Slide 1: The Groovy Programming Language Let's Get Groovy! java.sun.com/javaone/sf Rod Cope and James Strachan http://groovy.codehaus.org 1 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 2: Groovy Goal What You'll Get Out Of This Session Learn what Groovy can do for you and how to start using it today! 2 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 3: Agenda • • • • • • • 3 Background What is Groovy? Language Details Working with Java Groovy Markup Extras Conclusion | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 4: Agenda • • • • • • • 4 Background What is Groovy? Language Details Working with Java Groovy Markup Extras Conclusion | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 5: Java’s biggest strengths? • VM and Binary Compatibility ─ We can build deployment units (class, jar, jnlp, war, ear, rar, car) and run them anywhere ─ We can easily reuse libraries, APIs and tools • Lots of reusable software & components & tools • We can innovate at the source code level if we play nice at the binary level 5 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 6: Components vs. scripting • We are reusing far more code than we write • We spend much more time these days gluing components/libraries/tools together than we do writing components ─ We probably spend more time writing tests than we do writing real code :) ─ We’re all TDD infected right? • The web tier is a perfect example of this ─ Render business objects as markup (templating / scripting) ─ Gluing actions with requests and domain models (MVC) ─ Most of the web tier is duct tape with small pockets of domain models (YMMV) • Scripting is a great way to glue components together 6 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 7: So why make another agile language? • Desire for complete binary compatibility with Java ─ No difference at the JVM / bytecode level to Java code ─ No wrappers or separate islands of APIs ─ allow easy mix and match of Groovy & Java code • Java friendly syntax ─ We’ve enough to worry about as enterprise developers without unnecessary low level language syntax differences • Reuse the J2SE / J2EE APIs ─ Build on the Java platform, rather than porting an existing platform inside Java which leads to leaky abstractions ─ No need to learn a new set of APIs such as in Jython / JRuby ─ Help make J2SE and J2EE APIs easier to use • A scripting language specifically designed for use in the Java Platform by Java developers for Java developers 7 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 8: Agenda • • • • • • • 8 Background What is Groovy? Language Details Working with Java Groovy Markup Extras Conclusion | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 9: Groovy • Who/When ─ James Strachan, Bob McWhirter – August 2003 ─ Its all Bob’s fault! :-) • What ─ Dynamic, object-oriented scripting language for the JVM ─ Features of Ruby, Python, Dylan and Smalltalk • How ─ Hand-written compiler and bytecode generator 9 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 10: Features • • • • • • Static & dynamic typing Native syntax for lists, maps, arrays, beans etc Closures Regex Operator overloading Autoboxing and polymorphism across collection, array, map, bean, iterators etc • Making the JDK more Groovy with new methods 10 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 11: Java and Groovy! public class Filter { public static void main( String[] args ) { List list = new java.util.ArrayList(); list.add( "Rod" ); list.add( "James" ); list.add( "Chris" ); Filter filter = new Filter(); List shorts = filter.filterLongerThan( list, 4 ) for ( String item : shorts ) } public List filterLongerThan( List list, int length ) List result = new ArrayList(); for ( String item : list ) { { { System.out.println( item ); } if ( item.length() <= length ) { result.add( item ); } } return result; } } 11 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 12: Groovy! list = ["Rod", "James", "Chris"] shorts = list.findAll { it.size() <= 4 } shorts.each { println it } -> Rod 12 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 13: Agenda • • • • • • • 13 Background What is Groovy? Language Details Working with Java Groovy Markup Extras Conclusion | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 14: Optional Things • Optional Variable Declarations and Types int a = 3; b = 2; String t = "hello"; s = 'there'; • Optional Semicolons and Parentheses int a = 3; int b = 4; println( a ); c=2 print c print "hello".indexOf( 'e' ) 14 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 15: Strings • Sample Declarations ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ h1 = "hellohello" h2 = 'hello' * 2 (same