Slide 1: Emmy van Deurzen Worcester 6 February 2010
Slide 2: Director: New School of Psychotherapy and Counselling London
• Honorary Professor University of Sheffield • Visiting Professor Middlesex University • Professor Schiller International University • Director Dilemma Consultancy Ltd. and The Existential Academy Ltd.
Slide 4: • Edited by Emmy van Deurzen and Sarah Young
Slide 6: • Emotional Well Being and Health, with Digby Tantam, London: Sage, 2010
Slide 12: • ‘perhaps the relationship between the
modern psychotherapist and his patient is a beacon that ever-increasing numbers of men will find themselves forced to follow, lest they become spiritually enslaved or physically destroyed’ (Szasz 1962:272).
Slide 14: • Enable clients to tell the truth about their lives and themselves. • Help them live passionately and to the full. • Facilitate their greater understanding of the human condition. • Recognize strengths and weaknesses and make the most of both.
Slide 15: • It is a worldview which allows to integrate a variety of methods • Addresses universal problems • Provides philosophical questioning and logic tools • Non prescriptive
Slide 16: • What are the life issues this client is preoccupied with? • What understanding of these does the therapist have? • What are the client’s values and project? • How can I enhance my own engagement with these issues, values and projects?
Slide 17: Existential approach: related to, but not the same as positive psychology and well-being research: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Ed Diener, Ruut Veenhoven, Martin Seligman. The tragic depth of being human is as important as human potential and joy.
Slide 18: • What does it mean to be alive? Who am I? What is the purpose of my existence? How should we live? What can I hope to achieve? Is happiness possible? What is expected of me? How should I act and be in relation to other people? Is there fairness in the world? Can I make a change for the better? Is it possible to understand life and get a grip on it? Can I find ways of overcoming my troubles? Is it necessary to suffer this much? How can I be a better person and live a worthwhile life?
Slide 19: • The unspoken yearning for happiness is often what drives a person to therapy. • Sometimes this is made explicit. • Sometimes it is implied. • Sometimes it is taboo and unknown. • What we want, at some level, is to live a better life but we have no idea what that means. • Wishful thinking for happiness and perfection
Slide 20: • There is but one truly serious philosophical problem and that is … whether life is or is not worth living. (Camus: The Myth of Sisyphus) • Is rolling the stone up the hill sufficient to fill a human heart?
Slide 21: • Many people believe that it is ultimately happiness that makes a life worth living, i.e. that the good life is identical with the happy life. • On this view, things like love, friendship, meaningful activity, freedom, human development, or the appreciation of true beauty are ‘‘merely’’ instrumentally valuable for us, i.e. they are not good as ends but merely as means to the only thing that is good as an end, namely happiness. Bengt Brulde 2006.
Slide 22: • Happiness is a prolonged or lasting emotional or affective state that feels good or pleasing. • Experiences associated with happiness include wellbeing, joy, pleasure, delight, health, safety and love, while contrasting ones include suffering, sadness, grief and pain. (Wikipedia 06)
Slide 23: • Positive emotion: feeling good • Life satisfaction: an evaluation of overall picture of one’s life • Absence of problems: having a good time • Contentment or state of harmony • Elation or bliss and ecstasy • An aim which is always elusive
Slide 24: • Hedonism: Pursuit of Pleasure. (drugs, alcohol, sex, consumerism, the painless civilisation). Object: Finding the holy grail: the promise of something that will save us and stop suffering. (Epicureanism, Utilitarianism: greatest happiness for the greatest number) • Eudaimonia: living in tune with one’s power, one’s daimon: the good force. Object: learning to live a good life. (Aristotle, virtue ethics: happiness is an activity)
Slide 25: • There are at least four conceptions of happiness, namely • (1) the cognitive (or attitudinal) view: evaluating life favorably • (2) the hedonistic view: having pleasure • (3) the mood view (or emotional state theory): feeling happy • (4) the hybrid view, according to which happiness is a complex mental state consisting both of an affective and a cognitive component : life satisfaction depends on how good life seems and feels. (Brulde,06)
Slide 26: • If bliss is the objective positive evaluation should be given to situations where it does not apply: Nagel’s post accident situation of not having a care in the world, yet being pitied: happy fool (view from nowhere 1986). • If pleasure is the goal, then what of Nozick’s ‘experience machine’ (1974) which is not favoured by most people for more than a couple of hours. • Need for pleasure is addictive and undermines happiness • Pure happiness is unrealistic: not true to life.
