Slide 1: Reusability Guidelines for Authors, Designers and Repositories Robby Robson Eduworks Corporation This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivsNonCommercial License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd-nc/1.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, 559 Nathan Abbott Way, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Slide 2: Learning Goals  Recognize & Analyze  Factors that affect the reusability Design techniques Interoperability standards Reusability guidelines Policy issues Technical issues eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 2  Apply     Appreciate   No more ADDIE, We’re cool with RAAA Eduworks Corporation
Slide 3: You’re Invited …  Submit 1-2 sentence These all reuse scenarios seem pretty simple, but ..  Example: I am giving a PowerPoint presentation next week and will tweak my old slides. Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 3
Slide 4: More Examples  Example: An applet simulates a supermarket cash register. Our new espresso stand division wants to use it in their training. Example: My students want to use stuff from NASA for a class Web site on Mars. Example: I am creating a directory of learning objects for my department (academic or corporate). What do I need to think about?   Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 4
Slide 5: Meanwhile … let’s talk about reuse  Reuse & Repurposing: Using the same content in different settings and different contexts. Adoption: “as is”    Requires   Adaptation: with modification  Access Rights Requires:    Ability to modify Rights to modify Structure that can be modified April 8, 2004 Page 5 Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines
Slide 6: The Value of Reuse  Authors / Designers    The IQ of reuse     Adapt content Re-publish content  Instructors / Learners   Larger audience More ROI Justifies more I Leads to more Q Adopt content Instructors may adapt I knew there was a use for reuse! April 8, 2004 Page 6 Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines
Slide 7: The Spectrum of Granularity From Learnativity** – See Ellen Wagner’s Presentation *From work of Robert Horn Learning Environment Learning Component Learning Object Information Object* Content Asset LMS / CMS “Total Experience” Chapter Lesson Unit Course Addresses Single Learning Objective Fact Concept Principle Process Procedure Asset or SCO .doc .wav .swf .fla .jpeg .mpeg Asset SCORM, the Next Generation SCORM Content Aggregation Sharable Content Object (SCO) **With Slight Modifications Eduworks Corporation Applets / Flash Movies / Interactive Content April 8, 2004 Page 7 eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines
Slide 8: Expectations of Reuse Learning Environment Learning Component Learning Object Information Object Content Asset Adaptation – not at content level Use part or disaggregate Adaptable & Adoptable Adopt and put in another Context What You See  is What You  Use Granularity (or Aggregation Level) Determines How a Resource is Reused. Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 8
Slide 9: Scenario Discussion / New Poll  What are the biggest barriers to reuse? A. Technology B. Presentation C. Audience D. Instructional Design E. Rights and permissions Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 9
Slide 10: Framework for Reuse  Granularity (or aggregation level)      Layers      Will there be a -----quiz summative assessment on this? Content Asset Information Object Learning Object Learning Component  Context Pedagogy Structure Content Presentation Copyright and Terms of Use Attribution Modifiability April 8, 2004 Page 10  Interoperability   Rights  Technical Standards   Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines
Slide 11: Interoperability   Extent to which a digital learning resource will “plug and play” on different platforms. Ease with which two software components (or systems) can exchange and correctly interpret each others’ data. Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 11
Slide 12: Approaches to Interoperability   “Real” Standards* Meters, HTML, 802.11b, SCORM . . .   Dominant Products / Industry Standards PPT, PDF, FLASH . . .  Least Common Denominator I bet he never met an acronym he didn’t like! *See http://www.reusablelearning.org/index.asp?id=77 and http://www.masie.com/standards/S3_Guide.pdf Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 12
Slide 13: Interoperability for Assets        Text / pure HTML are standardized formats HTML usually not standards conformant XHTML is an improvement Stick to common formats and tools Java™ – maybe, maybe not Plug-ins can be a problem IMS Question & Test Interoperability format (QTI) for assessments Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 13
Slide 14: Interoperability for Learning Objects    SCORM, AICC, IMS XML When it comes to authoring tools, Dr. Interop says “It’s the output, stupid!” I warned you about the acronyms!  For tracking, need LMS, LCMS, Course Management System, … Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 14
