Slide 1: The Endocrine System
Slide 2: Functions of the Endocrine System  Controls the processes involved in movement and physiological equilibrium  Includes all tissues or glands that secrete hormones into the blood  Secretion of most hormones is regulated by a negative feedback system  The number of receptors for a specific hormone can be altered to meet the body’s demand
Slide 3: Chemical Classificaton of Hormones  Steroid Hormones:  Lipid soluble  Diffuse through cell membranes  Endocrine organs  Adrenal cortex  Ovaries  Testes  placenta
Slide 4: Chemical Classification of Hormones  Nonsteroid Hormones:  Not lipid soluble  Received by receptors external to the cell membrane  Endocrine organs  Thyroid gland  Parathyroid gland  Adrenal medulla  Pituitary gland  pancreas
Slide 5: Hormon e Actions  “Lock and Key” approach: describes the interaction between the hormone and its specific receptor.  Receptors for nonsteroid hormones are located on the cell membrane  Receptors for steroid hormones are found in the cell’s cytoplasm or in its nucleus
Slide 6: Hormon e Actions  Steroid Hormones  Pass through the cell membrane  Binds to specific receptors  Then enters the nucleus to bind with the cells DNA which then activates certain genes (Direct gene activation).  mRNA is synthesized in the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm and promotes protein synthesis for:  Enzymes as catalysts  Tissue growth and repair  Regulate enzyme function
Slide 7: Hormon e Actions  Nonsteroid Hormones  React with specific receptors outside the cell  This triggers an enzyme reaction with lead to the formation of a second messenger (cAMP).  cAMP can produce specific intracellular functions:  Activates cell enzymes  Change in membrane permeability  Promote protein synthesis  Change in cell metabolism  Stimulation of cell secretions
Slide 8: Negative Feedback  Negative feedback is the primary mechanism through which your endocrine system maintains homeostasis  Secretion of a specific hormone s turned on or off by specific physiological changes (similar to a thermostat)  EXAMPLE: plasma glucose levels and insulin response
Slide 9: Number of Receptors  Down-regulation: is the decrease of hormone receptors which decreases the sensitivity to that hormone  Up-regulation: is the increase in the number of receptors which causes the cell to be more sensitive to a particular hormone
Slide 10:  Pituitary Gland The Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones  A marble-sized gland at the base of the brain  Controlled by the hypothalamus or other neural mechanisms and therefore the middle man.  Posterior Lobe  Antidiuretic hormone: responsible for fluid retention  Oxytocin: contraction of the uterus
Slide 11:  Pituitary Gland  Exercise appears to be a strong stimulant to the hypothalamus for the release of all anterior pituitary hormones  Anterior Lobe  Adrenocorticotropin  Growth hormone *  Thyropin  Follicle-stimulating hormone  Luteinizing hormone *  Prolactin The Endocrine Glands and their Hormones
Slide 12: The Endocrine Glands and Their Hormones  Thyroid Gland  Located along the midline of the neck  Secretes two nonsteroid hormones  Triiodothyronine (T3)  Thyroxine (T4)  Regulates metabolism  increases protein synthesis  promotes glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, glucose uptake  Calcitonin: calcium metabolism
Slide 13: The Endocrine Glands  Parathyroid Glands  Secretes parathyroid hormone  regulates plasma calcium (osteoclast activity)  regulates phosphate levels
Slide 14: The Endocrine Glands  Adrenal Medulla  Situated directly atop each kidney and stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system  Secretes the catecholamines  Epinephrine: elicits a fight or flight response  Increase H.R. and B.P.  Increase respiration  Increase metabolic rate  Increase glycogenolysis  Vasodilation  Norepinephrine  House keeping system
Slide 15: The Endocrine Glands  Adrenal Cortex  Secretes over 30 different steroid hormones (corticosteroids)  Mineralocorticoids  Aldosterone: maintains electrolyte balance  Glucocorticoids  Cortisol:  Stimulates gluconeogenisis  Mobilization of free fatty acids  Glucose sparing  Anti-inflammatory agent  Gonadocorticoids  testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
Slide 16: The Endocrine Glands  Pancrease:  Located slightly behind the stomach  Insulin: reduces blood glucose  Facilitates glucose transport into the cells  Promotes glycogenesis  Inhibits gluconeogensis  Glucagon: increases blood glucose
Slide 17: The Endocrine Glands  Gonads  testes (testosterone) = sex characteristics  muscle development and maturity  ovaries (estrogen) = sex characteristics  maturity and coordination  Kidneys (erythropoietin)  regulates red blood cell production
Slide 18: The Endocrine Response to Exercise  Table 5.3 Page 172
Slide 19: Regulation of Glucose Metabolism During Exercise  Glucagon secretion increases during exercise to promote liver glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) Epinephrine and Norepinephrine further increase glycogenolysis Cortisol levels also increase during exercise for protein catabolism for later gluconeogenesis. Growth Hormone mobilizes free fatty acids Thyroxine promotes glucose catabolism    
Slide 20: Regulation of Glucose Metabolism During Exercise  As intensity of exercise increases, so does the rate of catecholamine release for glycogenolysis  During endurance events the rate of glucose release very closely matches the muscles need. (fig 5.9, pg. 174)  When glucose levels become depleted, glucagon and cortisol levels rise significantly to enhance gluconeogenesis.
Slide 21:  Glucose must not only be delivered to the cells, it must also be taken up by them. That job relies on insulin.  Exercise may enhance insulin’s binding to receptors on the muscle fiber.  Up-regulation (receptors) occurs with insulin after 4 weeks of exercise to increase its sensitivity (diabetic importance). Regulation of Glucose Metabolism During Exercise
Slide 22:  When low plasma glucose levels occur, the catecholamines are released to accelerate lypolysis.  Triglycerides are reduced to free fatty acids by lipase which is activated by: (fig. 5.11, pg. 176)     Cortisol Epinephrine Norepinephrine Growth Hormone Regulation of Fat Metabolism During Exercise
Slide 23: Hormonal Effects on Fluid and Electrolyte Balance  Reduced plasma volume leads to release of aldosterone which increases Na+ and H2O reabsorption by the kidneys and renal tubes.  Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is released from the posterior pituitary when dehydration is sensed by osmoreceptors, and water is then reabsorbed by the kidneys.