Slide 27: • Gorgias:493d. ‘Tell me now whether a man who has an itch and can scratch to his heart’s content, scratch his whole life long, can also live happily.’ • Callicles replies that no, in order to be happy some impulses need to be curbed. • The question is which, how and to what extent.
Slide 28: • Walhalla, Utopia, el Dorado, Garden of Eden, Nirvana, Land of the Lotus eaters
Slide 29: • Kierkegaard: Even though the Fall was a tragedy, it was also both necessary and beneficial. • Man rejected the wholeness and happiness of Eden in order to explore his destiny to its inmost depths. • Return to Eden is not the objective. To understand the contrast of good and evil is to live with consciousness.
Slide 30: 1. Try your best 2. Be true to yourself 3. Enjoy life 4. Appreciate what you have 5. Respect your parents 6. Protect your family 7. Never be violent. 8. Look after the vulnerable. 9. Protect the environment 10. Protect and nurture children. 11. Do not steal 12. Be honest 13. Do not kill 14. Take responsibility for your actions 15. Treat others as you would want them to treat you.
Slide 31: • • • • • • •
Nothing about love No mention of God or transcendence No struggle No self-reflection Prescriptive mode All about action What happens to aspiration and inspiration?
Slide 32: • Psychologists came up with a formula for happiness. • Pleasure + engagement + meaning = happiness. • Yet: pleasure can take us over and have opposite effect. Engagement can make us lose track of other things and meaning can change. • It may be formulae themselves that are dangerous. Trying to be happy may also be wrong.
Slide 33: • • • • • • • • • •
1. Get physical Exercise for half an hour three times a week 2. Count your blessings End of each day, reflect on five things you're grateful for. 3. Talk time Hour-long uninterrupted conversation with partner or friend each week. 4. Plant something Even if it’s a window box or pot plant. Keep it alive! 5. Cut your TV viewing by half 6. Smile at and/or say hello to a stranger At least once each day. 7. Phone a friend Make contact with at least one lost friend or relation. 8. Have a good laugh at least once a day. 9. Every day make sure you give yourself a treat Take time to really enjoy this. 10. Daily kindness Do an extra good turn for someone each day.
Slide 34: • Concrete actions which give the illusion of self-improvement : aspirational • Useful but not conducive to dealing with the ups and downs of life : no inspiration • No attention to personal loss, conflict, difficulty, tragedy, suffering. • Assumption is: if I am happier everything will be alright.
Slide 35: • Economical factors have an impact (some countries more happy than others) • We can measure how an increase in salary gives less benefit than a cut in salary takes happiness away. • Above poverty line extra money does not increase happiness • But ultimately happiness is a psychological phenomenon: attitude has a lot to do with it • Two big problems in society decrease it: chronic pain and mental illness • People need to learn to live better lives: counselling has a role to play in this • Mechanical and prescriptive theory of counselling
Slide 36: • • • • •
Renewal of human potential movement: build on positives rather than looking at pathology, akin to humanistic psychology Seligman: authentic happiness Diener: subjective well being Veenhoven, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Science of happiness also espoused by Lord Layard and the proposal for more counselling (CBT) in the IAPT programme.
Slide 37: • • • • •
positive emotions (like comfort) positive activities (like absorption). Signature strengths. Virtues Authenticity is the derivation of positive emotions in exercising signature strengths.
Slide 38: • About 500 people soon volunteered and each person received a battery of tests, one simple week-long web exercise (no human hands) and then was tested about their well-being repeatedly for the next six months. • Three exercises proved to be placebos and three worked well, producing lasting reductions in depression and lasting increases in happiness. • The three that worked were "three blessings" - writing down three things that went well today and why; "the gratitude visit" - writing a gratitude testimonial and delivering it personally; and "using your signature strength in a new way" - taking the signature strength test and using your highest strength in a new way.
Slide 39: • People were happier in modern industrial society than people in underdeveloped countries. • Income only matters if you are poor. • People in the country were no more satisfied with life than people in towns • Bond with a spouse was one of the most essential conditions of happiness in modern western society. • Friendships could not compensate for its absence completely. • Having children makes it harder to feel happy though they bring happiness too.
