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Slide 1: Mag icB ubble™ Tu rn S o un d O n G o to ne x t s lid e to b e g in auto m atic p re s e n tatio n © 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 0 , All Rig h ts Re s e rv e d M g ic Bu b b le , I c . Pro p rie ta ry a n
Slide 2: In the year 2001, there will be an alternative to a complex, and out-of-control world. MagicBubble Video
Slide 3: Mag icB ubble™ In tro d u c tio n © 2 0 0 0 , All Rig h ts Re s e rv e d M g ic Bub b le , I c . Pro p rie ta ry a n
Slide 4: Mag icB ubble C apabilities  A >5 0 Mbps in d o o r w ire le s s c o m m u n ic a tio n s c a p a b ility, s u p p o rts ubiquitous m u ltim e d ia a c c e s s a n d c o n tro l fo r a ll k in d s o f d e v ic e s  To d a y’s w ire le s s te c h n o lo g ie s s u ffe r fro m h ig h c o s ts a n d lo w q u a lity a n d p e rfo rm a n c e c o m p a re d to w ire d te c h n o lo g y  M g ic Bu b b le h a s m u c h g rea ter quality and performance th a n a th e s e o th e r te c h n o lo g ie s , at a frac tio n o f th e c o s t  M g ic Bu b b le e xp a n d s th e b e n e fits o f w ire le s s c o n n e c tiv ity to n e w a m a rk e t a re a s
Slide 5: Internet Appliance Networking “W e ’re m o v in g to a w o rld w h e re th e In te rn e t d o e s n ’t ju s t c o n n e c t c o m p u te rs , it c o n n e c ts th in g s , it c o n n e c ts p e o p le .” - Win d Riv e r Sys te m s fo u n d e r, Je rry Fid d le r Targ et Market  Hig h -s p e e d a c c e s s to th e h o m e & s m a ll o ffic e (th e la s t m ile )  Ne a rly 2 0 % o f U h o m e s w ill h a v e b ro a d b a n d I te rn e t b y 2 0 0 3 S n   Hig h -s p e e d a c c e s s th ro u g h o u t (th e la s t in c h ) Ap p lia n c e s a re b e c o m in g s m a rte r a n d s m a rte r 1970 1997 6 Billion Chips 2020  M rk e t Pro je c te d to b e $ 3 Billio n a in 2 0 0 5 Chips in Objects Chips in Computers
Slide 6: The “Internet of the F uture…” E xclus ively P rovided B y Mag icB ubble $350 Internet Appliance Network (5-node) C omparis on Sh a re w a v e $300 $250 c o v e ra g e Pro xim $200 M g ic Bub b le is th e o n ly a s o lu tio n th a t m e e ts all o f th e re q u ire m e n ts o f a n I te rn e t n Ap p lia n c e Ne tw o rk . M g ic Bu b b le a Cost $150 Blu e to o th 1 $100 X 0 $50  Lo w e r Co s t  Hig h e r Pe rfo rm a n c e  U iq u ito u s c o v e ra g e b (e v e ry la s t in c h ) Low Performance High
Slide 7: The I2 I P roduct B as e C omponents   Ac c e s s Po in t - M d u la r & U g ra d a b le o p I fo rm a tio n Ap p lia n c e - Le v e ra g e s e xis tin g We b Pa d re fe re n c e n d e s ig n & c o n s u m e r OS. Ap p lia n c e M d u le s - Clie n t ra d io m o d e m s . o Orig in a l Eq u ip m e n t M n u fa c tu re r (OEM a llia n c e s a )    to o lk it to s up p o rt in te g ra te d d e v ic e s TV Module a d a p to r S e c u r it y A u t o m a t io n In t e r n e t A c c e s s Acces s P oint Ro ute r (8 0 2 g a te w a y) Bub b le Lin k Ne tw o rk La ye r He m is p h e ric a l Ho us in g Po w e r Co rd / Exc ite r Gro un d Prin te d Circ uit Sc im ita r / Ba s e c a b le Ph o n e D SL 2 4 ” Prin te d Circ uit Sc im ita r S a t e llit e E xciter E n t e r t a in m e n t M o n it o r in g
Slide 8: Application P os s ibilities   Hig h d a ta a c c e s s        Ho m e th e a te r Wh o le -h o us e a u d io /v id e o Surv e illa n c e Bro w s in g I te rc o m n Pa g in g (Vo ic e ) Hig h -s p e e d I te rn e t n Ala rm s ys te m s (e .g . w in d o w s e n s o r) Co o k in g (e .g . M ro w a v e o v e n ) ic HVAC Lig h tin g c o n tro l Lo c k s  Lo w d a ta a c c e s s      <1 kbps burs t I c re a s in g Ba n d w id th , QOS, a n d I o c h ro n o u s Ne tw o rk Ne e d s n s M c a n a d d re s s a fu ll s p e c tru m o f in -b u ild in g B a p p lia n c e s a n d n e e d s >6 Mbps Is ochronous