Slide 15: Standards & Reusability Higher Authoring Relevance of Learning Technology Standards Reusability in a Learning Context Learning Lower Content Assets | …… | Learning Objects | …… |Learning Environments Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 15
Slide 16: BUT … To Interoperate is human To design is divine Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 16
Slide 17: Learning Resources Have Layers Layer Definition Context Language, cultural knowledge, subject knowledge, relations to other learning resources and other factors that are needed to properly interpret a digital learning resource How a digital learning resource is used as part of a learning strategy or instructional design How a digital learning resource is structured into assets, information objects, learning objects, etc. and how these are navigated or sequenced The information that is contained in a resource and that is intended to affect a change in cognitive state How a resource is rendered and what visual and auditory elements will be used to render it Pedagogy Structure Content Presentation Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 17
Slide 18: Context & Reusability Context is the friend of learning and the enemy of reuse  Isolate or eliminate:   Culture dependencies Cross-references   Design for disaggregation Include metadata Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 18
Slide 19: Layers Should be “Separated” Less Reusable  Embedded previous and next buttons  Referring to a classroom throughout a resource  Using Elementary School Styles More Reusable  External Sequencing & Navigation  Isolating components that require specific educational settings  Addressing as wide an audience as possible Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 19
Slide 20: Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 20
Slide 21: Importance of Layers Context Pedagogy Structure Content Presentation Content Assets Context Pedagogy Structure Content Context Pedagogy Structure Content Context Pedagogy Structure Content Context Pedagogy Structure Content Presentation Learning Environments Presentation Presentation Presentation Information Objects Learning Objects Learning Components Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 21
Slide 22: Rights & Modifiability  Rights   Modifiability    Copyright & Terms of Use Attribution Modifiability   Rights and ability to modify For Adaptation Source needed  Perspectives on rights    Author, Developer, Copyright Owner Collection / Intranet Reuser eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 22 Eduworks Corporation
Slide 23: Reusable Design Guidelines   Version 1.0 – academic Modeled after W3C Web Accessibility Initiative Instructions    Go to site http://www.reusablelearning.org/guidelines Study Together Return Here Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 23
Slide 24: Guideline Summary        Grant Permissions (Licenses / Access) Design for a Diverse Audience (Context) Create Self-Contained Learning Experiences (Learning Objects) Provide Metadata and Documentation Separate Presentation, Content and Navigation (XML) Make Modifications Possible (Source Code) Use Standard Formats (Standards) Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 24
Slide 25: Applying the guidelines to …  Vote for a site!  Jules Verne Jr. (exploring our planet)  Hearing Conservation (Environmental Safety & Health).  PowerPoint 2000: Introduction: Working with ClipArt, Tables, and WordArt  The Josephus Problem (A math problem)  We don’t need no education. We don’t need no thought control. Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 25
Slide 26: Instructions    Look at site together Come back here Discuss reusability Can I reuse these instructions? Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 26
Slide 27: Did the Site meet Guidelines? A. B. C. D. Probably Probably not No opinion I’m still playing with the Pink Floyd stuff Feel free to make comments Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 27
Slide 28: Guideline Summary (Reused)        Grant Permissions (Licenses / Access) Design for a Diverse Audience (Context) Create Self-Contained Learning Experiences (Learning Objects) Provide Metadata and Documentation Separate Presentation, Content and Navigation (XML) Make Modifications Possible (Source Code) Use Standard Formats (Standards) Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 28
Slide 29: Policy Issues for “Collections”      Ensuring content interoperability Requiring content to meet guidelines Education & Training of users Managing rights Providing access to source content Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 29
Slide 30: Questions and Answers? rrobson@eduworks.com Do I need to go through an elearning apprenticeship to join the elearning guild? Does SCORM 2004 come with passenger side air bags? Did she say “refusable learning object?” Is that like “just say know?” Is it really called SumTotal? Eduworks Corporation eLearning Guild Forum: Reusability Guidelines April 8, 2004 Page 30