Slide 40: •
Most people around the world, except those living in dire circumstances, report being happy the majority of the time, but very few report being consistently elated or extremely happy. Thus, slight to moderate happiness is the rule not the exception. This is something he calls subjective well being: life satisfaction, pleasant emotions. Life satisfaction differs from the affective components of happiness in that it is based on a reflective judgment.
• •
Slide 41: • DIRECTIONS: Below are five statements with which you may agree or disagree. Using the 1-7 scale below, indicate your agreement with each item by placing the appropriate number in the line preceding that item. Please be open and honest in your responding.
• • • 1 = Strongly Disagree;2 = Disagree;3 = Slightly Disagree 4 = Neither Agree or Disagree;5 = Slightly Agree;6 = Agree 7 = Strongly Agree.
• • • • •
______1. In most ways my life is close to my ideal. ______2. The conditions of my life are excellent. ______3. I am satisfied with life. ______4. So far I have gotten the important things I want in life. ______5. If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing.
Slide 42: • Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. He defined and explored the concept of "flow"—as in "in the flow"—as our experience of optimal fulfillment and engagement. Flow, whether in creative arts, athletic competition, engaging work, or spiritual practice, is a deep and uniquely human motivation to excel, exceed, and triumph over limitation.
Slide 43: • 1. Clear goals: challenge level and skill level should both be high. • 2. Concentrating and focusing • 3. A loss of the feeling of self consciousness • 4. Distorted sense of time, altered subjective experience • 5. Direct and immediate feedback : immediate response • 6. Balance between ability level and challenge • 7. A sense of personal control over the situation or activity. • 8. The activity is intrinsically rewarding: effortlessness of action. • 9. People become absorbed in their activity, and focus of awareness is narrowed down to the activity itself, action awareness
Slide 44: Existential approach similar yet different to positive psychology and well-being research: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Ed Diener, Ruut Veenhoven, Martin Seligman. The existential tradition in philosophy includes the tragic depth of being human as well as human potential and joy. Not just positives, not just negatives: but all of life.
Slide 45: • Happiness and unhappiness are twins that grow up together. (Nietzsche, 1882: 270)
Slide 47: • How do people overcome obstacles? • How do they survive difficulties, crises, trauma? • Are there personal qualities that enable a person to be resilient? • Are there certain ways of being that are more conducive to survival and learning from traumatic experience? • Role of creative use of trauma. • Happiness is a genetic given for 50% of our happiness quotient. • How do we live well?
Slide 48: • Are we after happiness or meaning? • Is the ultimate objective something else, like intensity or contact with reality? • Are we perhaps just after life itself? • What does it mean to live a good life? • Does a good life include suffering? • Does a good life include a good death?
Slide 49: • Crystallization of discontent may be the beginning of insight into what is wrong. • Conflict, dilemmas and problems are an intrinsic part of being alive • Being cured of difficulties is the death of possibility and creativity • Are constant problems and troubles necessary to a well lived life? • What about truth?
Slide 51: • For some it is all darkness; for me too, it is dark. But there are hands there I can take, voices to hear solider than the echoes without. And sometimes a strange light shines, purer than the moon, casting no shadow, that is the halo upon the bones of the pioneers who died for truth. R.S. Thomas, Groping:99.
Slide 53: • Kierkegaard Nietzsche Husserl Jaspers Heidegger Sartre de Beauvoir Buber Camus Merleau Ponty Foucault
Slide 54: • Binswanger Boss • Tillich May
Frankl Laing
Slide 55: • Courage is the universal selfaffirmation of one’s Being in the presence of the threat of non-Being (Tillich 1952:163).
Slide 56: • A neurotic person can take on board only a little bit of non-being • The average person can take on a limited amount of non-being • The creative person can accommodate a large amount of non-being • God can tolerate an infinite amount of nonbeing.
Slide 57: • Existential therapists have shown that anxiety far from being something to shun and treat as a symptom to eliminate is the source of energy that makes us come to life. • Equally our capacity for despair is what makes us deep and capable of feeling and empathy and ultimately creativity. • Without suffering our lives would have less meaning. • To be human is to be conscious and be aware of lack, trouble and strife.
Slide 59: • The essential components of life dynamics consist of: • Paradoxes, conflicts, dilemmas, contradictions, alternatives, dialectics, and experiments in living. • Most people are in some trouble or other most of the time. People are rarely without some preoccupation or problem. The body often has sore spots or pains or discomforts. The ego is often bruised or fearful. The self is often lacking in identity or strength. The soul is often confused or distracted and wary.