Slide 9: Mag icB ubble™ Th e Te c h nic al A d v antag e © 2 0 0 0 , All Rig h ts Re s e rv e d M g ic Bub b le , I c . Pro p rie ta ry a n
Slide 10: Today’s Wireles s S olutions Wa lls in c re a s e p a th lo s s P eople block path 2.4 Re fle c tio n s c a u s e “Sw is s c h e e s e ” c o v e ra g e  8 0 2 .1 1 , Blu e to o th , Ho m e RF, e tc ., us e s s m a ll w a v e le n g th s (i.e . 2 .4 GHz)
Slide 11: Mag icB ubble C overag e Wa lls d o n ’t in c re a s e p a th lo s s P eople don’t block path No re fle c tio n s , n o “Sw is s che e se ” c o v e ra g e
Slide 12: Why? B ecaus e Radio P ropag ates C onventiona l Wireles s Ra dio  Lik e a rip p le in a p o n d th e s tre n g th o f th e w a v e s uffe rs e n e rg y lo s s a t a ra te p ro p o rtio n a l to th e s q u a re o f th e d is ta n c e tra v e le d . Th is a s s u m e s a n id e a l (o b s truc tio n fre e ) w o rld "An y s u ffic ie n tly a d v a n c e d te c h n o lo g y is in d is tin g uis h a b le fro m m a g ic .” - Arth u r Cla rk e Traveling waves   With in b u ild in g s , a n id e a l w o rld d o e s n o t e xis t Wa v e le n g th m a tte rs !   s h o rt w a v e s s uffe r g re a te r lo s s re q u ire m o re c o m p le x s o lu tio n s Sh o rte r Wa v e le n g th s (u s e d b y Blu e to o th , 8 0 2 .1 1 ...) Lo n g Wa v e le n g th (M g ic Bu b b le ) a  Ba n d w id th lim ita tio n s a re p u s h in g in d o o r w ire le s s te c h n o lo g ie s to s m a lle r w a v e le n g th s (i.e . 9 0 0 M to 2 .4 GHz to 5 .8 GHz) Hz Blo c k a g e Sc a tte r M ltip a th u No Blo c k a g e No Sc a tte r No M ltip a th u
Slide 13: An Unfair S us taina ble Adva ntag e Over the C ompetition  MagicB ubble Technolog y A patent-pending m e th o d w h ic h  Es ta b lis h e s a n o n -p ro p a g a tin g u b iq u ito u s e le c tro m a g n e tic fie ld (“c a v ity”) e xte n d in g th ro u g h o u t a s tru c tu re Th e c a v ity is fo rm e d b y d riv in g a n e xc ite r a g a in s t th e g ro u n d s h ie ld s in th e e le c tric a l s e rv ic e . Th e e xc ite d g ro u n d s ys te m fo rm s a c a g e w h ic h s h ie ld s a g a in s t m a n m a d e a n d g a la c tic n o is e   I is us er friendly - e a s y to in s ta ll a n d t fre e o f c u m b e rs o m e w irin g Sim p le , low-cos t all-dig ital ra d io s  Path Loss (rel. DB) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 free s ta nding wa ves  A fra c tio n o f th e c o s t th a n h ig h e r fre q u e n c y ra d io s Indoor Average @ 5.85 GHz  Exp e rim e n ta l w o rk h a s b e e n p e rfo rm e d c o n firm in g it w o rk s a n d c o m p lie s w ith Pa rt 1 5 o f th e FCC re g u la tio n s M rk e t p o te n tia l is h ug e ... a Free Space MagicBubble 33 to 38 dB  0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 Distance (feet)
Slide 14: Te c h nic al O v e rv ie w (s ub s e t) c lic k to n e x t p ag e © 2 0 0 0 , All Rig h ts Re s e rv e d M g ic Bub b le , I c . Pro p rie ta ry a n
Slide 15: The Bubble is...  …the physical layer of an integrated, indoor communications network operating in the FCC Part 15 frequency range of 0.5 to 54 MHz… …a contained, modulated standing-wave operating at long wavelengths in a physical volume formed by the conductive portions of a residence, building or ship’s structure… …a straightforward way of connecting all computers, peripherals, sensors, appliances, etc. in a home, warehouse, office building, ship, etc. to a central interface point for integrated communications with all other devices in the network …without wires and cables …without outside noise and interference …regardless of physical location, distribution, configuration or orientation of communicating devices  
