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Slide 1: UNIT 2 & 3 WORLD POPULATION & POPULATION GROWTH
Slide 2: UNIT 2~ WORLD POPULATION 2.1 WORLD POPULATION GROWTH DEFINITION: WORLD POPULATION  Number of people living on the Earth  Currently… 6.4 BILLION! And growing…. Trend Of World Population Growth WHEN? 1 AD 1000 AD 1800 AD 1800 AD- Now POPULATION? 200 million 275 million 900 million REMARKS 1000 years later only increased 75 million Increased rapidly Population ExplosionSharp increase in world population NOW 6.4 billion And growing!
Slide 3: FACTORS AFFECTING POPULATION GROWTH POPULATION GROWTH grows when Number of births is GREATER than number of deaths resulting in Natural Population Increase POPULATION DECREASE Wars & natural disasters (earthquakes, floods etc.) Births + Deaths when Number of deaths is GREATER than number of births POPULATION UNCHANGED when Number of births = Number of deaths
Slide 4: MUST KNOW WORDS!  Birth Rate >>> Number of live births per 1000 people of a given population in a year  Death Rate>>> Number of deaths per 1000 people of a given population in a year  Infant Mortality Rate>>> Number of Infants (below 1 year old) dying before 1 year old per 1000 people of a given population in a year  Life Expectancy>>> Number of years that a person can expect to live given a current mortality table  Rate of Natural Increase>>>> Birth Rate – Death Rate
Slide 5: Less Developed Countries * High Birth Rate ? No birth control (contraceptives)/ family planning/not educated Why more children? - Help in manual labour Therefore… Get poorer Developed Countries •Low Birth Rate ? Too bust from work Why less children? - Higher Costs of Living 2.2 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION & DENSITY POPULATION DISTRIBUTION = Spread of people living in an area World Population in UNEVENLY DISTRIBAUTED Population Distribution in order #1 Asia #2 Africa #3 Europe #4 South America #5 North America #6 Oceania
Slide 6: POPULATION DENSITY = Total number of people living on a square kilometer of land Population Density: Total Population (people) divide Area ( km2 ) High ~ Over 200 people per km2 Moderate ~ 10 – 200 people per km2 Low ~ Less than 10 people per km2 FACTORS AFFECTING POULATION DISTRIBUTION & DENSITY PHYSICAL FACTORS RELIEF Low lands/ Flat lands Mountainous Regions CLIMATE Conducive temperatures Arid (dry) regions SOIL~ Fertile Soil MINERAL RESOURCES ~ Iron, gold etc NATURAL VEGETATION ~ Forests Low Relief -Large river valleys -Coastal plains ? Land is flat ? Good supply of water ? Soil fertile ? Favours building of roads and railways ? Development of agriculture and industries
Slide 7: HUMAN & ECONOMIC FACTORS *Whether a settlement grows or remains small depends on the decision of humans! TOWN Provides employment Close to iron ore or coal reserves grows when these minerals are still present Town GROWS ~ Banks and other facilities and commerce are set up to provide for the people living in the town ~ Transport to provide accessibility networks are established to connect people* *Attracts people to migrate to the town>>> Town grows bigger! ~ Farming activities in nearby areas expand to feed the growing population Stable government = Attracts people to invest in the country Minerals are exhausted >>> Town stagnate and slowly declines -People move out to find employment !!! EMPLOYMENT opportunities !!! - Determines people’s decisions to settle down in that area Remarkable Commercial Development -Jobs with high wages and high standard of living Attract people, High population density Hong Kong, Singapore Good transport system – Easy access to Greater Pearl River Delta Region( many chinese industries) - By road or by railway
Slide 8: Unit 3 ~ Population Growth Causes of high population growth Money -- If they have a good education, will be able to find jobs in the city and send them money Help -- They can help to work in the fields or chores in the household Support – parents have enough rice to feed them
Slide 9: Factors that encourage high birth rate Early marriages •As early as 15 yrs old in LDCs •Tend to have more children as they marry early Children are seen as wealth • can help in farms and bring in additional income High number of deaths among children •Cause: lack of health care services in LDCs •Result: more children die at a young age •Lead to: couples having more in case some die
Slide 10: Lack of knowledge on birth control • Cause: ignorance of birth control methods as they are illiterate (LDCs) •Result : Having more children that what they really wanted Preference for a male child • Cause: Traditional beliefs • Result: have more children in order to have a male one Religious beliefs does not allow the use of contraceptives • Some religion disallow the use of artificial methods of birth control
Slide 11: Consequences of a high birth rate Overcrowding •Lack of land for residential, industrial and commercial areas Shortage of food • Lack of land results in a decrease of available arable land for agriculture purposes • Result: Lack of food Pressure on social services •LDCs need to improve the health services in order to prevent high death rate which results in high birth rate