Slide 60: • What does it mean to be alive? Who am I? What is the purpose of my existence? How should we live? What can I hope to achieve? Is happiness possible? What is expected of me? How should I act and be in relation to other people? Is there fairness in the world? Can I make a change for the better? Is it possible to understand life and get a grip on it? Can I find ways of overcoming my troubles? Is it necessary to suffer this much? How can I be a better person and live a worthwhile life?
Slide 61: • Happiness as a high is doomed: every high is followed by a low. Constant pleasure leads to addiction and misery. • Happiness as contentment may be more feasible, but could easily lead to an existence of mediocrity and lack of awareness. • We need to go beyond happiness towards an ability of dealing with both the happy and the sad, the pleasure and the pain of life.
Slide 62: • Man’s task is simple: he should cease letting his existence be a thoughtless accident. (Friedrich Nietzsche: The Gay Science).
Slide 63: • Any idiot can face a crisis –
• it’s day to day living that wears you out
Slide 64: • It is not death that a man should fear, but he should fear never beginning to live • The paradox is that death, troubles, labour, failures, pain and sorrow are unavoidable and necessary • They are the things that wake you up to awareness and that open you to life.
Slide 65: • When I speak to Rita, who is grieving over her husband and small son who have perished in a car accident, the words that I say to her at first hardly reach her. • She is in a place of relative safety deep inside of herself, in a state of suspended animation behind the façade that she turns to the world. She barely engages with people at all.
Slide 66: • At first it is not my words that make the link to her world, but the consistency that I can offer in being attentive and careful to not hurt her further or push her too hard. • I spend nearly half an hour in relative silence with Rita, at times formulating her fear on her behalf, gently, tentatively, checking for verification by noting her response.
Slide 67: • Mostly the work consists of me letting myself be touched by her suffering and learning to tolerate her pain with her, so that I can offer reactions and words that soothe and move her forward to a place where she can begin to face what has happened to her so shockingly out of the blue. In this process she guides me and exposes more and more of her nightmarish universe to me as she perceives me as capable of venturing further into it with her.
Slide 68: • Understand the Lebenswelt: the world in which we live. How do we co-constitute the world?
Slide 69: ‘
restoration of an unlived dimension of life, whether this is described as forgotten, denied, repressed or abandoned’ (Cohn, 2004: 384)
…The
Slide 70: • Thesis, antithesis, synthesis. • Human evolution proceeds with constant conflict and forward movement in overcoming a previous state. • Paradoxes and dilemmas can be integrated and gone beyond.
Slide 71: Transcendence
Synthesis Thesis Antithesis
Slide 73: Physical space
Spiritual space
Social space
Personal space
Slide 79: • Things are structures – frameworks – the stars of our life: they gravitate around us. Yet there is a secret bond between us and them – through perception we enter into the essence of the flesh (Visible and Invisible: 220)
Slide 83: • Corona, chromosphere, photosphere, convection zone, and core.
Slide 84: 1.Spiritual: Uberwelt 2.Personal: Eigenwelt 3.Social: Mitwelt 4.Physical: Umwelt
Slide 85: • The soul is the hollow of the body, the body is the distension of the soul. The soul adheres to the body as their signification adheres to the cultural things, whose reverse or other side it is. (233)
Slide 86: 1.Spiritual: Uberwelt 2.Personal: Eigenwelt 3.Social: Mitwelt 4.Physical: Umwelt
Slide 87: Spiritual:
Good/Evil Intuitions, values, beliefs, purpose, meaning. Worldview/Ideas.
Personal:
Strength/Weakness Thoughts, memories, identity, freedom. Selfhood/Me.
Social:
Love/Hate Feelings, relations, belonging, acknowledgement. Communication/Others.
Physical:
Life/Death Sensations, actions, environment, body, things. Survival/World.
Slide 88: • • • • •
Emotions like the weather: never none. They are the way we relate to the world. They define the mood of the moment. They are our atmosphere and modality. They tell us where we are in relation to what matters to us. • We can learn to understand our emotions by tuning in, using the emotional compass. • Not suppression, not expression, but understanding.
Slide 89: • Our world always seems personal and yet is universal for the way we see the world determines our view on how things are.
Slide 90: • Recognize your clients’ values and differentiate them from your own. • Learn to read and understand the text of the client’s life, find the narrative point of gravity, the subtext and the context. • Take into account the social, cultural and political dimension of the client’s life. Put this in context with your own worldview and beliefs.