Slide 16: MagicBubble – Characteristics  100:1 frequency spread exhibits different characteristics at each end – – Therefore two different application ranges and… …two different modulation / access approaches Indoor network Long-wavelength High S/N Efficiency of small antennas in low-frequency ranges drives architecture development Desirable to transmit on higher frequencies where antenna efficiencies are higher (ε ∝ fc2 )  Characteristics common to both segments – – –  Small antennas – –
Slide 17: The Important Principles 1. Low operating frequencies → wavelengths >> structure apertures ⇒ field energy constrained within structure 2. Electromagnetic near field formed by long-wavelength energy coupled to many closely spaced structure elements → → all portions of structure volume filled with field field requires lower power to maintain than propagating fields volume has characteristics of waveguide operating below fcutoff ⇒ 3. Wavelengths on order of dimensions of typical operating volumes → volume has filter characteristics of waveguide cavity
Slide 18: Important Principles – Non-interfering System  MagicBubble is a non-radiating system that operates only within its excited cavity – it cannot interfere with another system in the traditional sense – – – Non-propagating, static electromagnetic field Most wavelengths >> dimensions of structure openings Only sustainable a very short distance from the outside cavity wall  Power levels needed for Bubble communications result in power levels outside the cavity walls that are lower than FCC requirements  What it can do is suppress communications of other systems that are using the same frequencies – – Bubble channel S/N >> external competing signals Operating structure has some characteristics of waveguide cavity filter
Slide 19: Important Principles (continued)  Waveguide-type structures normally have high-pass characteristics – – RF < fcutoff normally cannot propagate through waveguide Waves encounter high impedances proportional to the waveguide dimensions Minimum low fcutoff occurs when the guide max dimension ≥ λ/2 (TE10 mode possible) Next higher mode occurs when either...    Waveguide (roughly rectangular) operating below cutoff frequency – – the max guide dimension ≥ λ (TE20 mode possible) or... the minimum guide dimension ≥ λ /2 (TE01 mode possible). – Flat-waveguide geometry (< half-height) cavities suppress TE01.  Structure effectively becomes a quasi-resonant cavity with sharp filter characteristics
Slide 20: Architecture Frequency Plans Modulation and Coding Access Protocols
Slide 21: Development Considerations  Requirements    High isolation between receive / transmit channels Low power consumption of mobile clients Full duplex operation very desirable Minimum number of product configurations are desirable to constrain development costs Channel-pair frequencies should be programmable to the maximum extent practical  Cost ceiling    Separation of receive frequencies into two bands simplifies architecture development   Two modulation / access approaches suffice to complete a reference design suitable for all known (so far) applications Desirable to allocate device transmit frequencies to high end of band to use higher antenna efficiencies
Slide 22: S a tellite C a ble MagicBubble Architecture Hardware Bubble Hub & external interface connections; Bubble-compliant devices Coverage Interior of physical structure typically up to ~ 100 kft2 (~ 10 km2) Accessibility Any compliant device inside the Bubble (multiple Bubble volumes must be connected through standard data interfaces) P hone DS L
Slide 23: Overview - Network Structure HVAC ducts Bubble Volume S atellite C able Access Point (Hub + Exciter) Plumbing & sprinkler systems Electrical wiring External Interfaces Modulated RF carrier is coupled by Bubble exciter to a convenient element of the building’s structure... P hone DS L
