Hide Notes 

Slide 1: Australia and Oceania Chapter 11—Part 2
Slide 2: Regional History
Slide 3: How do you find your way if you don’t have any navigational instruments? What if clouds obscure the sky?
Slide 4: A Polynesian map showing wave patterns in the Pacific Ocean
Slide 6: Regional History
Slide 7: Regional History • Australia’s Aborigines are the longest surviving • inhabitants of Oceania Related to the Aborigines are Melanesians – New Guinea and surrounding islands • Later, Austronesians, highly-skilled navigators, came from Southeast Asia in canoes – Micronesia (islands east of the Philippines, north of the equator) – Polynesia (triangle of islands anchored by New Zealand, Hawaii, and Easter Island)
Slide 8: An “Experiment” in Cultural Adaptation? Jared Diamond—Guns, Germs, and Steel • The larger islands and those where resources were more abundant tended to have simple, unstratified societies. • The smaller islands where resources were scarce tended to have hierarchical societal structures with ruling elites. • The story of the Moriori in the Chatham Islands and the Waitangi Treaty
Slide 9: The Role of Women • Varied throughout the region • Women exercised power in the family and clan, were revered in old age, and could hold the rank of ruling chief • In Polynesia, men were farmers, cooks; women were craftspeople • In Micronesia, lineage was established through women, not men
Slide 10: Europeans Arrive • • • • First contact 1500s—Spice trade Romantic era—Natives of the South Pacific glorified as “noble savages” European paintings (e.g., Gauguin), literature about the region (e.g., Melville), and tourist literature – The myth of Pacific island women as gentle, simple, compliant love objects
Slide 11: Colonization: Australia, New Zealand • After the American Revolution, Australia (known in Europe as Van Dieman’s Land) became a British convict colony for the English and Irish until 1868 • Waves of European immigration
Slide 12: What happened to indigenous peoples? • White settlers exploited and killed native populations, spread diseases New Zealand’s native Maoris have fared better than Australia’s Aboriginies, but both groups are still considered underclass • In-class film: Whale Rider, 2003
Slide 13: Regional Orientation • Colonial period – WWII: Europe • WWII – 1970: United States • 1970 – Present: Focus on Asia – – – ANZUS—Cold war military alliance between Australia, New Zealand, and the United States Australia supplies raw materials to Japan New Zealand supplies dairy and wool to all of Asia • Many islands in this region have significant Asian minorities
Slide 15: Population Patterns • Australia and New Zealand – – – Population is 85% urbanized Population densities are low Only 2% of Australia’s population is Aboriginal • Some Pacific islands have high population densities – Nauru = 1360 people per square mile • Demographic profiles differ dramatically, but current overall trend is smaller families and aging populations
Slide 16: Focus: From Europe to Asia • Early Australian and New Zealand literature • • • • treated Aboriginal populations as second-class citizens Australians and New Zealanders of European descent often thought of themselves as Europeans in exile Restrictive quotas maintained “whites only” immigration to New Zealand and Australia Asians were the largest source group in the last second of the twentieth century As a result of the new immigration policy, Australia is one of the most ethnically diverse countries on Earth
Slide 18: Strengthening of the Connections with Indigenous Peoples • Colonial attitudes responsible for low social • standing and impoverished state of indigenous peoples 1993--Laws that took away lands from Aborigines were declared void – Since then, lands in the interior have been awarded to Aborigines – 1993 to 1996—33% increase in those claiming indigenous status – Mixed heritage also increasing
Slide 19: Strengthening of the Connections with Indigenous Peoples • Maori did not regard land as a tradable – By 1950, they occupied just 6.6% of the country’s territory commodity, yet the Waitangi Treaty in 1840 allowed the British to dispossess the Maori of their own lands • Today, New Zealand is addressing past mistreatment of indigenous peoples – Changing attitudes; those claiming Maori descent rose 20%
Slide 20: Fiji: Balancing Indigenous Rights • British-codified land rights systems allow only • indigenous claims; land cannot be alienated or sold Indians brought by the British during the colonial era are today owners of businesses such as tourism facilities – Legally elected governments have been dominated by these Indian Fijians – Economic and social development set-backs • Rivalry between the two groups has resulted in indigenous-led coups
Slide 21: Unity in Oceania • Migration—Auckland now has the largest • • • – Appreciation for its cultural complexity – Cooperation and activism Polynesian population of any city in the world Growing sense of unity throughout the region Small planes have replaced canoes The arts—a powerful medium for forging a regional identity – Regional festivals: dance, music, art and craft, etc.
Slide 22: Unity in Oceania: Language • What once kept people separate • can now bring them together Pidgin languages – Many languages are spoken throughout Oceania – In the island chain of Vanuatu, at least 108 languages are spoken by just 180,000 people – Pidgin languages borrow words from several languages to aid communication – Pidgin English has become the official language of New Guinea
Slide 23: Unity in Oceania: Sports • Sports competitions (including native • dance) are the single most common link in the region The South Pacific Games – Soccer, tennis, golf, boxing, cricket – Informal Micronesian competitions: traditional activities such as spearfishing, climbing coconut trees, and racing outrigger canoes • New Zealand is a dominant power in • world rugby thanks to many Maori and Samoan players Samoans are respected region-wide for their strength, size, and athletic skill
Slide 24: Unity in Oceania: The Pacific Way • Pacific Islanders wish to control their own development • • • and solve their own problems Pacific peoples first learn about their own cultures The Pacific Way emphasizes indigenous knowledge, indigenous language, and consensus as a problemsolving approach Since 1980, the South Pacific Regional Environmental Program (SPREP) has aided grassroots efforts at environmental education and has promoted sustainable livelihood based on traditional crafts http://www.polynesia.com/
Slide 26: Aotearoa—Land of the Long, White Cloud http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9sEZ-wdFegU&feature=player_embedded
Slide 27: • • • • • Kia Ora - Hello / how are you / good morning Haere Mai – Welcome Marae – sacred meeting house Hongi – Maori “kiss” Haka – Warrior’s dance – The Haka could be interpreted more or less like this: “Come to me, look in my eyes, I am waiting for you, I’m not afraid of you.”
Slide 28: The Te Rauparaha Haka Before the Haka is performed, the Haka leader will instigate the Haka and spur on those who are to perform the Haka with the following: Ringa pakia Uma tiraha Turi whatia Hope whai ake Waewae takahia kia kino English Translation: Slap the hands against the thighs Puff out the chest Bend the knees Let the hip follow Stamp the feet as hard as you can.
Slide 29: The Haka Ka Mate! Ka Mate! Ka Ora! Ka Ora! Tenei te tangata puhuruhuru Nana nei i tiki mai Whakawhiti te ra A upane ka upane! A upane kaupane whiti te ra! Hi!! It is death! It is death! It is life! It is life! This is the hairy person Who caused the sun to shine Keep abreast! Keep abreast the rank! Hold fast! Into the sun that shines!