Slide 91: • Depending on where we stand light refracts differently through the prism of life.
Slide 92: • They create different atmospheres at different times.
Slide 93: • • • • • • •
Emotions are like the weather: never none. They are the way we relate to the world. They define the mood of the moment. They are our atmosphere and modality. They tell us where we are. Learn to tune in rather than tune out. Use the emotional compass.
Slide 94: • When we master a mood, we do so by way of a countermood; we are never free of moods. Ontologically, we thus obtain as the first essential characteristic of states-of-mind that they disclose Dasein in its thrownness, and – proximally and for the most part - in the manner of an evasive turning-away.’ (Heidegger 1927:136)
Slide 105: • Above the clouds the weather is steady even when it rains below. • Transcending our own situation and emotions allows us to understand our own response.
Slide 106: Desires Physical Social Personal Spiritual Life pleasure Love belonging Identity integrity Good purpose
Fears Death pain Hate isolation Freedom disintegration Evil futility
Slide 107: • 1. 2. 3. 4. •
Baumeister concluded that there are four basic needs for meaning: Need for purpose (spiritual) Need for value (social) Need for efficacy (physical) Need for self-worth (personal) It is the process of going in the general direction of these four objectives that makes for a good life.
Slide 108: • Happiness is when ‘reality lives up to your desires’. • Long-term goals offer a sense of direction, but it is necessary to have short-term goals in order to derive daily meaning. • In fact it is having short term achievable goals that allow us to feel efficient and purposeful that gives us most of a sense of self worth and value of life.
Slide 109: • To live a meaningful life and have goals and values is not enough: you must also feel you are capable of achieving these things. • ‘It is necessary to find moderately difficult tasks to maintain that middle ground between boredom (too easy) and anxiety (too hard).’ (41)
Slide 110: • Freedom is not strictly the exercise of the will, but rather the experience of accurate vision which, when this becomes appropriate, occasions action (Murdoch 1970:67).
Slide 111: • Find out what the inner landscape of a person is: what is meaningful to them. • Find out what their purpose in life is.
Slide 112: • ‘Man is characterised above all by his going beyond a situation and by what he succeeds in making of what he has been made. This is what we call the project. (Sartre, Search for a Method: 91). • We define project by praxis. Action, passion and reflection. Constant transcendence and dialectical progression.
Slide 113: DESIRES PHYSICAL SOCIAL PERSONAL SPIRITUAL life love identity good
FEARS death hate freedom evil
VALUES vitality reciprocity integrity transparency
Slide 114: • Helping clients to live deliberately rather than by default. • Recognize particular life situation and its advantages and disadvantages. • Understand the what, the why, the how, the where and when of the client’s position in the world and connect to the what for. • Make room for new choices and for liberation. • Problematize, don’t solve the issues. Question, query, encourage creativity.
Slide 116: • Experience is not the be all and end all • Life is more complex than state of mind and bliss is not the objective • Conflict, paradox, dilemma and struggle are all part of the everyday • Perhaps there is the more satisfaction in living as we take more of this in our stride. • Greater values than happiness: love, truth, beauty, loyalty, honour, courage, freedom.
Slide 117: • An ability to creatively encounter challenges and crises. • Capacity for re-establishing equilibrium through strong, dynamic centre of narrative gravity. • Enhanced enjoyment of life, appreciation of physical world, others, self-worth and meaning.
Slide 119: Learning to live with paradox and the tensions of life
Slide 121: • Personhood is a synthesis of possibility and necessity. Its continued existence is like breathing (respiration), which is an inhaling and exhaling.
• (Kierkegaard, Sickness unto Death: 40)
Slide 122: People have to accept the unspoken givens of life: We have to accept those things that remain true whatever may come We can rise above our condition, by dialectical transformation, evolution and understanding
Slide 123: • Is learning about life, each other and ourselves; we learn to be, by living and overcoming our mistakes.
Slide 125: 1. Earning your keep with your own labour 2. Understanding others 3. Pondering your own motivations 4. Reflecting on your life 5. Living true to your own values 6. Living in line with the purpose and truth of human existence. 7. Contributing more to the world than you take from it. 8. Respecting nature and the universe 9. Making your life matter 10. Loving as much as you can. 11. Being prepared for change and transformation. 12. Knowing when to be resolute and when to let go. 13. Having rules to live by and change them when necessary.