Slide 24: Overview - Network Structure (continued) S atellite C able …each piece of which re-couples energy to other nearby elements, setting up a complex near-field electromagnetic standing wave whose relatively long wavelengths cannot propagate well through the relatively small apertures of the structure. P hone DS L
Slide 25: Overview - Network Structure (continued) S atellite C able Any device in the volume capable of receiving (demodulating and decoding) the signal coupled into the infrastructure by the exciter can communicate with any system connected to the hub. P hone DS L
Slide 26: Bubble Formation (continued) The Bubble network fills the entire physical volume, everywhere ⇒ Antennas of devices in the Bubble can couple (receive / transmit) into the field ⇒ Do not need line of sight to communicate with Bubble transceiver devices ⇒ Physical location, distribution and configuration of transceivers do not have to be specially arranged ⇒ Path loss, multipath fading, scattering are not factors
Slide 27: Top-Level Frequency Plan Frequency Plan (not to scale) Non-restricted bands in FCC unlicensed 0.5 to 54–MHz frequency range 0.505 1 2 5 10 20 30 40 54 RF (MHz) → FCC Part 15 Restricted Bands
Slide 28: Application & Characteristics No. of Devices Usage / duty cycle BW / data rate Power consumption Cavity leakage Transmit efficiency Frequency and Bandwidth ← LOWER HIGHER →
Slide 29: Application & Characteristics (continued) No. of Devices Usage / duty cycle BW / data rate Power consumption Cavity leakage Transmit efficiency 0.5 MHz Longer wavelengths, more near-field characteristics; lower data capacity and access requirements, simpler modulations acceptable / advisable; 5 MHz 54 MHz Shorter wavelengths; more prone to radiation and leakage; higher data capacity and access requirements; higher bandwidth efficiency required
Slide 30: Application & Characteristics (continued) Longer wavelengths, more near-field characteristics; lower data capacity and access requirements, simpler modulations acceptable / advisable; Shorter wavelengths; more prone to radiation and leakage; higher data capacity and access requirements; higher bandwidth efficiency required No. of Devices Usage / duty cycle BW / data rate Power consumption Cavity leakage Transmit efficiency Rigid channel allocation Low data rates Hybrid FDMA/TDMA B/QPSK Contention Channels Higher data rates CDMA / CSMA QAM / CCK 0.5 to 5 MHz 5 to 54 MHz
Slide 31: Application & Characteristics (continued) Conclusion for Frequency Planning Low-High Frequency Range Sectorization - separate ranges into order-of-magnitude wavelength classes to improve relative performance in each class, limit wideband antenna design requirements and limit number of possible product configurations Intra-Range FDD (Frequency Division Duplexing) - separate channels into low-range receive, high-range transmit channel pairs to obtain maximum power efficiency of mobile devices Allocate low-range frequencies to low-data rate, low-duty cycle receiving devices • Allocate high-range frequencies to high-data rate, high-usage receiving devices • Duplex mode operations require separate receive / transmit frequency pairs (channels) • High frequency in each channel pair allocated to transmission, lower frequency to reception Low data rates Low duty cycles Low Range Downlink Higher data rates High usage 0.5 to 5 MHz 5 to 54 MHz High Range Uplink