as h2 = 'hellohello') h1 == h2 but not necessarily h1 === h2 mix1 = "hello 'there' dude" mix2 = 'hello "there" dude' wrap = "this is a string that wraps lines" ─ triple = """This string doesn't need "quote" escaping 'at all' dude""" ─ heredoc = <<<BLAH This is some text that doesn't need """any""" kind of quote 'escaping' BLAH 15 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 16: GStrings • Sample Declarations ─ name = "Rod" ─ message = "hello ${name}" ─ longMessage = """Hi ${name}! You may have already won ${calc(name)} million dollars!""" ─ Evaluated at time of first use ─ Doesn't expand within outermost single quotes ─ println "${name}" ─ println '${name}' -> Rod -> ${name} • Optional Method "return" calc(name) { name.size() } 16 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 17: Data Structures • Lists: ─ list = [1, 3, 'apple', "dog"] ─ list.size() == 3 ─ list + [4,'cat'] == [1,3,'apple','dog',4,'cat'] ─ list – ['apple'] == [1, 3, 'dog'] ─ Empty list: [] • Maps: ─ map = ['rod':33, 'james':35] ─ map.size() == 2 ─ Empty map: [:] 17 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 18: Indexing 1 • Strings: ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ 18 str = 'testing' str[2] == 's' str[-1] == 'g' str[1..2] == 'es' str[1...3] == 'es' str[3..2] == 'ts' str[4,2] == 'is' list = [1, 3, 'apple', "dog", 'bug', "tree"] list[2] == 'apple' list[-1] == 'dog' list[1..2] == [3, 'apple'] list[1...3] == [3, 'apple'] list[3..2] == ['dog', 'apple'] list[4,2] == ['bug', 'apple'] • Lists and Arrays: | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 19: Indexing 2 • Maps: ─ map = ['rod' : 33, 'james' : 35] ─ println map['rod'] -> 33 ─ println map.rod -> 33 ─ map.joe = 28 -> ['rod':33, 'james':35, 'joe':28] ─ println map.subMap(['rod', 'joe']) -> ['rod':33, 'joe':28] 19 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 20: Basic Iteration and Looping • Samples ─ Simple loops: for ( index in 1..3 ) { println index } ─ Strings: for ( ch in 'dog' ) { println ch } ─ Lists and Arrays: for ( item in [1,2,'dog'] ) { println item } ─ Maps: for (entry in ['rod':33,'james':35]) {println "${entry.key} = ${entry.value}" } • Support for Java while, do, if, else, etc. • No standard Java 'for' implemented yet 20 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 21: Closures // sum things sum = 0 [1, 2, 3].each { |item| sum += item } println “The total is ${sum}” // make a text list of customer names text = customers.collect { |item| return item.name }.join(“, “) // make a closure then call it later on C = { |name| println “Hey ${name}” } C(“James”) 21 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 22: Iteration with Closures • Basic Iteration ─ Simple loops: 5.times { print it } -> 01234 ─ Strings: 'dog'.each { |c| println c } -> d o g ─ Lists and Arrays: [1,2,'dog'].each { print it } -> 12dog ─ Maps: ['rod':33, 'james':35].each { print "${it.key}=${it.value} " } -> james=35 rod=33 22 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 23: Regular Expressions (Regex) • Patterns ─ pattern = ~"na.*" • Matchers ─ matcher = ("name" =~ pattern) ─ println matcher.matches() -> true • Regex Matches ─ println( "name" ==~ "na.*" ) -> true • Indexing Matchers ─ m = "a name is just a game" =~ ".ame" ─ println m[1] -> "game" ─ m = "a name is just a game" =~ ".*name (.*) just (.*) game.*" ─ println( "Regex ${m[1]} ${m[2]} cool thing!" ) -> "Regex is a cool thing!" 23 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 24: switch • switch (x) { case 7: case 2.3: case "dog": case (3..6): case Integer: case ~"ca.*": case new MyCase(): } println "7"; println "2.3"; println "dog"; break; break; break; break; break; break; break; case [1, 2, 'alf']: println "in list"; println "Integer"; println "regex"; println "MyCase"; println "in range"; break; • class MyCase { isCase(thing) {return thing == 'me'} } 24 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 25: Groovy JDK • Adds methods missing from the JDK • String ─ contains(), count(), execute(), padLeft(), center(), padRight(), reverse(), tokenize(), each(), etc. • Collection ─ count(), collect(), join(), each(), reverseEach(), find/All(), min(), max(), inject(), sort(), etc. • File ─ eachFile(), eachLine(), withPrintWriter(), write(), getText(), etc. • Lots there and growing all the time • You can add methods programmatically 25 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 26: Basic Sorting • list = [ 'dog', 'bird', 'chick' ] • println( list.sort() ) -> [bird, chick, dog] • println( list.sort { it.size() }.reverse() ) -> [chick, bird, dog] 26 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 27: Sorting JavaBeans class Person { name; age } list = [ new Person( name:'Rod', age:33 ), new Person( name:'James', age:35 ) ] list.sort { | person | person.age } list.sort { [ it.name, it.age ] } list.sort { | a, b | a.name <=> b.name } println( list.sort{it.name}.name ) -> [James, Rod] println(list.sort{it.name}.name.join(':')) -> "James:Rod" 27 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 28: GPath class Person { name; age } list = [ new Person( name:'Rod', age:33 ), new Person( name:'James', age:35 ) ] println( list.find {it.age > 25}.name ) -> [Rod] println( list.findAll {it.age > 25}.name ) -> [Rod, James] println( list.any{ it.name.size() > 4 } ) -> true 28 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 29: Real World GPath for ( order in customers.findAll { it.location.code == "CO" }.orders ) { println( "${order.id} is ${order.value}" ) } 29 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 30: Writing grep in Groovy • // grep.groovy new java.io.File(args[0]).eachLine { if (it ==~ ".*${args[1]}.*" ) { println it } } • groovy grep.groovy myfile.text dog 30 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 31: Groovy! (Revisited) list = ["Rod", "James", "Chris"] shorts = list.findAll { it.size() <= 4 } shorts.each { println it } -> Rod 31 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 32: Agenda • • • • • • • 32 Background What is Groovy? Language Details Working with Java Groovy Markup Extras Conclusion | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 33: Using Java in Groovy Code • Just use it! • Inherit from or use any Java code as usual 33 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 34: Using Groovy in Java Code (A) • BSF-compliant ─ Ant: <script language="groovy"> println 'hi' * 2</script> • Scripting In-Place Binding binding = new Binding(); binding.setVariable( "foo", new Integer(2) ); GroovyShell shell = new GroovyShell( binding ); Object value = shell.evaluate( "println 'Hello World!'; x = 123; return foo * 10"); assert value.equals( new Integer(20) ); assert binding.getVariable("x").equals( new Integer(123) ); 34 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 35: Using Groovy in Java Code (B1) • class GAdder { public int add( int a, int b ) { return a + b } } 35 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 36: Using Groovy in Java Code (B2) • Using Reflection parent = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader(); loader = new GroovyClassLoader( parent ); groovyClass = loader.parseClass( new File("GAdder.groovy")); groovyObject = (GroovyObject) groovyClass.newInstance(); Object[] args = { new Integer( 1 ), new Integer( 2 ) }; Object answer = groovyObject.invokeMethod("add", args); assertEquals( new Integer( 3 ), answer ); 36 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 37: Using Groovy in Java Code (C1) • public interface Adder { } { public int add( int a, int b ); • class GAdder implements Adder public int add( int a, int b ) { return a + b } } 37 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 38: Using Groovy in Java Code (C2) • Using Interfaces parent = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader(); loader = new GroovyClassLoader( parent ); groovyClass = loader.parseClass( new File("GAdder.groovy")); adder = (Adder) groovyClass.newInstance(); int answer = adder.add( 1, 2 ); assertEquals( new Integer( 3 ), answer ); 38 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 39: Agenda • • • • • • • 39 Background What is Groovy? Language Details Working with Java Groovy Markup Extras Conclusion | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 40: XML: Generation data = ['Rod': ['Misha':8, 'Bowie':2], 'Eric': ['Poe':4, 'Doc':3] ] xml = new groovy.xml.MarkupBuilder() people = xml.people() { for ( entry in data ) { person( name: entry.key ) { for ( dog in entry.value) { pet( name:dog.key, age:dog.value ) } } } } 40 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 41: XML: Generation Results <people> <person name='Rod'> <pet name='Bowie' age='2' /> <pet name='Misha' age='8' /> </person> <person name='Eric'> <pet name='Poe' age='4' /> <pet name='Doc' age='3' /> </person> </people> 41 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 42: XML: Parsing & Navigation people = new groovy.util.XmlParser().parseText( xml ) println people.person.pet['@name'] -> ['Misha','Bowie','Poe','Doc'] println people.person.pet.findAll { Integer.parseInt( it['@age'] ) > 3 }['@name'] -> [Misha, Poe] println people.person.findAll { it.pet['@name'].every { it.size() > 3 } }['@name'][0] -> "Rod" 42 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 43: Groovy Ant (Gravy) class Build { ant = new groovy.util.AntBuilder() targets = ['clean', 