services, if these are not discounted as non-innovative (which does seem to have been the case historically) Market failure, system failure Important for competitiveness, both directly and as business services supporting business in general Important for QOL, esp. non-market services MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 10: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Specific service innovation policy? We know that some features of service innovation are distinctive – e.g. R&D less common Are services worse integrated into innovation systems? Are services overlooked in policy programme formulation and implementation? MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 11: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Some reviews and explication of arguments: EC Expert group Fostering Innovation in Services and various commentaries Louis Rubalcaba papers, eg “Which policy for innovation in services?” Science and Public Policy 2006 RISE project MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 12: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Policy Rationales MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 13: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Policy Areas (Kuusisto, 2008) Supply-side, demand-side, bridging policies; source: http://www.servicesaustralia.org.au/pdfFilesResearch/TowardsHighPePolicy.pdf MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 14: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research R&D and services Smaller firms: generally do less R&D. Even accounting for this, most services report lower R&D than most equivalent manufacturers Most R&D programmes not servicetargeted But still, incentives via tax credits for R&D. etc.? MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 15: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research The Officia l UK R&D Survey MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 16: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Small print Definition of Research and Development R&D is a difficult concept to measure. We have attempted below to provide some basic guidelines to follow. In some cases you may need to apply an element of judgement when compiling your figures. We accept approximations. R&D is defined as “Creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including the knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications”. The guiding line to distinguish research and development activity (R&D) from non-research activity is the presence or absence of an appreciable element of novelty or innovation. If the activity departs from routine and breaks new ground it should be included; if it follows an established pattern it should be excluded. The guidance in this note is based on the internationally agreed standard established by the OECD and published in what is known as the “Frascati” manual. A summary of the latest edition is available from the ONS. Exclude such activities as: a.Routine testing and analysis of all kinds, whether for control of materials, components or products, and whether for control of quantity or quality. (Testing and analysis as part of an R&D programme should be included.) b. Market research, operational research, work study, cost analysis, management science, surveying, “trouble-shooting”. c. Royalties payments for the use of the results of research and development unless required as an essential part of the research and development programme within the unit. d. Trial production runs where the primary objective is not further improvement of the product. e. Design costs to meet changes of fashion and artistic design work. f. Legal and administrative work in connection with patent applications, records and litigation; work involved in the sale of patents and licensing arrangements; experimental work performed solely for the purpose of patent litigation. Other steers in definitions of employment: prof S&T, technicians… MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 17: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Knowi ng H ow, Knowi ng Wh om: A Study o f the L inks between th e Kn owled ge Intensive Se rvice s Sector a nd Th e Science Base report to Council for Science and Technology June 2003 http://www.cst.gov.uk/cst/reports/files/knowledge-intensive-services/services-study.pdf MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009 IoIR
Slide 18: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Sources of Information Many services more prone to use private sources of inf – esp consultants. 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Public Used Most services less prone to use Universities, government Public High Impt Private Used Private High Impt LT M MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009 (T SAE ) (T SRD (IT ) -C S (IT ) -T O (F ) SB (F I) SRL ) (P SLA ) (P SI (P ) SM ) (T SP) (T SF) (T SO ) (W S) HT M M HT M M LT M
Slide 19: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Collaboration • Collaboration with Universities uncommon throughout industry; •most contact with manufacturing in general; •5% services, 9% manufacturers; • But evidence that dynamic innovators collaborate more. Technical services high levels of collaboration MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 20: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Interviews with KIS Firms Environmental Services Business Continuity Services Long-term Personal Insurance Market Research / Marketing - Innovation important, rarely formalised - Different sorts of knowledge required for business practice and innovation - Huge differences small/large firms MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 21: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Human Resources Much variation, but most frequent account is that graduates are valued as source of general skills, specialist skills are sometimes but not often sought Large firms more likely to be strategic in recruitment Some KIS have elaborate professional development systems MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 22: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Information, Expertise and Collaboration Small firms have few links in general Linkages often ad hoc Search for right sort of people Collaboration rare, some prominent exceptions Little awareness of support for collaborative research Important sectoral differences in assessment of knowledge base MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 23: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Supply Side Rarely any specific strategies for KIS, some are recognised as having high potential. Scope for more development. Variations across Universities and KIS Important role of Centres and Programmes Some apparent linkages are not used for knowledge transfer MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 24: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Overall Lack of “absorptive capacity” on both sides Centres of excellence and other intermediaries provide compass points, accumulated knowledge, know-who, “translation” capabilities MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 25: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Policy Better measurement (sampling, surveys) not to reach targets faster but to inform policy Better targeting of “mainstream” R&D and innovation programmes to engage services beyond the usual suspects some re-engineering of innovation systems awareness and promotion (incl. some benchmarking with service examples, etc.) MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 26: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Policy Better measurement - not to reach targets faster but to inform policy Better targeting of “mainstream” R&D and innovation programmes to engage services Services-oriented R&D and innovation programmes from science and industrial policy angles (draw on examples of good practice) relate to ongoing initiatives where useful support for new generations of innovation management MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009 ...
Slide 27: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Interventions may promote change: Generally services neglected in innovation and R&D policy - but there is now some R&D policy for services and R&D-relevant initiatives Initiatives like IBM’s “service science”, NSF “service engineering” MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 28: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Some overviews SIID, and more recently IPPS MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 29: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Many countries active: Some have established service innovation (Finland), R&D (Germany, Canada), engineering (USA) programmes U.S. Congress - National Innovation Act - add “Fostering the Field of Service Science” to studies conducted by the National Science Foundation Some countries have instigated projects to explore prospects (UK, Eire) Also international bodies (EC) – the EU has identified service and non-technological innovation as one of nine strategic priorities of its innovation strategy; funding programs to create a policy framework and establish knowledge platforms Japan’s “New Economic Growth Strategy” - six key service areas for service policy initiatives – funding for advanced business models in health and welfare, childcare, tourism, business support services and distribution services. Much interest – action very patchy Some more detail… MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 30: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Finland - TEKES euro100m over 5y;’ TEKES pays 50% Mainly B2B MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009 IPPS funded from this to explore policies
Slide 31: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research R&D Policy Initiatives – e.g. BMBF MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 32: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research German Initiatives BMBF MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 33: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research German Initiatives BMBF MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 34: German Initiative sBMBF Manchester Institute of Innovation Research MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 35: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Changing Innovation Policy? Kuusisto 2008 MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009
Slide 36: Manchester Institute of Innovation Research End of Presentation MOSTI - Service Innovation 2009