Slide 32: Application & Characteristics (continued) Frequency Planning (continued) • Allocate low-range frequencies to low-data rate, low-duty cycle receiving devices • Allocate high-range frequencies to high-data rate, high-usage receiving devices • Duplex mode operations require separate receive / transmit frequency pairs (channels) • High frequency in each channel pair allocated to transmission, lower frequency to reception Low data rates Low duty cycles 0.5 to 5 MHz 5 to 54 MHz Higher data rates High usage Receive Frequency
Slide 33: Summary Applications Large numbers Low rates Low duty cycles Fewer devices Broadband High duty cycles Characteristics Short wavelengths Open structures Long wavelengths Tight structures E AD TR S Frequency Plans C PA E Broadband Plan Base Plan Separate Low / High Sub-ranges 4 Mbps / 90+ Mbps Capacity 64/256-QAM, CCK DOCSIS MAC Separate Low / High Sub-ranges 4 Mbps / 24 Mbps Capacity QPSK / OQPSK FDMA / TDMA
Slide 34: MagicBubble Architecture (continued) Access Protocol Different requirements for different applications; desirable to have few protocols as practical to constrain product development costs c cy uty d /us le a ge → → number of devices CDMA; CSMA/CD; WAP / SWAP broadband Hybrid FDMA/TDMA CDMA; WAP Dedicated FDMA and rigidly controlled TDMA candidate protocols data rate → narrowband
Slide 35: Video Embedded or add-on module for TV or set-top box that enables Bubble hub to distribute CATV MPEG video Downstream: • • • • 42 – 850 MHz at access point converted to 5.505 – 27.0 and 32.0 – 54.0 MHz for client* Up to six separate channels to six TV sets simultaneously DOCSIS or DVB/DAVIC standards 64-QAM downstream assumed (i.e., 256-QAM explicitly not assumed) Upstream capacity to select channels and enable Web-TV applications • 5 MHz RF bandwidth total • 3 Mbps per TV (⇒ rudimentary TDM required to accommodate all TVs used simultaneously for interactive Internet use) * U.S. assumed (6 MHz RFBW per channel) - if 8 MHz required for European market, adjust plan to use .5 - 5.5 and 27 - 32 MHz channels to provide additional spectrum needed (…or offer 5 channels per Bubble, etc.…)
Slide 36: Video - General Requirements Functions • • • • • set dynamic range sample input select channel report status Web-TV Receive • • • • antenna direct-sample ADC DSP digital cable tuner Transmit • • • • • sensors processor modulator oscillator antenna Common • package • power • user i/f • Bubble RFin Nyquist rate processing N x baud rate processing Baud rate processing Carrier removal Symbol proc ADC Symbol Sync bit stream output EQ Processor I/F
Slide 37: Primary Requirements   Processing – RF – ADC/demodulation Decoding (RS (204, 188, 6) ) MAC protocol    Receive up to six RF channels    – – 6 MHz RF bandwidth each 64-QAM 31.2 Mbps channel raw data rate 2-MHz QPSK / 16-QAM (tbd) 3 Mbps  MPEG frame sync/data extraction Upstream timing (burst time slots) Upstream unique word – Transmit upstream signal    – – R-S encoding DAC/modulation Less than 1 W average desirable Hub performs all conversions & HPF Hub sets dynamic range of downstream signals Power –  Control – – – – Channel selection Upstream comms Bi-directional Web-TV Diagnostic reporting  Important Assumptions – –
Slide 38: Functional Block Diagram …wideband, direct conversion software radio …single antenna, three chipsets (RF, processor, DSP modem), tbd interfaces 64-QAM / 256-QAM 27 – 56 Mbps TV I/F (USB) BPF DPLXR ADC DEMOD MAC Bubble RF BPF DAC BURST MOD QPSK / 16-QAM ~ 3 Mbps AC/DC Converter …host power availability assumed Memory CPU I/F …processor/memory could be integrated with DSP modem
Slide 39: Cost Estimate Production Quantity Estimate Range Antenna RF/tuner ass’y /chip DSP modem Interface ass’y / chip AC/DC converter ass’y Package / assembly TOTAL per unit ($, wholesale) Low 0.50 0.52 12.00 0.83 1.76 0.58 16.19 106 High 100 Cost Estimate - Mb DOCSIS CATV Embedded 0.75 0.78 18.00 1.24 2.65 2 Wholesale Cost (dollars) 50 20 10 5 0.87 24.29 1 1 Qty. 10 102 103 104 105 106 107