'compile'] static void main(args) { b = new Build() if ( args.size() > 0 ) { b.targets = args } b.run() } void run() { for ( target in targets ) { invokeMethod( target.toString(), null ) } } clean() { ant.rmdir( dir:'target' ) } compile() { ant.mkdir( dir:'target/classes' ) ant.compile( srcdir:'src/main/java', destdir:'target/classes' ) { fileset { includes( name:'**/*.java' ) } } } 43 } | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 44: Groovy Swing swing = new groovy.swing.SwingBuilder() frame = swing.frame(title: 'This is a Frame', location:[100,100],size:[800,400]) { menuBar { menu(text: 'File') { menuItem() { action(name:'New', closure:{ println("New") }) } } } panel(layout: new BorderLayout()) { label(text: 'Name', constraints: BorderLayout.WEST, toolTipText: 'This is the name field') textField(text: 'Rod', constraints: BorderLayout.CENTER) button(text: 'Click me!', constraints: BorderLayout.SOUTH, actionPerformed:{println("Button clicked!")}) } } 44 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 45: Groovy Swing - Tables panel(layout:new BorderLayout()) { scrollPane(constraints:BorderLayout.CENTER) { table() { model = [ ['name':'Rod', 'age':33], ['name':'James', 'age':35] ] tableModel(list: model) { closureColumn( header: 'Name', read: { | row | row.name } ) } closureColumn( header: 'Age', read: { | row | row.age } ) } } } 45 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 46: Groovy SQL sql = new groovy.sql.Sql( dataSource ) sql.execute( "create table person ( name varchar, age integer)" ) people = sql.dataSet( "person" ) people.add( name: "Rod", age: 33 ) people.add( name: "James", age: 35 ) sql.eachRow( "select * from person" ) { | p | println "${p.name} is ${p.age} years old" } -> Rod is 33 years old -> James is 35 years old 46 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 47: Agenda • • • • • • • 47 Background What is Groovy? Language Details Working with Java Groovy Markup Extras Conclusion | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 48: Groovy Shell • Easy way to write scripts and test code osprompt> groovysh 1> ['dog', 'cat', 'bird'].each { | animal | println "I like ${animal}s" } 2> go I like dogs I like cats I like birds 48 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 49: Groovy Shell Tips • Tip: Can't remember method names? 1> println java.io.File.methods.name.sort() 2> go [canRead, canWrite, compareTo, compareTo, createNewFile, createTempFile, createTempFile, delete, deleteOnExit, …] • Tip: Need a directory listing? println "cmd /c dir".execute().text println "ls –la".execute().text 49 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 50: Agenda • • • • • • • 50 Background What is Groovy? Language Details Working with Java Groovy Markup Extras Conclusion | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 51: Trouble in Paradise • Weak and Missing Features ─ No support for anonymous inner classes ─ Tool support (Eclipse, IntelliJ, etc.) • Debugging/Scripting Hell ─ Immature parser: hard to find "real" bugs ─ Lots of rope: can hang yourself with dynamic code • Language Instability ─ Syntactic sugar: nice to have, but may change ─ Java camp vs. non-Java camp: competing directions 51 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 52: Groovy JSR • JSR-241: The Groovy Programming Language ─ Standardized Language Specification ─ Open Source Reference Implementation • Ongoing Debates ─ ─ ─ ─ ─ Optional Semicolons Optional Parentheses Properties/JavaBean Spec Compliance Closure Variable Scoping Closure Syntax Sugar/Whitespace 52 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 53: Conclusion • Status ─ 1.0-beta-5, AKA RC1-snapshot • Development Time ─ Half that of Java (except for debugging hell factor) • Performance ─ 20-90% of Java depending on usage ─ Very little tuning so far - waiting on JSR • Recommendations ─ Ready for small, non-critical projects and scripting ─ Try it! Very easy to learn and lots of fun! 53 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 54: For More Information • Groovy Home Page ─ http://groovy.codehaus.org • GDK Javadoc ─ http://groovy.codehaus.org/groovy-jdk.html • JSR-241: Groovy Language Specification ─ http://www.jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=241 54 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 55: Q&A Rod Cope CTO of OpenLogic, Inc. James Strachan Partner of Core Developers Network 55 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language
Slide 56: The Groovy Programming Language Let's Get Groovy! java.sun.com/javaone/sf Rod Cope and James Strachan http://groovy.codehaus.org 56 | 2004 JavaOneSM Conference | Session TS-3814: The Groovy Programming Language