Slide 126: • • • • • • • • • • •
to be healthy and look after your body the best way possible. to enjoy what is free in the world and be close to nature to be loving with others and care for someone deeply. to respect and esteem yourself and make sure others do too. to find concrete goals worth putting your whole energy into. to learn to question things and not take anything for granted to find life interesting and relish every minute to be prepared to let things go and be ready to die to strive for wisdom and excellence to be content and find routines that satisfy you to achieve something, whatever, and leave the world a better place than you found it.
Slide 127: All living things are struggling for existence, even unwittingly and unwillingly. They struggle passively just to exist, to be left in what seems to be peace and quiet; and they struggle actively to grow and to expand. (Jaspers,1951:204)
Slide 128: • My conclusion is similar to that of Camus: happiness is simply to live in harmony with your own life and to love it in all its manifestations (Nietzsche’s Amor Fati) • Challenges and difficulties are not the enemy, nor to be avoided but rather to be welcomed as grist for the mill and par for the course: life as an adventure. • We determine how we want to live: we can increase our capacity for feeling or decrease it. • If we increase it we will also suffer more. The price for less suffering is to care less and be less sensitive. • Do we want to live for real and to the full, or do we want to hide in fear and pretend to be happy and contented? • The choice is yours. Your life belongs to you.
Slide 129: www.existentialpsychotherapy.net www.dilemmas.org www.nspc.org.uk www.psychotherapytraining.net www.septimus.info
Slide 130: • The interhuman: das Zwischenmenschlichen; the inbetween is where real communication takes place. • (Buber, Between Man and Man, 1929). • All actual life is encounter (ibid: 62) • This is where truth is found.
Slide 131: • There is no such thing as a separate human being, in the same way in which as Winnicott suggested there is no such thing as a baby. • We are only what we are in as much as we are connected to a world.
Slide 132: • Physical: relationships to nature, world of things and bodies around us • Social: relationships to other people • Personal: relationship to ourselves, our thoughts, dreams, memories and fantasies • Spiritual: relationships to ideas, beliefs, transcendence and eternity
Slide 133: • Umwelt: understand physical context and embodiment: person’s relation to the world around them. • Mitwelt: describe and take into account the social, cultural and political dimension of the client’s life. • Eigenwelt: read and understand the text of the client’s life, find the narrative point of gravity. Who do they think they are? • Uberwelt: recognize worldview and values: what is the purpose of the person’s life?
Slide 136: • • • • • •
Phenomenology Wesenschau: to things themselves. Intentionality (Franz Brentano). Intuition:question natural attitude. Knowledge begins with experience. Bracketing assumptions.
Slide 138: I. Phenomenological reduction
• Noesis
II. Eidetic reduction
• Noema
III. Transcendental reduction
• Cogito
Slide 140: • Cogito(subject):transcendental reduction • Noesis(process):phenomenological reduction • Noema(object):eidetic reduction
Slide 141: 1. Noesis. 2. Epoche: suspend assumptions. 3. Description. 4. Horizontalization. 5. Equalization. 6. Verification.
Slide 142: 1. Noema. 2. Abschattungen:profiles. 3. Wesenschau: looking for essences. 4. Genetic constitution (vs. static). 5. Universals beyond the properties.
Slide 143: – 1. Cogito. – 2. Transcendental ego. – 3. Solipsism overcome. – 4. Horizon of intentionality. – 5. Self as point zero. – 4. Transcendental intersubjectivity.
Slide 144: • Become aware of your own bias: outlook, assumptions, beliefs, prejudice, blind spots. • Locate and articulate the client’s worldview and life space. • No judgements. interpretation. Understanding rather than
Slide 145: • Attitude: based on aptitude, genetic predisposition, constitution,
temperament, previous experiences
• Orientation: based on worldview, beliefs and theoretical framework,
perspective, cultural bias
• State of Mind: current situation, basic orientation in the world, point
of view, emotional state, mood
• Reaction: response to this particular client, situation, interaction,
provocation
Slide 146: • Attitude: based on aptitude, genetic predisposition, constitution,
temperament, previous experiences
• Orientation: based on worldview, beliefs and theoretical belief
system, perspective, cultural bias
• State of Mind: current situation, basic orientation in the world, point
of view, emotional state, mood, disposition
• Reaction: response to this particular person, situation,
interaction, provocation