Slide 12: Unemployment and other social problems Lack of land means a lack of development which in turn results in a lack of jobs Increase in no. of crimes overcrowding conditions, lack of sewage and sanitation systems Health problems among people
Slide 13: Responses  Economic development • Higher standards of living •Cost of living higher •No time for children •Tends not to have children or less children Birth control and family planning • let public know the importance of birth control •Implement policy and educate the public Increasing the rate of literacy • helps to bring in additional income for the family as women can go out to work •Children will be better nourish and healthier
Slide 14: Unit 3~ Countries With a Low Rate Of Population Growth Population Pyramid ☺ Shows proportion (%) of total population that is male or female (on horizontal axis) & their age groups (on vertical axis) ☺ Make judgements & predictions about the future
Slide 15: 2 Basic Concepts ☺ Age group concept: ♫ “Old”→ 60 yrs & > ♫ “Young”→ between 14 yrs & < ♫ “Working population” [People are economically employed]→ between 15 yrs & 64 yrs
Slide 16: ☺ Ageing population concept: ☺ “Ageing” population→ when population of “young” people is < 30% & the proportion of “old” people is > 6% ☺ “Young” population→ when population of “young” people is > 30% & the proportion of “old” people is < 6%
Slide 17: Causes Of A Low Rate Of Population Growth ☺ Successful family planning programmes ☺ Availability of birth control methods: Have been trying but don’t seem to be able to have children ☺ Higher levels of education among woman ☺ Economic development ☺ Late marriages ☺ Preference for small family size: Won’t be enough $ to pay for child’s tuition ☺ Choice to remain single: Love career to much to have time to consider marriage ☺ High cost of living: Pay for housing loan, car loan & leave a little extra for a holiday
Slide 18: Consequences Of A Low Rate Of Population Growth Ageing population → Great burden to society with more & more elderly & a decreasing working population ♫< 30% comprises young people ♫> 6% consists of elderly Gross National Product [Total annual value of all goods & services produced in a country, including net investments from foreign nations] will drop tremendously → → → Cause problems in financial planning [Process of creating & applying of a plan, so that money is spent wisely for short & long term goals]
Slide 19: Responses To A Low Rate Of Population Growth EACH COUNTRY HAS ITS OWN WAY OF ENCOURAGING MORE BIRTHS REASONS FOR COUPLES IN S’PORE WHO DO NOT WANT CHILDREN:  Lack of time to take care of children  Lack of childcare facilities  High cost of living
Slide 20: AGING POPULATION IN SINGAPORE PAST CIRCUMSTANCES  Early 1960s, Singapore’s population was growing rapidly.  Every family had, on the average, 4 or 5 children.  During those early years of high  The government hence decided to implement family planning in Singapore.  In 1965, with the help of the unemployment, insufficient housing and inadequate educational and healthcare facilities, a rapidly growing population would create a lot of troubles for a new nation. Singapore Family Planning and Population Board, the two-child policy was implemented.
Slide 21: PRESENT CIRCUMSTANCES  There was rapid economic growth in the 1970s and more people were educated.  More women joined the workforce  Families’ incomes rose but family sizes decreased.  By then, people’s attitudes towards marriage and parenthood had changed.  On the average, each family had only 1 or 2 children.  There were also more singles staying unmarried, or women marrying late.  There was also a higher cost of living.  Warning alert came in 1989 and since then, Singapore’s population policy had changed.  It would now need more births to correct the rapidly falling birth rate.
Slide 22: SIGNS OF AN AGEING POPULATION IN S’PORE  The death rate in Singapore is low.  With improved health care facilities and a higher standard of living, more people in Singapore are living longer.  The cost of looking after oneself increases over the years.  People need to look into how to manage their finances wisely.  They also need to plan ahead for their retirement that they have sufficient resources for their daily expenditure when they stop work.  This is a serious problem in future as 19% of Singaporeans will be aged 65 years and above by 2030.
Slide 23: ENCOURAGING MORE BIRTHS IN SINGAPORE On 1 August 2204, the Government implemented bold population policies to encourage births. Here are some of the policies.  Paid-maternity leave extended from current 2 months to 3. Third month is Government-paid.  Employees with children below 7 years old are entitled to 2 days of childcare leave.  Parents will receive $3000 for the first child, a cash gift and cosavings up to $9000 for the second child and up to $18000 each for the third and fourth child.  Centre-based infant care subsidy is increased.  Parents are given tax-rebates.